using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

namespace WherePoint
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A class for reading Exif data from a JPEG file. The file will be open for reading for as long as the class exists.
    /// <seealso cref="http://gvsoft.homedns.org/exif/Exif-explanation.html"/>
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class ExifReader : IDisposable
    {
        private readonly Stream _stream;
        private readonly BinaryReader _reader;
        /// <summary>
        /// If set, the underlying stream will not be closed when the reader is disposed
        /// </summary>
        private readonly bool _leaveOpen;

        private static readonly Regex _nullDateTimeMatcher = new Regex(@"^[\s0]{4}[:\s][\s0]{2}[:\s][\s0]{5}[:\s][\s0]{2}[:\s][\s0]{2}$");

        /// <summary>
        /// The primary tag catalogue (absolute file offsets to tag data, indexed by tag ID)
        /// </summary>
        private Dictionary<ushort, long> _ifd0PrimaryCatalogue;

        /// <summary>
        /// The EXIF tag catalogue (absolute file offsets to tag data, indexed by tag ID)
        /// </summary>
        private Dictionary<ushort, long> _ifdExifCatalogue;

        /// <summary>
        /// The GPS tag catalogue (absolute file offsets to tag data, indexed by tag ID)
        /// </summary>
        private Dictionary<ushort, long> _ifdGPSCatalogue;

        /// <summary>
        /// The thumbnail tag catalogue (absolute file offsets to tag data, indexed by tag ID)
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>JPEG images contain 2 main sections - one for the main image (which contains most of the useful EXIF data), and one for the thumbnail
        /// image (which contains little more than the thumbnail itself). This catalogue is only used by <see cref="GetJpegThumbnailBytes"/>.</remarks>
        private Dictionary<ushort, long> _ifd1Catalogue;

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicates whether to read data using big or little endian byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        private bool _isLittleEndian;

        /// <summary>
        /// The position in the filestream at which the TIFF header starts
        /// </summary>
        private long _tiffHeaderStart;

        private static readonly Dictionary<ushort, IFD> _ifdLookup;

        static ExifReader()
        {
            // Prepare the tag-IFD lookup table
            _ifdLookup = new Dictionary<ushort, IFD>();

            var tagType = typeof (ExifTags);
            
#if !NETFX_CORE
            var tagFields = tagType.GetFields(BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
#else
            var tagFields = System.Linq.Enumerable.Where(tagType.GetRuntimeFields(), x => (x.Attributes | FieldAttributes.Static) == FieldAttributes.Static);
#endif
            foreach (var tag in tagFields)
            {
#if !NETFX_CORE
                var ifdAttribute = (IFDAttribute) tag.GetCustomAttributes(typeof (IFDAttribute), false)[0];
#else
                var ifdAttribute = (IFDAttribute)tag.GetCustomAttribute(typeof(IFDAttribute), false);
#endif
                _ifdLookup[(ushort) tag.GetValue(null)] = ifdAttribute.IFD;
            }
        }

        // Windows 8 store apps don't support the FileStream class
#if !NETFX_CORE
        public ExifReader(string fileName)
            : this(new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite), false, true)
        {
        }
#endif

        public ExifReader(Stream stream)
            : this(stream, false, false)
        {
        }

        // Framework 4.5 gives us the option of leaving the stream open (with the new constructor for BinaryReader). For this framework, we make a new constructor available
#if NET_45_OR_HIGHER
        public ExifReader(Stream stream, bool leaveOpen) : this(stream, leaveOpen, false)
        {
        }
#endif

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="stream"></param>
        /// <param name="leaveOpen">Indicates whether <see cref="stream"/> should be closed when <see cref="Dispose"/> is called</param>
        /// <param name="internalStream">Indicates whether <see cref="stream"/> was instantiated by this reader</param>
        private ExifReader(Stream stream, bool leaveOpen, bool internalStream)
        {
            _stream = stream;
            _leaveOpen = leaveOpen;
            long initialPosition = 0;

            try
            {
                if (stream == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("stream");

                if (!stream.CanSeek)
                    throw new ExifLibException("ExifLib requires a seekable stream");

                // JPEG encoding uses big endian (i.e. Motorola) byte aligns. The TIFF encoding
                // found later in the document will specify the byte aligns used for the rest of the document.
                _isLittleEndian = false;

                // The initial stream position is cached so it can be restored in the case of an exception within this constructor
                initialPosition = stream.Position;

#if NET_45_OR_HIGHER
                // Note that we always tell the reader to leave the stream open. This means that in cases
                // where an exception is thrown during construction, the reader won't close the stream.
                _reader = new BinaryReader(_stream, new UTF8Encoding(), true);
#else
                _reader = new BinaryReader(_stream);
#endif
                // Make sure the file's a JPEG. If the file length is less than 2 bytes, an EndOfStreamException will be thrown.
                if (ReadUShort() != 0xFFD8)
                    throw new ExifLibException("File is not a valid JPEG");

                // Scan to the start of the Exif content
                try
                {
                    ReadToExifStart();
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    throw new ExifLibException("Unable to locate EXIF content", ex);
                }

                // Create an index of all Exif tags found within the document
                try
                {
                    CreateTagIndex();
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    throw new ExifLibException("Error indexing EXIF tags", ex);
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                // Cleanup. Note that the stream is not closed unless it was created internally
                try
                {
                    if (_reader != null)
                    {
#if NETFX_CORE
                        _reader.Dispose();
#else
                        _reader.Close();
#endif
                    }

                    if (_stream != null)
                    {
                        if (internalStream)
                            _stream.Dispose();
                        else if (_stream.CanSeek)
                        {
                            // Try to restore the stream to its initial position
                            _stream.Position = initialPosition;
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch
                {
                }

                throw;
            }
        }

        #region TIFF methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the length (in bytes) per component of the specified TIFF data type
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private byte GetTIFFFieldLength(ushort tiffDataType)
        {
            switch (tiffDataType)
            {
                case 0:
                    // Unknown datatype, therefore it can't be interpreted reliably
                    return 0;
                case 1:
                case 2:
                case 7:
                case 6:
                    return 1;
                case 3:
                case 8:
                    return 2;
                case 4:
                case 9:
                case 11:
                    return 4;
                case 5:
                case 10:
                case 12:
                    return 8;
                default:
                    throw new ExifLibException(string.Format("Unknown TIFF datatype: {0}", tiffDataType));
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region Methods for reading data directly from the filestream

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a 2 byte unsigned integer from the file
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private ushort ReadUShort()
        {
            return ToUShort(ReadBytes(2));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a 4 byte unsigned integer from the file
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private uint ReadUint()
        {
            return ToUint(ReadBytes(4));
        }

        private string ReadString(int chars)
        {
            var bytes = ReadBytes(chars);
            return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        }

        private byte[] ReadBytes(int byteCount)
        {
            var bytes = _reader.ReadBytes(byteCount);

            // ReadBytes may return less than the bytes requested if the end of the stream is reached
            if (bytes.Length != byteCount)
                throw new EndOfStreamException();

            return bytes;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads some bytes from the specified TIFF offset
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tiffOffset"></param>
        /// <param name="byteCount"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private byte[] ReadBytes(ushort tiffOffset, int byteCount)
        {
            // Keep the current file offset
            long originalOffset = _stream.Position;

            // Move to the TIFF offset and retrieve the data
            _stream.Seek(tiffOffset + _tiffHeaderStart, SeekOrigin.Begin);

            byte[] data = _reader.ReadBytes(byteCount);

            // Restore the file offset
            _stream.Position = originalOffset;

            return data;
        }

        #endregion

        #region Data conversion methods for interpreting datatypes from a byte array

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 2 bytes to a ushort using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private ushort ToUShort(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToUInt16(data, 0);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 8 bytes to the numerator and denominator
        /// components of an unsigned rational using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        private uint[] ToURationalFraction(byte[] data)
        {
            var numeratorData = new byte[4];
            var denominatorData = new byte[4];

            Array.Copy(data, numeratorData, 4);
            Array.Copy(data, 4, denominatorData, 0, 4);

            uint numerator = ToUint(numeratorData);
            uint denominator = ToUint(denominatorData);

            return new[] { numerator, denominator };
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 8 bytes to an unsigned rational using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        /// <seealso cref="ToRational"/>
        private double ToURational(byte[] data)
        {
            var fraction = ToURationalFraction(data);

            return fraction[0] / (double)fraction[1];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 8 bytes to the numerator and denominator
        /// components of an unsigned rational using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// A TIFF rational contains 2 4-byte integers, the first of which is
        /// the numerator, and the second of which is the denominator.
        /// </remarks>
        private int[] ToRationalFraction(byte[] data)
        {
            var numeratorData = new byte[4];
            var denominatorData = new byte[4];

            Array.Copy(data, numeratorData, 4);
            Array.Copy(data, 4, denominatorData, 0, 4);

            int numerator = ToInt(numeratorData);
            int denominator = ToInt(denominatorData);

            return new[] { numerator, denominator };
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 8 bytes to a signed rational using the current byte aligns.
        /// </summary>
        /// <seealso cref="ToRationalFraction"/>
        private double ToRational(byte[] data)
        {
            var fraction = ToRationalFraction(data);

            return fraction[0] / (double)fraction[1];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 4 bytes to a uint using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        private uint ToUint(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToUInt32(data, 0);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts 4 bytes to an int using the current byte aligns
        /// </summary>
        private int ToInt(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToInt32(data, 0);
        }

        private double ToDouble(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToDouble(data, 0);
        }

        private float ToSingle(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToSingle(data, 0);
        }

        private short ToShort(byte[] data)
        {
            if (_isLittleEndian != BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                Array.Reverse(data);

            return BitConverter.ToInt16(data, 0);
        }

        private sbyte ToSByte(byte[] data)
        {
            // An sbyte should just be a byte with an offset range.
            return (sbyte)(data[0] - byte.MaxValue);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieves an array from a byte array using the supplied converter
        /// to read each individual element from the supplied byte array
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="data"></param>
        /// <param name="elementLengthBytes"></param>
        /// <param name="converter"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private static Array GetArray<T>(byte[] data, int elementLengthBytes, ConverterMethod<T> converter)
        {
            Array convertedData = new T[data.Length / elementLengthBytes];

            var buffer = new byte[elementLengthBytes];

            // Read each element from the array
            for (int elementCount = 0; elementCount < data.Length / elementLengthBytes; elementCount++)
            {
                // Place the data for the current element into the buffer
                Array.Copy(data, elementCount * elementLengthBytes, buffer, 0, elementLengthBytes);

                // Process the data and place it into the output array
                convertedData.SetValue(converter(buffer), elementCount);
            }

            return convertedData;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// A delegate used to invoke any of the data conversion methods
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="data"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        /// <remarks>Although this could be defined as covariant, it wouldn't work on Windows Phone 7</remarks>
        private delegate T ConverterMethod<T>(byte[] data);

        #endregion

        #region Stream seek methods - used to get to locations within the JPEG

        /// <summary>
        /// Scans to the Exif block
        /// </summary>
        private void ReadToExifStart()
        {
            // The file has a number of blocks (Exif/JFIF), each of which
            // has a tag number followed by a length. We scan the document until the required tag (0xFFE1)
            // is found. All tags start with FF, so a non FF tag indicates an error.

            // Get the next tag.
            byte markerStart;
            byte markerNumber = 0;
            while (((markerStart = _reader.ReadByte()) == 0xFF) && (markerNumber = _reader.ReadByte()) != 0xE1)
            {
                // Get the length of the data.
                ushort dataLength = ReadUShort();

                // Jump to the end of the data (note that the size field includes its own size)!
                int offset = dataLength - 2;
                long expectedPosition = _stream.Position + offset;
                _stream.Seek(offset, SeekOrigin.Current);

                // It's unfortunate that we have to do this, but some streams report CanSeek but don't actually seek
                // (i.e. Microsoft.Phone.Tasks.DssPhotoStream), so we have to make sure the seek actually worked. The check is performed
                // here because this is the first time we perform a seek operation.
                if (_stream.Position != expectedPosition)
                    throw new ExifLibException(string.Format("Supplied stream of type {0} reports CanSeek=true, but fails to seek", _stream.GetType()));
            }

            // It's only success if we found the 0xFFE1 marker
            if (markerStart != 0xFF || markerNumber != 0xE1)
                throw new ExifLibException("Could not find Exif data block");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads through the Exif data and builds an index of all Exif tags in the document
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private void CreateTagIndex()
        {
            // The next 4 bytes are the size of the Exif data.
            ReadUShort();

            // Next is the Exif data itself. It starts with the ASCII "Exif" followed by 2 zero bytes.
            if (ReadString(4) != "Exif")
                throw new ExifLibException("Exif data not found");

            // 2 zero bytes
            if (ReadUShort() != 0)
                throw new ExifLibException("Malformed Exif data");

            // We're now into the TIFF format
            _tiffHeaderStart = _stream.Position;

            // What byte align will be used for the TIFF part of the document? II for Intel, MM for Motorola
            _isLittleEndian = ReadString(2) == "II";

            // Next 2 bytes are always the same.
            if (ReadUShort() != 0x002A)
                throw new ExifLibException("Error in TIFF data");

            // Get the offset to the IFD (image file directory)
            uint ifdOffset = ReadUint();

            // Note that this offset is from the first byte of the TIFF header. Jump to the IFD.
            _stream.Position = ifdOffset + _tiffHeaderStart;

            // Catalogue this first IFD (there will be another IFD)
            _ifd0PrimaryCatalogue = CatalogueIFD();

            // The address to the IFD1 (the thumbnail IFD) is located immediately after the main IFD
            uint ifd1Offset = ReadUint();

            // There's more data stored in the EXIF subifd, the offset to which is found in tag 0x8769.
            // As with all TIFF offsets, it will be relative to the first byte of the TIFF header.
            uint offset;
            if (GetTagValue(_ifd0PrimaryCatalogue, 0x8769, out offset))
            {
                // Jump to the exif SubIFD
                _stream.Position = offset + _tiffHeaderStart;

                // Add the subIFD to the catalogue too
                _ifdExifCatalogue = CatalogueIFD();
            }

            // Go to the GPS IFD and catalogue that too. It's an optional section.
            if (GetTagValue(_ifd0PrimaryCatalogue, 0x8825, out offset))
            {
                // Jump to the GPS SubIFD
                _stream.Position = offset + _tiffHeaderStart;

                // Add the subIFD to the catalogue too
                _ifdGPSCatalogue = CatalogueIFD();
            }

            // Finally, catalogue the thumbnail IFD if it's present
            if (ifd1Offset != 0)
            {
                _stream.Position = ifd1Offset + _tiffHeaderStart;
                _ifd1Catalogue = CatalogueIFD();
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Exif data catalog and retrieval methods

        public bool GetTagValue<T>(ExifTags tag, out T result)
        {
            return GetTagValue((ushort)tag, out result);
        }

        public bool GetTagValue<T>(ushort tagID, out T result)
        {
            IFD ifd;
            if (_ifdLookup.TryGetValue(tagID, out ifd))
                return GetTagValue(tagID, ifd, out result);

            // It's an unknown tag. Try all IFDs. Note that the thumbnail catalogue (IFD1)
            // is only used for thumbnails, never for tag retrieval
            return
                GetTagValue(_ifd0PrimaryCatalogue, tagID, out result) ||
                GetTagValue(_ifdExifCatalogue, tagID, out result) ||
                GetTagValue(_ifdGPSCatalogue, tagID, out result);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///  Retrieves a numbered tag from a specific IFD
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Useful for cases where a new or non-standard tag isn't present in the <see cref="ExifTags"/> enumeration</remarks>
        public bool GetTagValue<T>(ushort tagID, IFD ifd, out T result)
        {
            Dictionary<ushort, long> catalogue;

            switch (ifd)
            {
                case IFD.IFD0:
                    catalogue = _ifd0PrimaryCatalogue;
                    break;
                case IFD.EXIF:
                    catalogue = _ifdExifCatalogue;
                    break;
                case IFD.GPS:
                    catalogue = _ifdGPSCatalogue;
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
            }

            return GetTagValue(catalogue, tagID, out result);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieves an Exif value with the requested tag ID
        /// </summary>
        private bool GetTagValue<T>(Dictionary<ushort, long> tagDictionary, ushort tagID, out T result)
        {
            ushort tiffDataType;
            uint numberOfComponents;
            byte[] tagData = GetTagBytes(tagDictionary, tagID, out tiffDataType, out numberOfComponents);

            if (tagData == null)
            {
                result = default(T);
                return false;
            }

            byte fieldLength = GetTIFFFieldLength(tiffDataType);

            if (fieldLength == 0)
            {
                // Some fields have no data at all. Treat them as though they're absent, as they're bogus
                result = default(T);
                return false;
            }

            // Convert the data to the appropriate datatype. Note the weird boxing via object.
            // The compiler doesn't like it otherwise.
            switch (tiffDataType)
            {
                case 1:
                    // unsigned byte
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T) (object) tagData[0];
                    else
                    {
                        // If a string is requested from a byte array, it will be unicode encoded.
                        if (typeof (T) == typeof (string))
                        {
                            var decoded = Encoding.Unicode.GetString(tagData, 0, tagData.Length);
                            // Unicode strings are null-terminated
                            result = (T)(object)decoded.TrimEnd('\0');
                        }
                        else
                            result = (T) (object) tagData;
                    }
                    return true;
                case 2:
                    // ascii string
                    string str = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(tagData, 0, tagData.Length);

                    // There may be a null character within the string
                    int nullCharIndex = str.IndexOf('\0');
                    if (nullCharIndex != -1)
                        str = str.Substring(0, nullCharIndex);

                    // Special processing for dates.
                    if (typeof(T) == typeof(DateTime))
                    {
                        DateTime dateResult;
                        bool success = ToDateTime(str, out dateResult);

                        result = (T)(object)dateResult;
                        return success;

                    }

                    result = (T)(object)str;
                    return true;
                case 3:
                    // unsigned short
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToUShort(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToUShort);
                    return true;
                case 4:
                    // unsigned long
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToUint(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToUint);
                    return true;
                case 5:
                    // unsigned rational
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                    {
                        // Special case - sometimes it's useful to retrieve the numerator and
                        // denominator in their raw format
                        if (typeof(T).IsArray)
                            result = (T)(object)ToURationalFraction(tagData);
                        else
                            result = (T)(object)ToURational(tagData);
                    }
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToURational);
                    return true;
                case 6:
                    // signed byte
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToSByte(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToSByte);
                    return true;
                case 7:
                    // undefined. Treat it as a byte.
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)tagData[0];
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)tagData;
                    return true;
                case 8:
                    // Signed short
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToShort(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToShort);
                    return true;
                case 9:
                    // Signed long
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToInt(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToInt);
                    return true;
                case 10:
                    // signed rational
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                    {
                        // Special case - sometimes it's useful to retrieve the numerator and
                        // denominator in their raw format
                        if (typeof(T).IsArray)
                            result = (T)(object)ToRationalFraction(tagData);
                        else
                            result = (T)(object)ToRational(tagData);
                    }
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToRational);
                    return true;
                case 11:
                    // single float
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToSingle(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToSingle);
                    return true;
                case 12:
                    // double float
                    if (numberOfComponents == 1)
                        result = (T)(object)ToDouble(tagData);
                    else
                        result = (T)(object)GetArray(tagData, fieldLength, ToDouble);
                    return true;
                default:
                    throw new ExifLibException(string.Format("Unknown TIFF datatype: {0}", tiffDataType));
            }
        }

        private static bool ToDateTime(string str, out DateTime result)
        {
            // From page 28 of the Exif 2.2 spec (http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF): 

            // "When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown ... When the date and time are unknown, 
            // all the character spaces except colons (":") may be filled with blank characters"
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str) || _nullDateTimeMatcher.IsMatch(str))
            {
                result = DateTime.MinValue;
                return false;
            }

            // There are 2 types of date - full date/time stamps, and plain dates. Dates are 10 characters long.
            if (str.Length == 10)
            {
                result = DateTime.ParseExact(str, "yyyy:MM:dd", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                return true;
            }

            // "The format is "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" with time shown in 24-hour format, and the date and time separated by one blank character [20.H].
            result = DateTime.ParseExact(str, "yyyy:MM:dd HH:mm:ss", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the data in the specified tag ID, starting from before the IFD block.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tiffDataType"></param>
        /// <param name="numberOfComponents">The number of items which make up the data item - i.e. for a string, this will be the
        /// number of characters in the string</param>
        /// <param name="tagDictionary"></param>
        /// <param name="tagID"></param>
        private byte[] GetTagBytes(Dictionary<ushort, long> tagDictionary, ushort tagID, out ushort tiffDataType, out uint numberOfComponents)
        {
            // Get the tag's offset from the catalogue and do some basic error checks
            if (_stream == null || _reader == null || tagDictionary == null || !tagDictionary.ContainsKey(tagID))
            {
                tiffDataType = 0;
                numberOfComponents = 0;
                return null;
            }

            long tagOffset = tagDictionary[tagID];

            // Jump to the TIFF offset
            _stream.Position = tagOffset;

            // Read the tag number from the file
            ushort currentTagID = ReadUShort();

            if (currentTagID != tagID)
                throw new ExifLibException("Tag number not at expected offset");

            // Read the offset to the Exif IFD
            tiffDataType = ReadUShort();
            numberOfComponents = ReadUint();
            byte[] tagData = ReadBytes(4);

            // If the total space taken up by the field is longer than the
            // 2 bytes afforded by the tagData, tagData will contain an offset
            // to the actual data.
            var dataSize = (int)(numberOfComponents * GetTIFFFieldLength(tiffDataType));

            if (dataSize > 4)
            {
                ushort offsetAddress = ToUShort(tagData);
                return ReadBytes(offsetAddress, dataSize);
            }

            // The value is stored in the tagData starting from the left
            Array.Resize(ref tagData, dataSize);

            return tagData;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads the current IFD header and records all Exif tags and their offsets in a <see cref="Dictionary{TKey,TValue}"/>
        /// </summary>
        private Dictionary<ushort, long> CatalogueIFD()
        {
            Dictionary<ushort, long> tagOffsets = new Dictionary<ushort, long>();

            // Assume we're just before the IFD.

            // First 2 bytes is the number of entries in this IFD
            ushort entryCount = ReadUShort();

            for (ushort currentEntry = 0; currentEntry < entryCount; currentEntry++)
            {
                ushort currentTagNumber = ReadUShort();

                // Record this in the catalogue
                tagOffsets[currentTagNumber] = _stream.Position - 2;

                // Go to the end of this item (10 bytes, as each entry is 12 bytes long)
                _stream.Seek(10, SeekOrigin.Current);
            }

            return tagOffsets;
        }

        #endregion

        #region Thumbnail retrieval
        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieves a JPEG thumbnail from the image if one is present. Note that this method cannot retrieve thumbnails encoded in other formats,
        /// but since the DCF specification specifies that thumbnails must be JPEG, this method will be sufficient for most purposes
        /// See http://gvsoft.homedns.org/exif/exif-explanation.html#TIFFThumbs or http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf for 
        /// details on the encoding of TIFF thumbnails
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public byte[] GetJpegThumbnailBytes()
        {
            if (_ifd1Catalogue == null)
                return null;

            // Get the thumbnail encoding
            ushort compression;
            if (!GetTagValue(_ifd1Catalogue, (ushort)ExifTags.Compression, out compression))
                return null;

            // This method only handles JPEG thumbnails (compression type 6)
            if (compression != 6)
                return null;

            // Get the location of the thumbnail
            uint offset;
            if (!GetTagValue(_ifd1Catalogue, (ushort)ExifTags.JPEGInterchangeFormat, out offset))
                return null;

            // Get the length of the thumbnail data
            uint length;
            if (!GetTagValue(_ifd1Catalogue, (ushort)ExifTags.JPEGInterchangeFormatLength, out length))
                return null;

            _stream.Position = offset;

            // The thumbnail may be padded, so we scan forward until we reach the JPEG header (0xFFD8) or the end of the file
            int currentByte;
            int previousByte = -1;
            while ((currentByte = _stream.ReadByte()) != -1)
            {
                if (previousByte == 0xFF && currentByte == 0xD8)
                    break;

                previousByte = currentByte;

            }

            if (currentByte != 0xD8)
                return null;

            // Step back to the start of the JPEG header
            _stream.Position -= 2;

            var imageBytes = new byte[length];
            _stream.Read(imageBytes, 0, (int)length);

            // A valid JPEG stream ends with 0xFFD9. The stream may be padded at the end with multiple 0xFF or 0x00 bytes.
            int jpegStreamEnd = (int)length - 1;
            for (; jpegStreamEnd > 0; jpegStreamEnd--)
            {
                var lastByte = imageBytes[jpegStreamEnd];
                if (lastByte != 0xFF && lastByte != 0x00)
                    break;
            }

            if (jpegStreamEnd <= 0 || imageBytes[jpegStreamEnd] != 0xD9 || imageBytes[jpegStreamEnd - 1] != 0xFF)
                return null;

            return imageBytes;
        }
        #endregion

        #region IDisposable Members

        public void Dispose()
        {
            // Make sure the stream is released if appropriate. Note the different options for Windows Store apps.
            if (_reader != null)
            {
#if NETFX_CORE
                _reader.Dispose();
#else
                _reader.Close();
#endif
            }

            if (_stream != null && !_leaveOpen)
                _stream.Dispose();
        }

        #endregion
    }

    public class ExifLibException : Exception
    {
        public ExifLibException()
        {
        }

        public ExifLibException(string message)
            : base(message)
        {
        }

        public ExifLibException(string message, Exception innerException)
            : base(message, innerException)
        {
        }
    }
}