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WGSL同时存在渲染与计算着色程序的情况。 +## 如何使用 +``` +import { IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => +{ + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // 初始化WebGPU + + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { // 一次GPU提交 + commandEncoders: [ // 命令编码列表 + { + passEncoders: [ // 通道编码列表 + { // 渲染通道 + descriptor: { // 渲染通道描述 + colorAttachments: [{ // 颜色附件 + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // 绘制到canvas上 + clearValue: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], // 渲染前填充颜色 + }], + }, + renderObjects: [{ // 渲染对象 + pipeline: { // 渲染管线 + vertex: { // 顶点着色器 + code: ` + @vertex + fn main( + @location(0) position: vec2, + ) -> @builtin(position) vec4 { + return vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); + } + ` }, + fragment: { // 片段着色器 + code: ` + struct Uniforms { + color : vec4, + } + @binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms : Uniforms; + @fragment + fn main() -> @location(0) vec4f { + return uniforms.color; + } + ` }, + }, + vertices: { + position: { data: new Float32Array([0.0, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5]), format: "float32x2" }, // 顶点坐标数据 + }, + indices: new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2]), // 顶点索引数据 + bindingResources: { uniforms: { color: new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 1]) } }, // Uniform 颜色值。 + drawIndexed: { indexCount: 3 }, // 绘制命令 + }] + }, + ] + } + ], + }; + + webgpu.submit(submit); // 提交GPU执行 +}; + +let webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +if (!webgpuCanvas) +{ + webgpuCanvas = document.createElement("canvas"); + webgpuCanvas.id = "webgpu"; + webgpuCanvas.style.width = "400px"; + webgpuCanvas.style.height = "300px"; + document.body.appendChild(webgpuCanvas); +} +init(webgpuCanvas); + +``` ## 参考 1. https://github.com/webgpu/webgpu-samples diff --git a/examples/index.ts b/examples/index.ts index 69dd3392adea983597bb7a62a355dea242f6dc7a..53bcfb1269b5282358de743dfd78a31547ac154c 100644 --- a/examples/index.ts +++ b/examples/index.ts @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ async function init() if (file) { - validRedirects.set(file, 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a/examples/resources/assets/img/toybox_normal.png b/examples/resources/assets/img/toybox_normal.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..634728fb2a8372711c9d6efcdd91dddb73a8b6cd Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/assets/img/toybox_normal.png differ diff --git a/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/.gitignore b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5779a0b0b9702582d640cdda2b7db8c76aaab92 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +slices/ +t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin +t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.npy +t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.rawb diff --git a/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/README.adoc b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/README.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99d8a2bee158dbe4009122562b7f8bc3a7cb710d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/README.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +:toc: + +== Data from BrainWeb: Simulated Brain Database + +In the "Volume Rendering - Texture 3D" sample, the implementation uses simulated brain data from BrainWeb. The render results, as seen in the sample, were validated to be representative of standard visualization with VTK. + +=== Reproduction + +1. Go to https://brainweb.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/brainweb/selection_normal.html +2. Set modality to T1. +3. Set slice thickness to 1mm. +4. Set noise to 0%. +5. Set RF to 0%. +6. Click Download. +7. Set file format to raw byte. +8. Set compression to none. +9. Follow other instructions on the website according to your situation. +10. Click Start Download. +11. Copy the downloaded *.rawb data to this directory. +12. Activate a Python environment with at least Python 3.12, Numpy, Scipy, and Pillow. +13. Start a terminal in this directory. +14. Run t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.py script. + +=== References + +* http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/brainweb/[`http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/brainweb/`] + +* C.A. Cocosco, V. Kollokian, R.K.-S. Kwan, A.C. Evans : + __"BrainWeb: Online Interface to a 3D MRI Simulated Brain Database"__ + + NeuroImage, vol.5, no.4, part 2/4, S425, 1997 -- Proceedings of 3-rd International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, Copenhagen, May 1997. + ** abstract available in + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/crisco/HBM97_abs/HBM97_abs.html[html], + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/crisco/HBM97_abs/HBM97_abs.pdf[pdf (500Kb)], + or http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/crisco/HBM97_abs/HBM97_abs.ps.gz[gnuzip-ed postscript (500Kb)]. + ** poster available in + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/crisco/HBM97_poster/HBM97_poster.pdf[pdf (1.1Mb)], + or http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/crisco/HBM97_poster/HBM97_poster.ps.gz[gnuzip-ed postscript (850Kb)]. + +* R.K.-S. Kwan, A.C. Evans, G.B. Pike : + __"MRI simulation-based evaluation of image-processing and classification methods"__ + + IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 18(11):1085-97, Nov 1999. + +* R.K.-S. Kwan, A.C. Evans, G.B. Pike : + __"An Extensible MRI Simulator for Post-Processing Evaluation"__ + + Visualization in Biomedical Computing (VBC'96). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1131. Springer-Verlag, 1996. 135-140. + ** paper available in + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/paper/vbc96.html[html], + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/paper/vbc96.ps[postscript (1Mb)], + or http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/paper/vbc96.ps.gz[gnuzip-ed postscript (380Kb)]. + ** poster available in + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/poster/vbc96bw.ps[grey-scale postscript (5.3Mb)], + http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/poster/vbc96bw.ps.gz[grey-scale, gnuzip-ed postscript (536Kb)], + or http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/rkwan/vbc96/poster/vbc96.poster.ps.gz[colour, gnuzip-ed postscript (597Kb)]. + +* D.L. Collins, A.P. Zijdenbos, V. Kollokian, J.G. Sled, N.J. Kabani, C.J. Holmes, A.C. Evans : + __"Design and Construction of a Realistic Digital Brain Phantom"__ + + IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.17, No.3, p.463--468, June 1998. + ** paper available in http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/louis/papers/phantom/[html]. diff --git a/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.py b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..126ffafa1df9d0b07e2abb338d2984d54edfcb6d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.py @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +import gzip +import os + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +from scipy.ndimage import zoom + + +def resample_volume_lanczos(byte_array, original_shape, new_shape): + volume = np.frombuffer(byte_array, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(original_shape) + zoom_factors = [n / o for n, o in zip(new_shape, original_shape)] + resampled_volume = zoom(volume, zoom_factors, order=4) + return resampled_volume + + +def load_byte_array_from_file(file_path): + with open(file_path, "rb") as file: + byte_array = file.read() + return byte_array + + +file_path = "t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.rawb" +byte_array = load_byte_array_from_file(file_path) +original_shape = (181, 217, 181) +new_shape = (180, 216, 180) +resampled_volume = resample_volume_lanczos(byte_array, original_shape, new_shape) + +np.save("t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.npy", resampled_volume) + + +file_path = "t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.npy" +data = np.load(file_path) +os.makedirs("slices", exist_ok=True) + +for i, slice in enumerate(data): + img = Image.fromarray(slice) + if img.mode != "L": + img = img.convert("L") + img.save(f"slices/slice_{i:03d}.png") + +print(f"Exported {len(data)} slices.") + +source_directory = "slices" +final_file_path = "t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin" + +with open(final_file_path, "wb") as output_file: + for file_name in sorted(os.listdir(source_directory)): + if file_name.lower().endswith(".png"): + source_path = os.path.join(source_directory, file_name) + img = Image.open(source_path).convert("L") + img_data = np.array(img, dtype=np.uint8) + img_data.tofile(output_file) + +print("Images have been successfully converted and concatenated.") + +with open("t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin", "rb") as f: + bytes_data = f.read() + +gzip_filename = "t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin-gz" + +with gzip.open(gzip_filename, "wb", compresslevel=9) as f: + f.write(bytes_data) + +print(f"File compressed and saved as {gzip_filename}") diff --git a/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin-gz b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin-gz new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2146c2adf0d7308f419d0af542f425d2c88cecc Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin-gz differ diff --git a/examples/resources/assets/img/wood_albedo.png b/examples/resources/assets/img/wood_albedo.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e28e2aee3e6fe20fb8e3b4030df2af0794a766eb Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/assets/img/wood_albedo.png differ diff --git a/examples/resources/files.json b/examples/resources/files.json index cd19bb9568ee76b3bf0d6b58378eaf28123b19ce..c185f16d61f50d924f8abcfb95daf22cbe2afa83 100644 --- a/examples/resources/files.json +++ b/examples/resources/files.json @@ -1,26 +1,57 @@ { - "webgpu": [ + "Basic Graphics": [ "helloTriangle", "helloTriangleMSAA", - "resizeCanvas", "rotatingCube", "twoCubes", "texturedCube", "instancedCube", "fractalCube", "cubemap", - "computeBoids", - "animometer", - "videoUploading", + "" + ], + "WebGPU Features": [ + "reversedZ", + "renderBundles", + "occlusionQuery", "samplerParameters", - "imageBlur", + "timestampQuery", + "blending", + "" + ], + "GPGPU Demos": [ + "computeBoids", + "gameOfLife", + "bitonicSort", + "" + ], + "Graphics Techniques": [ + "cameras", + "normalMap", "shadowMapping", - "reversedZ", "deferredRendering", "particles", + "points", + "imageBlur", "cornell", - "gameOfLife", - "renderBundles", + "a-buffer", + "skinnedMesh", + "textRenderingMsdf", + "volumeRenderingTexture3D", + "wireframe", + "" + ], + "Web Platform Integration": [ + "resizeCanvas", + "resizeObserverHDDPI", + "transparentCanvas", + "multipleCanvases", + "videoUploading", + "worker", + "" + ], + "Benchmarks": [ + "animometer", "" ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/a-buffer.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/a-buffer.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2cbc701bcb33a5bf6b5933b52b83f8892b0bac3 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/a-buffer.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/bitonicSort.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/bitonicSort.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1e463953be3e3621e4b74eaab69c4c01d8f54c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/bitonicSort.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/blending.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/blending.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f750df5374fe6af547ddd199de87fb745b5997e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/blending.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/cameras.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/cameras.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..157d96c3532b4c523f79e90b9120eb21e08dc446 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/cameras.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/multipleCanvases.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/multipleCanvases.jpg new 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..331bf93ba15997959955024c62ca98bd1d053ac7 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/volumeRenderingTexture3D.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/wireframe.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/wireframe.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c87309f4f9933f14b70cbe59cab05fea06eb1c08 Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/wireframe.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/resources/screenshots/worker.jpg b/examples/resources/screenshots/worker.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7e148e81ccff8f7d8251e55f5c904c39835f30d Binary files /dev/null and b/examples/resources/screenshots/worker.jpg differ diff --git a/examples/src/meshes/box.ts b/examples/src/meshes/box.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8634bc242bb7d2e0cedd30c345050530ffb6fd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/meshes/box.ts @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +import { Mesh } from "./mesh"; + +/** + * Constructs a box mesh with the given dimensions. + * The vertex buffer will have the following vertex fields (in the given order): + * position : float32x3 + * normal : float32x3 + * uv : float32x2 + * tangent : float32x3 + * bitangent : float32x3 + * @param width the width of the box + * @param height the height of the box + * @param depth the depth of the box + * @returns the box mesh with tangent and bitangents. + */ +export function createBoxMeshWithTangents( + width: number, + height: number, + depth: number +): Mesh +{ + // __________ + // / /| y + // / +y / | ^ + // /_________/ | | + // | |+x| +---> x + // | +z | | / + // | | / z + // |_________|/ + // + const pX = 0; // +x + const nX = 1; // -x + const pY = 2; // +y + const nY = 3; // -y + const pZ = 4; // +z + const nZ = 5; // -z + const faces = [ + { tangent: nZ, bitangent: pY, normal: pX }, + { tangent: pZ, bitangent: pY, normal: nX }, + { tangent: pX, bitangent: nZ, normal: pY }, + { tangent: pX, bitangent: pZ, normal: nY }, + { tangent: pX, bitangent: pY, normal: pZ }, + { tangent: nX, bitangent: pY, normal: nZ }, + ]; + const verticesPerSide = 4; + const indicesPerSize = 6; + const f32sPerVertex = 14; // position : vec3f, tangent : vec3f, bitangent : vec3f, normal : vec3f, uv :vec2f + const vertexStride = f32sPerVertex * 4; + const vertices = new Float32Array( + faces.length * verticesPerSide * f32sPerVertex + ); + const indices = new Uint16Array(faces.length * indicesPerSize); + const halfVecs = [ + [Number(width) / 2, 0, 0], // +x + [-width / 2, 0, 0], // -x + [0, Number(height) / 2, 0], // +y + [0, -height / 2, 0], // -y + [0, 0, Number(depth) / 2], // +z + [0, 0, -depth / 2], // -z + ]; + + let vertexOffset = 0; + let indexOffset = 0; + for (let faceIndex = 0; faceIndex < faces.length; faceIndex++) + { + const face = faces[faceIndex]; + const tangent = halfVecs[face.tangent]; + const bitangent = halfVecs[face.bitangent]; + const normal = halfVecs[face.normal]; + + for (let u = 0; u < 2; u++) + { + for (let v = 0; v < 2; v++) + { + for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) + { + vertices[vertexOffset++] + = normal[i] + + (u === 0 ? -1 : 1) * tangent[i] + + (v === 0 ? -1 : 1) * bitangent[i]; + } + for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) + { + vertices[vertexOffset++] = normal[i]; + } + vertices[vertexOffset++] = u; + vertices[vertexOffset++] = v; + for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) + { + vertices[vertexOffset++] = tangent[i]; + } + for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) + { + vertices[vertexOffset++] = bitangent[i]; + } + } + } + + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 0; + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 2; + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 1; + + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 2; + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 3; + indices[indexOffset++] = faceIndex * verticesPerSide + 1; + } + + return { + vertices, + indices, + vertexStride, + }; +} diff --git a/examples/src/meshes/mesh.ts b/examples/src/meshes/mesh.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5a5ab444fcb2cda1742a3fcfaad0b5581a6177d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/meshes/mesh.ts @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +import { vec3, vec2 } from "wgpu-matrix"; + +// Defines what to pass to pipeline to render mesh +export interface Renderable +{ + vertexBuffer: GPUBuffer; + indexBuffer: GPUBuffer; + indexCount: number; + bindGroup?: GPUBindGroup; +} + +export interface Mesh +{ + vertices: Float32Array; + indices: Uint16Array | Uint32Array; + vertexStride: number; +} + +export const getMeshPosAtIndex = (mesh: Mesh, index: number) => +{ + const arr = new Float32Array( + mesh.vertices.buffer, + index * mesh.vertexStride + 0, + 3 + ); + +return vec3.fromValues(arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]); +}; + +export const getMeshNormalAtIndex = (mesh: Mesh, index: number) => +{ + const arr = new Float32Array( + mesh.vertices.buffer, + index * mesh.vertexStride + 3 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, + 3 + ); + +return vec3.fromValues(arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]); +}; + +export const getMeshUVAtIndex = (mesh: Mesh, index: number) => +{ + const arr = new Float32Array( + mesh.vertices.buffer, + index * mesh.vertexStride + 6 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, + 2 + ); + +return vec2.fromValues(arr[0], arr[1]); +}; diff --git a/examples/src/meshes/stanfordDragonData.ts b/examples/src/meshes/stanfordDragonData.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84faed68364ab7ec3c30ee865b8662d4e80ea2d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/meshes/stanfordDragonData.ts @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// from github.com/hughsk/stanford-dragon +export default { + cells: [[5, 0, 2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 3, 1], [10, 2, 9], [10, 11, 2], [11, 8, 2], [4, 0, 5], [1, 3, 6], [4, 5, 2], [8, 7, 2], [13, 12, 8], [11, 13, 8], [10, 13, 11], [3, 0, 4], [2, 7, 4], [10, 9, 13], [12, 7, 8], [6, 7, 1], [1, 7, 2], [7, 9, 2], [4, 7, 14], [12, 14, 7], [9, 7, 6], [4, 6, 3], [18, 17, 16], [15, 9, 6], [20, 21, 18], [18, 21, 22], [16, 15, 18], [15, 20, 18], [19, 15, 16], [15, 19, 9], [23, 17, 18], [25, 21, 20], [6, 4, 24], [12, 26, 14], [15, 29, 30], [33, 16, 17], [26, 14, 12], [26, 12, 14], [27, 6, 24], [28, 12, 13], [15, 27, 29], [6, 27, 15], [15, 30, 20], [9, 28, 13], [9, 31, 28], [32, 21, 25], [22, 21, 32], [33, 9, 19], [16, 33, 19], [34, 35, 23], [18, 34, 23], [36, 17, 23], [36, 23, 35], [26, 12, 28], [25, 20, 30], [31, 9, 33], [32, 18, 22], [18, 32, 34], [17, 36, 33], [24, 14, 26], [24, 4, 14], [37, 28, 31], [38, 39, 40], [43, 26, 28], [43, 28, 37], [40, 39, 45], [41, 46, 42], [27, 24, 29], [30, 32, 25], [33, 37, 31], [36, 44, 33], [32, 30, 34], [36, 35, 52], [52, 35, 51], [85, 49, 48], [45, 39, 53], [24, 26, 55], [43, 55, 26], [30, 29, 58], [30, 60, 34], [37, 59, 43], [59, 57, 43], [32, 60, 34], [32, 34, 60], [60, 32, 34], [61, 37, 33], [60, 35, 34], [61, 33, 44], [52, 51, 62], [64, 63, 48], [65, 63, 48], [63, 64, 48], [65, 48, 49], [69, 68, 38], [38, 68, 39], [39, 50, 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26.990700513124466, 15.528449788689613], [-31.937148422002792, 27.597250416874886, 15.615650452673435], [-20.78630030155182, 29.383499175310135, 15.147649683058262], [-22.082500159740448, 38.89574855566025, 14.35954961925745], [21.691499277949333, 43.88070106506348, 14.925099909305573], [21.658899262547493, 47.963451594114304, 14.54865001142025], [-33.11324864625931, 33.59460085630417, 15.395550057291985], [-32.83974900841713, 34.81154888868332, 14.74430039525032], [-31.738299876451492, 35.6503501534462, 15.40450006723404], [17.95784942805767, 39.82369974255562, 14.519150368869305], [18.093600869178772, 43.3526486158371, 14.746850356459618], [19.477449357509613, 45.72505131363869, 15.083099715411663], [20.210599526762962, 49.41390082240105, 14.5474998280406], [19.38435062766075, 39.927348494529724, 14.521749690175056], [21.369799971580505, 42.32440143823624, 14.749599620699883], [22.497400641441345, 43.859999626874924, 14.486050233244896], [-21.704599261283875, 28.11945043504238, 15.491100028157234], [19.89939995110035, 41.69460013508797, 15.003199689090252], [22.485749796032906, 45.429348945617676, 14.638449996709824], [-25.600450113415718, 27.4097491055727, 15.904400497674942], [-23.50115031003952, 37.80265152454376, 15.577149577438831], [-25.425000116229057, 38.33030164241791, 15.617149882018566], [19.200049340724945, 44.05039921402931, 15.371249988675117], [21.50925062596798, 46.29484936594963, 15.062999911606312], [-30.54329939186573, 36.45525127649307, 15.979349613189697], [-23.152999579906464, 35.847701132297516, 16.02949947118759], [-29.934650287032127, 27.892300859093666, 16.89774915575981], [-20.35689912736416, 30.065299943089485, 16.3317508995533], [-21.800050511956215, 31.307749450206757, 16.680650413036346], [-32.304998487234116, 33.51230174303055, 17.32725091278553], [-30.111100524663925, 36.699648946523666, 16.366049647331238], [-27.596749365329742, 37.6182496547699, 17.613649368286133], [-25.82710050046444, 37.50165179371834, 16.83804951608181], [-32.82960131764412, 31.769901514053345, 16.658799722790718], [-31.199950724840164, 28.184799477458, 16.7386494576931], [-23.00715073943138, 28.23909930884838, 16.626499593257904], [-21.89360000193119, 28.133399784564972, 16.84975065290928], [-31.681399792432785, 29.6439491212368, 17.34350062906742], [-23.538649082183838, 29.418399557471275, 16.85974933207035], [-23.64405058324337, 31.61894902586937, 16.76120050251484], [-23.724300786852837, 33.699050545692444, 16.363700851798058], [-23.190150037407875, 33.038001507520676, 16.31684973835945], [-23.98969978094101, 35.02510115504265, 16.334200277924538], [-31.76869824528694, 35.67875176668167, 17.450349405407906], [-25.848399847745895, 28.095100075006485, 16.909200698137283], [-25.578200817108154, 35.523299127817154, 16.923049464821815], [-25.604700669646263, 33.65970030426979, 17.452050000429153], [-27.552999556064606, 28.13754975795746, 17.426349222660065], [-25.721849873661995, 29.57024984061718, 17.726950347423553], [-21.37329988181591, 29.50740046799183, 17.157400026917458], [-32.14164823293686, 31.504951417446136, 17.74965040385723], [-29.45614978671074, 37.30374947190285, 17.62544922530651], [-31.11100010573864, 36.9565486907959, 17.745450139045715], [-25.450449436903, 31.813248991966248, 17.91970059275627], [-27.285749092698097, 35.42134910821915, 17.913199961185455], [-29.54079955816269, 29.141299426555634, 18.106399103999138], [-27.482949197292328, 28.881000354886055, 18.02385039627552], [-27.265800163149834, 34.023549407720566, 18.1791502982378], [-29.636399820446968, 30.118349939584732, 18.52164976298809], [-26.187200099229813, 31.107550486922264, 18.37324909865856], [-27.75520086288452, 33.35845097899437, 18.514899536967278], [-28.05590070784092, 35.98380088806152, 18.5100007802248], [-27.632199227809906, 30.123800039291382, 18.55980046093464], [-29.61055003106594, 31.546801328659058, 18.74914951622486], [-27.69709937274456, 31.660500913858414, 18.737349659204483], [-31.35579824447632, 32.275550067424774, 18.66910047829151], [-31.591400504112244, 33.663149923086166, 19.408099353313446], [-29.57965061068535, 33.601898699998856, 19.09469999372959], [-31.22889995574951, 36.909300833940506, 19.63149942457676], [-29.99899908900261, 36.92544996738434, 19.509749487042427], [-29.56094965338707, 35.58560088276863, 19.806750118732452], [-31.78989887237549, 35.649850964546204, 19.6773000061512], [-31.335800886154175, 36.05709969997406, 20.413100719451904]], +}; diff --git a/examples/src/meshes/teapot.ts b/examples/src/meshes/teapot.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1d77caa1ba6bbcf7790c50d650ba1796fb064ff --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/meshes/teapot.ts @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +import teapotData from "teapot"; +import { computeSurfaceNormals } from "./utils"; + +export const mesh = { + positions: teapotData.positions as [number, number, number][], + triangles: teapotData.cells as [number, number, number][], + normals: [] as [number, number, number][], +}; + +// Compute surface normals +mesh.normals = computeSurfaceNormals(mesh.positions, mesh.triangles); diff --git a/examples/src/meshes/utils.ts b/examples/src/meshes/utils.ts index ab4bef6a8490861d82e7288630f47a836dc5c49d..7bd63057b95dfe14d57164cb0a34880311fbde6c 100644 --- a/examples/src/meshes/utils.ts +++ b/examples/src/meshes/utils.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { vec3, Vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; export function computeSurfaceNormals( positions: [number, number, number][], @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export function computeSurfaceNormals( const normals: [number, number, number][] = positions.map(() => // Initialize to zero. - [0, 0, 0] + [0, 0, 0] ); triangles.forEach(([i0, i1, i2]) => { @@ -37,6 +37,192 @@ export function computeSurfaceNormals( return normals; } +function makeTriangleIndicesFn(triangles: [number, number, number][]) +{ + let triNdx = 0; + let vNdx = 0; + const fn = function () + { + const ndx = triangles[triNdx][vNdx++]; + if (vNdx === 3) + { + vNdx = 0; + ++triNdx; + } + +return ndx; + }; + fn.reset = function () + { + triNdx = 0; + vNdx = 0; + }; + fn.numElements = triangles.length * 3; + +return fn; +} + +// adapted from: https://webglfundamentals.org/webgl/lessons/webgl-3d-geometry-lathe.htmls +export function generateNormals( + maxAngle: number, + positions: [number, number, number][], + triangles: [number, number, number][] +) +{ + // first compute the normal of each face + const getNextIndex = makeTriangleIndicesFn(triangles); + const numFaceVerts = getNextIndex.numElements; + const numVerts = positions.length; + const numFaces = numFaceVerts / 3; + const faceNormals: Vec3[] = []; + + // Compute the normal for every face. + // While doing that, create a new vertex for every face vertex + for (let i = 0; i < numFaces; ++i) + { + const n1 = getNextIndex(); + const n2 = getNextIndex(); + const n3 = getNextIndex(); + + const v1 = positions[n1]; + const v2 = positions[n2]; + const v3 = positions[n3]; + + faceNormals.push( + vec3.normalize(vec3.cross(vec3.subtract(v2, v1), vec3.subtract(v3, v1))) + ); + } + + let tempVerts = {}; + let tempVertNdx = 0; + + // this assumes vertex positions are an exact match + + function getVertIndex(vert: [number, number, number]): number + { + const vertId = JSON.stringify(vert); + const ndx = tempVerts[vertId]; + if (ndx !== undefined) + { + return ndx; + } + const newNdx = tempVertNdx++; + tempVerts[vertId] = newNdx; + +return newNdx; + } + + // We need to figure out the shared vertices. + // It's not as simple as looking at the faces (triangles) + // because for example if we have a standard cylinder + // + // + // 3-4 + // / \ + // 2 5 Looking down a cylinder starting at S + // | | and going around to E, E and S are not + // 1 6 the same vertex in the data we have + // \ / as they don't share UV coords. + // S/E + // + // the vertices at the start and end do not share vertices + // since they have different UVs but if you don't consider + // them to share vertices they will get the wrong normals + + const vertIndices: number[] = []; + for (let i = 0; i < numVerts; ++i) + { + const vert = positions[i]; + vertIndices.push(getVertIndex(vert)); + } + + // go through every vertex and record which faces it's on + const vertFaces: number[][] = []; + getNextIndex.reset(); + for (let i = 0; i < numFaces; ++i) + { + for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j) + { + const ndx = getNextIndex(); + const sharedNdx = vertIndices[ndx]; + let faces = vertFaces[sharedNdx]; + if (!faces) + { + faces = []; + vertFaces[sharedNdx] = faces; + } + faces.push(i); + } + } + + // now go through every face and compute the normals for each + // vertex of the face. Only include faces that aren't more than + // maxAngle different. Add the result to arrays of newPositions, + // newTexcoords and newNormals, discarding any vertices that + // are the same. + tempVerts = {}; + tempVertNdx = 0; + const newPositions: [number, number, number][] = []; + const newNormals: [number, number, number][] = []; + + function getNewVertIndex( + position: [number, number, number], + normal: [number, number, number] + ) + { + const vertId = JSON.stringify({ position, normal }); + const ndx = tempVerts[vertId]; + if (ndx !== undefined) + { + return ndx; + } + const newNdx = tempVertNdx++; + tempVerts[vertId] = newNdx; + newPositions.push(position); + newNormals.push(normal); + +return newNdx; + } + + const newTriangles: [number, number, number][] = []; + getNextIndex.reset(); + const maxAngleCos = Math.cos(maxAngle); + // for each face + for (let i = 0; i < numFaces; ++i) + { + // get the normal for this face + const thisFaceNormal = faceNormals[i]; + // for each vertex on the face + const newTriangle: number[] = []; + for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j) + { + const ndx = getNextIndex(); + const sharedNdx = vertIndices[ndx]; + const faces = vertFaces[sharedNdx]; + const norm = [0, 0, 0] as [number, number, number]; + faces.forEach((faceNdx: number) => + { + // is this face facing the same way + const otherFaceNormal = faceNormals[faceNdx]; + const dot = vec3.dot(thisFaceNormal, otherFaceNormal); + if (dot > maxAngleCos) + { + vec3.add(norm, otherFaceNormal, norm); + } + }); + vec3.normalize(norm, norm); + newTriangle.push(getNewVertIndex(positions[ndx], norm)); + } + newTriangles.push(newTriangle as [number, number, number]); + } + + return { + positions: newPositions, + normals: newNormals, + triangles: newTriangles, + }; +} + type ProjectedPlane = "xy" | "xz" | "yz"; const projectedPlane2Ids: { [key in ProjectedPlane]: [number, number] } = { @@ -54,7 +240,7 @@ export function computeProjectedPlaneUVs( const uvs: [number, number][] = positions.map(() => // Initialize to zero. - [0, 0] + [0, 0] ); const extentMin = [Infinity, Infinity]; const extentMax = [-Infinity, -Infinity]; @@ -75,5 +261,5 @@ export function computeProjectedPlaneUVs( uv[1] = (uv[1] - extentMin[1]) / (extentMax[1] - extentMin[1]); }); - return uvs; +return uvs; } diff --git a/examples/src/shaders/black.frag.wgsl b/examples/src/shaders/black.frag.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb832ded105c99ba887325c4412f9b93edd58017 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/shaders/black.frag.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +@fragment +fn main() -> @location(0) vec4f { + return vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/composite.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/composite.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff5aadfff6f31184f50a892afe3d1ff688a024b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/composite.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +struct Uniforms { + modelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f, + maxStorableFragments: u32, + targetWidth: u32, +}; + +struct SliceInfo { + sliceStartY: i32 +}; + +struct Heads { + numFragments: u32, + data: array +}; + +struct LinkedListElement { + color: vec4f, + depth: f32, + next: u32 +}; + +struct LinkedList { + data: array +}; + +@binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms: Uniforms; +@binding(1) @group(0) var heads: Heads; +@binding(2) @group(0) var linkedList: LinkedList; +@binding(3) @group(0) var sliceInfo: SliceInfo; + +// Output a full screen quad +@vertex +fn main_vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertIndex: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f { + const position = array( + vec2(-1.0, -1.0), + vec2(1.0, -1.0), + vec2(1.0, 1.0), + vec2(-1.0, -1.0), + vec2(1.0, 1.0), + vec2(-1.0, 1.0), + ); + + return vec4(position[vertIndex], 0.0, 1.0); +} + +@fragment +fn main_fs(@builtin(position) position: vec4f) -> @location(0) vec4f { + let fragCoords = vec2i(position.xy); + let headsIndex = u32(fragCoords.y - sliceInfo.sliceStartY) * uniforms.targetWidth + u32(fragCoords.x); + + // The maximum layers we can process for any pixel + const maxLayers = 12u; + + var layers: array; + + var numLayers = 0u; + var elementIndex = heads.data[headsIndex]; + + // copy the list elements into an array up to the maximum amount of layers + while elementIndex != 0xFFFFFFFFu && numLayers < maxLayers { + layers[numLayers] = linkedList.data[elementIndex]; + numLayers++; + elementIndex = linkedList.data[elementIndex].next; + } + + if numLayers == 0u { + discard; + } + + // sort the fragments by depth + for (var i = 1u; i < numLayers; i++) { + let toInsert = layers[i]; + var j = i; + + while j > 0u && toInsert.depth > layers[j - 1u].depth { + layers[j] = layers[j - 1u]; + j--; + } + + layers[j] = toInsert; + } + + // pre-multiply alpha for the first layer + var color = vec4(layers[0].color.a * layers[0].color.rgb, layers[0].color.a); + + // blend the remaining layers + for (var i = 1u; i < numLayers; i++) { + let mixed = mix(color.rgb, layers[i].color.rgb, layers[i].color.aaa); + color = vec4(mixed, color.a); + } + + return color; +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef57528853a7db49c980e8d05c47b0052ef67397 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + + + + + A-Buffer + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ Demonstrates order independent transparency using a per-pixel + linked-list of translucent fragments. Provides a choice for + limiting memory usage (when required). +

+ +
+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..779118b4a6f301824e9b6bc8061819f69480826a --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ +import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; + +import { mesh } from "../../meshes/teapot"; + +import compositeWGSL from "./composite.wgsl"; +import opaqueWGSL from "./opaque.wgsl"; +import translucentWGSL from "./translucent.wgsl"; + +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBuffer, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureView, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => +{ + function roundUp(n: number, k: number): number + { + return Math.ceil(n / k) * k; + } + + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { + canvasId: canvas.id, + configuration: { alphaMode: "opaque" } + }; + + const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); + + const settings = { + memoryStrategy: params.get("memoryStrategy") || "multipass", + }; + + // Create the model vertex buffer + const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + position: { data: new Float32Array(mesh.positions.flat()), format: "float32x3", arrayStride: 12 } + }; + // Create the model index buffer + const indices = new Uint16Array(mesh.triangles.flat()); + + // Uniforms contains: + // * modelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f + // * maxStorableFragments: u32 + // * targetWidth: u32 + const uniformsSize = roundUp( + 16 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT + 2 * Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, + 16 + ); + const uniforms: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint8Array(uniformsSize), + modelViewProjectionMatrix: undefined, + maxStorableFragments: undefined, + targetWidth: undefined, + }; + + const opaquePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + vertex: { + code: opaqueWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: opaqueWGSL, + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + }, + depthStencil: { + depthWriteEnabled: true, + depthCompare: "less", + }, + label: "opaquePipeline", + }; + + const translucentPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + vertex: { + code: translucentWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: translucentWGSL, + targets: [ + { + writeMask: 0x0, + }, + ], + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + }, + label: "translucentPipeline", + }; + + const translucentPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + loadOp: "load", + storeOp: "store", + view: { texture: { context } }, + }, + ], + label: "translucentPassDescriptor", + }; + + const compositePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + vertex: { + code: compositeWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: compositeWGSL, + targets: [ + { + blend: { + color: { + srcFactor: "one", + operation: "add", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", + }, + alpha: {}, + }, + }, + ], + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + }, + label: "compositePipeline", + }; + + const compositePassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context } }, + loadOp: "load", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + label: "compositePassDescriptor", + }; + + const configure = () => + { + let devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio; + + // The default maximum storage buffer binding size is 128Mib. The amount + // of memory we need to store transparent fragments depends on the size + // of the canvas and the average number of layers per fragment we want to + // support. When the devicePixelRatio is 1, we know that 128Mib is enough + // to store 4 layers per pixel at 600x600. However, when the device pixel + // ratio is high enough we will exceed this limit. + // + // We provide 2 choices of mitigations to this issue: + // 1) Clamp the device pixel ratio to a value which we know will not break + // the limit. The tradeoff here is that the canvas resolution will not + // match the native resolution and therefore may have a reduction in + // quality. + // 2) Break the frame into a series of horizontal slices using the scissor + // functionality and process a single slice at a time. This limits memory + // usage because we only need enough memory to process the dimensions + // of the slice. The tradeoff is the performance reduction due to multiple + // passes. + if (settings.memoryStrategy === "clamp-pixel-ratio") + { + devicePixelRatio = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio, 3); + } + + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = { + size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], + format: "depth24plus", + usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING, + label: "depthTexture", + }; + + const depthTextureView: IGPUTextureView = { + label: "depthTextureView", + texture: depthTexture, + }; + + // Determines how much memory is allocated to store linked-list elements + const averageLayersPerFragment = 4; + + // Each element stores + // * color : vec4f + // * depth : f32 + // * index of next element in the list : u32 + const linkedListElementSize + = 5 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT + Number(Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT); + + // We want to keep the linked-list buffer size under the maxStorageBufferBindingSize. + // Split the frame into enough slices to meet that constraint. + const bytesPerline + = canvas.width * averageLayersPerFragment * linkedListElementSize; + const maxLinesSupported = Math.floor( + webgpu.device.limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize / bytesPerline + ); + const numSlices = Math.ceil(canvas.height / maxLinesSupported); + const sliceHeight = Math.ceil(canvas.height / numSlices); + const linkedListBufferSize = sliceHeight * bytesPerline; + + const linkedListBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint8Array(linkedListBufferSize), + // data: [{ color: undefined, depth: undefined, next: undefined }] + }; + + // To slice up the frame we need to pass the starting fragment y position of the slice. + // We do this using a uniform buffer with a dynamic offset. + const sliceInfoBuffer = []; + { + for (let i = 0; i < numSlices; ++i) + { + sliceInfoBuffer[i] = { sliceStartY: i * sliceHeight }; + } + } + + // `Heads` struct contains the start index of the linked-list of translucent fragments + // for a given pixel. + // * numFragments : u32 + // * data : array + const headsBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint32Array(1 + canvas.width * sliceHeight), + numFragments: undefined, + data: undefined, + }; + + const headsInitBuffer: IGPUBuffer = { + size: (1 + canvas.width * sliceHeight) * Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, + usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC, + label: "headsInitBuffer", + }; + { + const buffer = new Uint32Array(headsInitBuffer.size / Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT); + + for (let i = 0; i < buffer.length; ++i) + { + buffer[i] = 0xffffffff; + } + headsInitBuffer.data = buffer; + } + + const bindingResources = { + uniforms, + heads: headsBuffer, + linkedList: linkedListBuffer, + opaqueDepthTexture: depthTextureView, + sliceInfo: { sliceStartY: undefined }, + }; + + const opaquePassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context } }, + clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1.0], + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + depthStencilAttachment: { + view: depthTextureView, + depthClearValue: 1.0, + depthLoadOp: "clear", + depthStoreOp: "store", + }, + label: "opaquePassDescriptor", + }; + + // Rotates the camera around the origin based on time. + function getCameraViewProjMatrix() + { + const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height; + + const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective( + (2 * Math.PI) / 5, + aspect, + 1, + 2000.0 + ); + + const upVector = vec3.fromValues(0, 1, 0); + const origin = vec3.fromValues(0, 0, 0); + const eyePosition = vec3.fromValues(0, 5, -100); + + const rad = Math.PI * (Date.now() / 5000); + const rotation = mat4.rotateY(mat4.translation(origin), rad); + vec3.transformMat4(eyePosition, rotation, eyePosition); + + const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector); + + const viewProjMatrix = mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix); + +return viewProjMatrix; + } + + const passEncoders: IGPUPassEncoder[] = []; + + // Draw the opaque objects + const opaquePassEncoder: IGPURenderPass = { + descriptor: opaquePassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [{ + pipeline: opaquePipeline, + bindingResources, + vertices, + indices, + drawIndexed: { indexCount: mesh.triangles.length * 3, instanceCount: 8 }, + }] + }; + passEncoders.push(opaquePassEncoder); + + for (let slice = 0; slice < numSlices; ++slice) + { + // initialize the heads buffer + passEncoders.push({ + __type: "IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer", + source: headsInitBuffer, + sourceOffset: 0, + destination: getIGPUBuffer(headsBuffer.bufferView), + destinationOffset: 0, + size: headsInitBuffer.size + }); + + const scissorX = 0; + const scissorY = slice * sliceHeight; + const scissorWidth = canvas.width; + const scissorHeight + = Math.min((slice + 1) * sliceHeight, canvas.height) + - slice * sliceHeight; + + // Draw the translucent objects + + const translucentPassEncoder: IGPURenderPass = { + descriptor: translucentPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [ + // Set the scissor to only process a horizontal slice of the frame + { + __type: "IGPUScissorRect", + x: scissorX, + y: scissorY, + width: scissorWidth, + height: scissorHeight + }, + { + pipeline: translucentPipeline, + bindingResources: { + ...bindingResources, + sliceInfo: sliceInfoBuffer[slice], + }, + vertices, + indices, + drawIndexed: { indexCount: mesh.triangles.length * 3, instanceCount: 8 }, + } + ], + }; + passEncoders.push(translucentPassEncoder); + + // Composite the opaque and translucent objects + const compositePassEncoder: IGPURenderPass + = { + descriptor: compositePassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [ + // Set the scissor to only process a horizontal slice of the frame + { + __type: "IGPUScissorRect", + x: scissorX, + y: scissorY, + width: scissorWidth, + height: scissorHeight + }, + { + pipeline: compositePipeline, + bindingResources: { + ...bindingResources, + sliceInfo: sliceInfoBuffer[slice] + }, + draw: { vertexCount: 6 }, + } + ] + }; + passEncoders.push(compositePassEncoder); + } + + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [{ + passEncoders, + }], + }; + + // update the uniform buffer + uniforms.maxStorableFragments = averageLayersPerFragment * canvas.width * sliceHeight; + uniforms.targetWidth = canvas.width; + + return function doDraw() + { + // update the uniform buffer + { + uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = getCameraViewProjMatrix(); + } + + webgpu.submit(submit); + }; + }; + + let doDraw = configure(); + + const updateSettings = () => + { + doDraw = configure(); + }; + + gui + .add(settings, "memoryStrategy", ["multipass", "clamp-pixel-ratio"]) + .onFinishChange(updateSettings); + + function frame() + { + doDraw(); + + requestAnimationFrame(frame); + } + + requestAnimationFrame(frame); +}; + +const panel = new GUI({ width: 310 }); +const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +init(webgpuCanvas, panel); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/opaque.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/opaque.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec943f6435a6314d1008a4557843818afc283283 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/opaque.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +struct Uniforms { + modelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f, +}; + +@binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms: Uniforms; + +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) position: vec4f, + @location(0) @interpolate(flat) instance: u32 +}; + +@vertex +fn main_vs(@location(0) position: vec4f, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> VertexOutput { + var output: VertexOutput; + + // distribute instances into a staggered 4x4 grid + const gridWidth = 125.0; + const cellSize = gridWidth / 4.0; + let row = instance / 2u; + let col = instance % 2u; + + let xOffset = -gridWidth / 2.0 + cellSize / 2.0 + 2.0 * cellSize * f32(col) + f32(row % 2u != 0u) * cellSize; + let zOffset = -gridWidth / 2.0 + cellSize / 2.0 + 2.0 + f32(row) * cellSize; + + let offsetPos = vec4(position.x + xOffset, position.y, position.z + zOffset, position.w); + + output.position = uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix * offsetPos; + output.instance = instance; + return output; +} + +@fragment +fn main_fs(@location(0) @interpolate(flat) instance: u32) -> @location(0) vec4f { + const colors = array( + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0), + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0), + ); + + return vec4(colors[instance % 6u], 1.0); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/translucent.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/translucent.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b74bc096752b7b789af4aa8926272cc399c4b5a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/a-buffer/translucent.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +struct Uniforms { + modelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f, + maxStorableFragments: u32, + targetWidth: u32, +}; + +struct SliceInfo { + sliceStartY: i32 +}; + +struct Heads { + numFragments: atomic, + data: array> +}; + +struct LinkedListElement { + color: vec4f, + depth: f32, + next: u32 +}; + +struct LinkedList { + data: array +}; + +@binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms: Uniforms; +@binding(1) @group(0) var heads: Heads; +@binding(2) @group(0) var linkedList: LinkedList; +@binding(3) @group(0) var opaqueDepthTexture: texture_depth_2d; +@binding(4) @group(0) var sliceInfo: SliceInfo; + +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) position: vec4f, + @location(0) @interpolate(flat) instance: u32 +}; + +@vertex +fn main_vs(@location(0) position: vec4f, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> VertexOutput { + var output: VertexOutput; + + // distribute instances into a staggered 4x4 grid + const gridWidth = 125.0; + const cellSize = gridWidth / 4.0; + let row = instance / 2u; + let col = instance % 2u; + + let xOffset = -gridWidth / 2.0 + cellSize / 2.0 + 2.0 * cellSize * f32(col) + f32(row % 2u == 0u) * cellSize; + let zOffset = -gridWidth / 2.0 + cellSize / 2.0 + 2.0 + f32(row) * cellSize; + + let offsetPos = vec4(position.x + xOffset, position.y, position.z + zOffset, position.w); + + output.position = uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix * offsetPos; + output.instance = instance; + + return output; +} + +@fragment +fn main_fs(@builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) @interpolate(flat) instance: u32) { + const colors = array( + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0), + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0), + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0), + ); + + let fragCoords = vec2i(position.xy); + let opaqueDepth = textureLoad(opaqueDepthTexture, fragCoords, 0); + + // reject fragments behind opaque objects + if position.z >= opaqueDepth { + discard; + } + + // The index in the heads buffer corresponding to the head data for the fragment at + // the current location. + let headsIndex = u32(fragCoords.y - sliceInfo.sliceStartY) * uniforms.targetWidth + u32(fragCoords.x); + + // The index in the linkedList buffer at which to store the new fragment + let fragIndex = atomicAdd(&heads.numFragments, 1u); + + // If we run out of space to store the fragments, we just lose them + if fragIndex < uniforms.maxStorableFragments { + let lastHead = atomicExchange(&heads.data[headsIndex], fragIndex); + linkedList.data[fragIndex].depth = position.z; + linkedList.data[fragIndex].next = lastHead; + linkedList.data[fragIndex].color = vec4(colors[(instance + 3u) % 6u], 0.3); + } +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.html index 735787d456cad64832c69952be1ff5bd707c03c9..2029509054ead4b7f0116adccc98b7db34bb526c 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.html @@ -16,27 +16,26 @@ -
-

+

+

A WebGPU of port of the Animometer MotionMark benchmark.

+
- - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.ts index 8c3f11aa1bf9b50ea266b9d39bfb470199f50d94..b3daba2db1bb2c55691b11f3c1a000a504ddb6cc 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/animometer/index.ts @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; import animometerWGSL from "./animometer.wgsl"; -import { IBuffer, IRenderBundleObject, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPURenderBundle, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => { @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.parentNode.appendChild(perfDisplayContainer); const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); + const maxTriangles = 200000; const settings = { numTriangles: Number(params.get("numTriangles")) || 20000, renderBundles: Boolean(params.get("renderBundles")), @@ -27,11 +28,11 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); const vec4Size = 4 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; - const pipelineDesc: IRenderPipeline = { + const pipelineDesc: IGPURenderPipeline = { vertex: { code: animometerWGSL, }, @@ -43,102 +44,88 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => } }; - const pipeline: IRenderPipeline = { + const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { ...pipelineDesc, }; - const vertexBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: 2 * 3 * vec4Size, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - data: new Float32Array([ - // position data /**/ color data - 0, 0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 1, 0, 0, 1, - -0.1, -0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 0, 1, 0, 1, - 0.1, -0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 0, 0, 1, 1, - ]) + const vertexBuffer = new Float32Array([ + // position data /**/ color data + 0, 0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 1, 0, 0, 1, + -0.1, -0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 0, 1, 0, 1, + 0.1, -0.1, 0, 1, /**/ 0, 0, 1, 1, + ]); + + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { + pipeline, + vertices: { + position: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x4", offset: 0, arrayStride: 2 * vec4Size }, + color: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x4", offset: vec4Size, arrayStride: 2 * vec4Size }, + }, + bindingResources: {}, + draw: { vertexCount: 3, instanceCount: 1 }, }; - function configure() + const uniformBytes = 5 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; + const alignedUniformBytes = Math.ceil(uniformBytes / 256) * 256; + const alignedUniformFloats = alignedUniformBytes / Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; + const uniformBuffer = new Float32Array( + maxTriangles * alignedUniformBytes + Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT + ); + for (let i = 0; i < maxTriangles; ++i) { - const numTriangles = settings.numTriangles; - const uniformBytes = 5 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; - const alignedUniformBytes = Math.ceil(uniformBytes / 256) * 256; - const alignedUniformFloats = alignedUniformBytes / Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; - const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: numTriangles * alignedUniformBytes + Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM, + uniformBuffer[alignedUniformFloats * i + 0] = Math.random() * 0.2 + 0.2; // scale + uniformBuffer[alignedUniformFloats * i + 1] = 0.9 * 2 * (Math.random() - 0.5); // offsetX + uniformBuffer[alignedUniformFloats * i + 2] = 0.9 * 2 * (Math.random() - 0.5); // offsetY + uniformBuffer[alignedUniformFloats * i + 3] = Math.random() * 1.5 + 0.5; // scalar + uniformBuffer[alignedUniformFloats * i + 4] = Math.random() * 10; // scalarOffset + } + + const timeOffset = maxTriangles * alignedUniformBytes; + + const time = { + bufferView: new Float32Array(uniformBuffer.buffer, timeOffset, 1), + value: 0, + }; + + const renderObjects0: IGPURenderObject[] = []; + for (let i = 0; i < maxTriangles; ++i) + { + renderObjects0[i] = { + ...renderObject, + bindingResources: { + time, + uniforms: { + bufferView: new Float32Array(uniformBuffer.buffer, i * alignedUniformBytes, 5), + } + }, }; - const uniformBufferData = new Float32Array( - numTriangles * alignedUniformFloats - ); - for (let i = 0; i < numTriangles; ++i) - { - uniformBufferData[alignedUniformFloats * i + 0] = Math.random() * 0.2 + 0.2; // scale - uniformBufferData[alignedUniformFloats * i + 1] = 0.9 * 2 * (Math.random() - 0.5); // offsetX - uniformBufferData[alignedUniformFloats * i + 2] = 0.9 * 2 * (Math.random() - 0.5); // offsetY - uniformBufferData[alignedUniformFloats * i + 3] = Math.random() * 1.5 + 0.5; // scalar - uniformBufferData[alignedUniformFloats * i + 4] = Math.random() * 10; // scalarOffset - } + } - const timeOffset = numTriangles * alignedUniformBytes; + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, + clearValue: { r: 0.0, g: 0.0, b: 0.0, a: 1.0 }, + } + ], + }; - // writeBuffer too large may OOM. TODO: The browser should internally chunk uploads. - const maxMappingLength = (14 * 1024 * 1024) / Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; - const writeBuffers = uniformBuffer.writeBuffers || []; - for (let offset = 0; offset < uniformBufferData.length; offset += maxMappingLength) - { - const uploadCount = Math.min(uniformBufferData.length - offset, maxMappingLength); - - writeBuffers.push({ - bufferOffset: offset * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - data: uniformBufferData.buffer, - dataOffset: uniformBufferData.byteOffset + offset * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - size: uploadCount * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - }); - } - uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers; + function configure() + { + const numTriangles = settings.numTriangles; - const renderObjects: IRenderObject[] = []; - for (let i = 0; i < numTriangles; ++i) - { - renderObjects[i] = { - pipeline, - vertices: { - position: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: 0, vertexSize: 2 * vec4Size }, - color: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: vec4Size, vertexSize: 2 * vec4Size }, - }, - bindingResources: { - time: { - buffer: uniformBuffer, - offset: timeOffset, - }, - uniforms: { - buffer: uniformBuffer, - offset: i * alignedUniformBytes, - } - }, - draw: { vertexCount: 3, instanceCount: 1 }, - }; - } + const renderObjects = renderObjects0.slice(0, numTriangles); let startTime: number; const uniformTime = new Float32Array([0]); - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { - colorAttachments: [ - { - view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, - clearValue: { r: 0.0, g: 0.0, b: 0.0, a: 1.0 }, - } - ], - }; - - const renderBundle: IRenderBundleObject = { + const renderBundleObject: IGPURenderBundle = { + __type: "IGPURenderBundle", renderObjects }; - const renderPasss: (IRenderPassEncoder)[] = []; - const submit: ISubmit = { + const renderPasss: (IGPURenderPass)[] = []; + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [ { passEncoders: renderPasss, @@ -146,6 +133,16 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ] }; + const renderBundlesPass = { + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [renderBundleObject], + }; + + const renderPass = { + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects, + }; + return function doDraw(timestamp: number) { if (startTime === undefined) @@ -154,25 +151,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => } uniformTime[0] = (timestamp - startTime) / 1000; - const writeBuffers = uniformBuffer.writeBuffers || []; - writeBuffers.push({ - bufferOffset: timeOffset, data: uniformTime - }); - uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers; + time.value = uniformTime[0]; if (settings.renderBundles) { - renderPasss[0] = { - renderPass, - renderObjects: [renderBundle], - }; + renderPasss[0] = renderBundlesPass; } else { - renderPasss[0] = { - renderPass, - renderObjects, - }; + renderPasss[0] = renderPass; } webgpu.submit(submit); @@ -186,7 +173,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => doDraw = configure(); }; gui - .add(settings, "numTriangles", 0, 200000) + .add(settings, "numTriangles", 0, maxTriangles) .step(1) .onFinishChange(updateSettings); gui.add(settings, "renderBundles"); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/atmosphericScatteringSky/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/atmosphericScatteringSky/index.ts index 6829e77f45a85d83d3285a0a52c959b0905c7e0f..fbba15fe7c1ea1abed90dc0f4575fef6a5f492d2 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/atmosphericScatteringSky/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/atmosphericScatteringSky/index.ts @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; import atmosphericScatteringSkyWGSL from "./atmosphericScatteringSky.wgsl"; -import { ICanvasContext, IComputeObject, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUCanvasContext, IGPUComputeObject, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => { @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const context: ICanvasContext = { + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id, configuration: { format: "rgba16float", @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => } }; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); - const framebuffer: ITexture = { + const framebuffer: IGPUTexture = { label: "framebuffer", size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], format: "rgba16float", @@ -44,14 +44,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => skyColor: [1, 1, 1, 1], }; - const computeObject0: IComputeObject = { + const computeObject0: IGPUComputeObject = { pipeline: { compute: { code: atmosphericScatteringSkyWGSL } }, bindingResources: { - uniformBuffer: { - map: uniformBuffer, - }, + uniformBuffer, outTexture: { texture: framebuffer } }, workgroups: { workgroupCountX: Math.ceil(uniformBuffer.width / 64), workgroupCountY: Math.ceil(uniformBuffer.height / 64) }, @@ -60,10 +58,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => let t = 0; function frame() { - webgpu.computePass(); - webgpu.computeObject(computeObject0); - - webgpu.submit(); + webgpu.submit({ + commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [{ __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [computeObject0] }] }] + }); ++t; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/atomicToZero.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/atomicToZero.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1d21d875f2e44d182a2dc55d25ffeae9fd34730 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/atomicToZero.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +@group(0) @binding(3) var counter: atomic; + +@compute @workgroup_size(1, 1, 1) +fn atomicToZero() { + let counterValue = atomicLoad(&counter); + atomicSub(&counter, counterValue); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicCompute.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicCompute.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eabf8366d70a158b7c03aafcbe415bcd33eb19d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicCompute.ts @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +export const computeArgKeys = ["width", "height", "algo", "blockHeight"]; + +export const NaiveBitonicCompute = (workgroupSize: number) => +{ + if (workgroupSize % 2 !== 0 || workgroupSize > 256) +{ + workgroupSize = 256; + } + // Ensure that workgroupSize is half the number of elements + return ` + +struct Uniforms { + width: f32, + height: f32, + algo: u32, + blockHeight: u32, +} + +// Create local workgroup data that can contain all elements +var local_data: array; + +// Define groups (functions refer to this data) +@group(0) @binding(0) var input_data: array; +@group(0) @binding(1) var output_data: array; +@group(0) @binding(2) var uniforms: Uniforms; +@group(0) @binding(3) var counter: atomic; + +// Compare and swap values in local_data +fn local_compare_and_swap(idx_before: u32, idx_after: u32) { + //idx_before should always be < idx_after + if (local_data[idx_after] < local_data[idx_before]) { + atomicAdd(&counter, 1); + var temp: u32 = local_data[idx_before]; + local_data[idx_before] = local_data[idx_after]; + local_data[idx_after] = temp; + } + return; +} + +// invoke_id goes from 0 to workgroupSize +fn get_flip_indices(invoke_id: u32, block_height: u32) -> vec2u { + // Caculate index offset (i.e move indices into correct block) + let block_offset: u32 = ((2 * invoke_id) / block_height) * block_height; + let half_height = block_height / 2; + // Calculate index spacing + var idx: vec2u = vec2u( + invoke_id % half_height, block_height - (invoke_id % half_height) - 1, + ); + idx.x += block_offset; + idx.y += block_offset; + return idx; +} + +fn get_disperse_indices(invoke_id: u32, block_height: u32) -> vec2u { + var block_offset: u32 = ((2 * invoke_id) / block_height) * block_height; + let half_height = block_height / 2; + var idx: vec2u = vec2u( + invoke_id % half_height, (invoke_id % half_height) + half_height + ); + idx.x += block_offset; + idx.y += block_offset; + return idx; +} + +fn global_compare_and_swap(idx_before: u32, idx_after: u32) { + if (input_data[idx_after] < input_data[idx_before]) { + output_data[idx_before] = input_data[idx_after]; + output_data[idx_after] = input_data[idx_before]; + } +} + +// Constants/enum +const ALGO_NONE = 0; +const ALGO_LOCAL_FLIP = 1; +const ALGO_LOCAL_DISPERSE = 2; +const ALGO_GLOBAL_FLIP = 3; + +// Our compute shader will execute specified # of invocations or elements / 2 invocations +@compute @workgroup_size(${workgroupSize}, 1, 1) +fn computeMain( + @builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3u, + @builtin(local_invocation_id) local_id: vec3u, + @builtin(workgroup_id) workgroup_id: vec3u, +) { + + let offset = ${workgroupSize} * 2 * workgroup_id.x; + // If we will perform a local swap, then populate the local data + if (uniforms.algo <= 2) { + // Assign range of input_data to local_data. + // Range cannot exceed maxWorkgroupsX * 2 + // Each invocation will populate the workgroup data... (1 invocation for every 2 elements) + local_data[local_id.x * 2] = input_data[offset + local_id.x * 2]; + local_data[local_id.x * 2 + 1] = input_data[offset + local_id.x * 2 + 1]; + } + + //...and wait for each other to finish their own bit of data population. + workgroupBarrier(); + + switch uniforms.algo { + case 1: { // Local Flip + let idx = get_flip_indices(local_id.x, uniforms.blockHeight); + local_compare_and_swap(idx.x, idx.y); + } + case 2: { // Local Disperse + let idx = get_disperse_indices(local_id.x, uniforms.blockHeight); + local_compare_and_swap(idx.x, idx.y); + } + case 3: { // Global Flip + let idx = get_flip_indices(global_id.x, uniforms.blockHeight); + global_compare_and_swap(idx.x, idx.y); + } + case 4: { + let idx = get_disperse_indices(global_id.x, uniforms.blockHeight); + global_compare_and_swap(idx.x, idx.y); + } + default: { + + } + } + + // Ensure that all invocations have swapped their own regions of data + workgroupBarrier(); + + if (uniforms.algo <= ALGO_LOCAL_DISPERSE) { + //Repopulate global data with local data + output_data[offset + local_id.x * 2] = local_data[local_id.x * 2]; + output_data[offset + local_id.x * 2 + 1] = local_data[local_id.x * 2 + 1]; + } + +}`; +}; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.frag.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.frag.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33bbf49cfaf7f387a2341f2838e1265d7b3d7f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.frag.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +struct ComputeUniforms { + width: f32, + height: f32, + algo: u32, + blockHeight: u32, +} + +struct FragmentUniforms { + // boolean, either 0 or 1 + highlight: u32, +} + +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) Position: vec4f, + @location(0) fragUV: vec2f +} + +// Uniforms from compute shader +@group(0) @binding(0) var data: array; +@group(0) @binding(2) var uniforms: ComputeUniforms; +// Fragment shader uniforms +@group(1) @binding(0) var fragment_uniforms: FragmentUniforms; + +@fragment +fn frag_main(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f { + var uv: vec2f = vec2f( + input.fragUV.x * uniforms.width, + input.fragUV.y * uniforms.height + ); + + var pixel: vec2u = vec2u( + u32(floor(uv.x)), + u32(floor(uv.y)), + ); + + var elementIndex = u32(uniforms.width) * pixel.y + pixel.x; + var colorChanger = data[elementIndex]; + + var subtracter = f32(colorChanger) / (uniforms.width * uniforms.height); + + if (fragment_uniforms.highlight == 1) { + return select( + //If element is above halfHeight, highlight green + vec4f(vec3f(0.0, 1.0 - subtracter, 0.0).rgb, 1.0), + //If element is below halfheight, highlight red + vec4f(vec3f(1.0 - subtracter, 0.0, 0.0).rgb, 1.0), + elementIndex % uniforms.blockHeight < uniforms.blockHeight / 2 + ); + } + + var color: vec3f = vec3f( + 1.0 - subtracter + ); + + return vec4f(color.rgb, 1.0); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f03d9b9f6924a7a7bac952c20d76786838167fc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/bitonicDisplay.ts @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +import { Base2DRendererClass } from "./utils1"; + +import bitonicDisplay from "./bitonicDisplay.frag.wgsl"; + +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +interface BitonicDisplayRenderArgs +{ + highlight: number; +} + +export default class BitonicDisplayRenderer extends Base2DRendererClass +{ + switchBindGroup: (name: string) => void; + setArguments: (args: BitonicDisplayRenderArgs) => void; + computeBGDescript: IGPUBindingResources; + + constructor( + renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor, + computeBGDescript: IGPUBindingResources, + label: string + ) + { + super(); + this.renderPassDescriptor = renderPassDescriptor; + this.computeBGDescript = computeBGDescript; + + const fragment_uniforms: IGPUBufferBinding = { + highlight: undefined, + }; + + computeBGDescript.fragment_uniforms = fragment_uniforms; + + this.pipeline = super.create2DRenderPipeline( + label, + bitonicDisplay, + ); + + this.setArguments = (args: BitonicDisplayRenderArgs) => + { + fragment_uniforms.highlight = args.highlight; + }; + } + + startRun(commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder, args: BitonicDisplayRenderArgs) + { + this.setArguments(args); + super.executeRun(commandEncoder, this.renderPassDescriptor, this.pipeline, this.computeBGDescript); + } +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bae8c17e6d201d5582d409e4fa7660aafe2e4271 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ + + + + + Bitonic Sort + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ A naive bitonic sort algorithm executed on the GPU, based on tgfrerer's implementation at + https: //poniesandlight.co.uk/reflect/bitonic_merge_sort. Each dispatch of the bitonic sort shader dispatches + a workgroup containing elements/2 invocations. The GUI's Execution Information folder contains information about + the sort's current state. The visualizer displays the sort's results as colored cells sorted from brightest to + darkest. +

+ +
+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94f93acccfe72b3a4da957d99dd389a91577997e --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,846 @@ +import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import Stats from "stats.js"; +import atomicToZero from "./atomicToZero.wgsl"; +import { NaiveBitonicCompute } from "./bitonicCompute"; +import BitonicDisplayRenderer from "./bitonicDisplay"; + +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUComputePass, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTimestampQuery, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; +import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher"; + +// Type of step that will be executed in our shader +enum StepEnum +{ + NONE, + FLIP_LOCAL, + DISPERSE_LOCAL, + FLIP_GLOBAL, + DISPERSE_GLOBAL, +} + +type StepType = + // NONE: No sort step has or will occur + | "NONE" + // FLIP_LOCAL: A sort step that performs a flip operation over indices in a workgroup's locally addressable area + // (i.e invocations * workgroup_index -> invocations * (workgroup_index + 1) - 1. + | "FLIP_LOCAL" + // DISPERSE_LOCAL A sort step that performs a flip operation over indices in a workgroup's locally addressable area. + | "DISPERSE_LOCAL" + // FLIP_GLOBAL A sort step that performs a flip step across a range of indices outside a workgroup's locally addressable area. + | "FLIP_GLOBAL" + // DISPERSE_GLOBAL A sort step that performs a disperse operation across a range of indices outside a workgroup's locally addressable area. + | "DISPERSE_GLOBAL"; + +type DisplayType = "Elements" | "Swap Highlight"; + +interface ConfigInfo +{ + // Number of sorts executed under a given elements + size limit config + sorts: number; + // Total collective time taken to execute each complete sort under this config + time: number; +} + +interface StringKeyToNumber +{ + [key: string]: ConfigInfo; +} + +// Gui settings object +interface SettingsInterface +{ + "Total Elements": number; + "Grid Width": number; + "Grid Height": number; + "Grid Dimensions": string; + "Workgroup Size": number; + "Size Limit": number; + "Workgroups Per Step": number; + "Hovered Cell": number; + "Swapped Cell": number; + "Current Step": string; + "Step Index": number; + "Total Steps": number; + "Prev Step": StepType; + "Next Step": StepType; + "Prev Swap Span": number; + "Next Swap Span": number; + executeStep: boolean; + "Randomize Values": () => void; + "Execute Sort Step": () => void; + "Log Elements": () => void; + "Auto Sort": () => void; + "Auto Sort Speed": number; + "Display Mode": DisplayType; + "Total Swaps": number; + stepTime: number; + "Step Time": string; + sortTime: number; + "Sort Time": string; + "Average Sort Time": string; + configToCompleteSwapsMap: StringKeyToNumber; + configKey: string; +} + +const getNumSteps = (numElements: number) => +{ + const n = Math.log2(numElements); + +return (n * (n + 1)) / 2; +}; + +async function init( + gui, + canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, +) +{ + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + const maxInvocationsX = webgpu.device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX; + + // Handle timestamp query stuff + const querySet: IGPUTimestampQuery = {}; + watcher.watch(querySet, "elapsedNs", () => + { + // Calculate new step, sort, and average sort times + const newStepTime = querySet.elapsedNs / 1000000; + const newSortTime = settings.sortTime + newStepTime; + // Apply calculated times to settings object as both number and 'ms' appended string + settings.stepTime = newStepTime; + settings.sortTime = newSortTime; + stepTimeController.setValue(`${newStepTime.toFixed(5)}ms`); + sortTimeController.setValue(`${newSortTime.toFixed(5)}ms`); + // Calculate new average sort upon end of final execution step of a full bitonic sort. + if (highestBlockHeight === settings["Total Elements"] * 2) + { + // Lock off access to this larger if block..not best architected solution but eh + highestBlockHeight *= 2; + settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].time + += newSortTime; + const averageSortTime + = settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].time + / settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].sorts; + averageSortTimeController.setValue( + `${averageSortTime.toFixed(5)}ms` + ); + } + }, undefined, false); + + const totalElementOptions = []; + const maxElements = maxInvocationsX * 32; + for (let i = maxElements; i >= 4; i /= 2) + { + totalElementOptions.push(i); + } + + const sizeLimitOptions: number[] = []; + for (let i = maxInvocationsX; i >= 2; i /= 2) + { + sizeLimitOptions.push(i); + } + + const defaultGridWidth + = Math.sqrt(maxElements) % 2 === 0 + ? Math.floor(Math.sqrt(maxElements)) + : Math.floor(Math.sqrt(maxElements / 2)); + + const defaultGridHeight = maxElements / defaultGridWidth; + + const settings: SettingsInterface = { + // TOTAL ELEMENT AND GRID SETTINGS + // The number of elements to be sorted. Must equal gridWidth * gridHeight || Workgroup Size * Workgroups * 2. + // When changed, all relevant values within the settings object are reset to their defaults at the beginning of a sort with n elements. + "Total Elements": maxElements, + // The width of the screen in cells. + "Grid Width": defaultGridWidth, + // The height of the screen in cells. + "Grid Height": defaultGridHeight, + // Grid Dimensions as string + "Grid Dimensions": `${defaultGridWidth}x${defaultGridHeight}`, + + // INVOCATION, WORKGROUP SIZE, AND WORKGROUP DISPATCH SETTINGS + // The size of a workgroup, or the number of invocations executed within each workgroup + // Determined algorithmically based on 'Size Limit', maxInvocationsX, and the current number of elements to sort + "Workgroup Size": maxInvocationsX, + // An artifical constraint on the maximum workgroup size/maximumn invocations per workgroup as specified by device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX + "Size Limit": maxInvocationsX, + // Total workgroups that are dispatched during each step of the bitonic sort + "Workgroups Per Step": maxElements / (maxInvocationsX * 2), + + // HOVER SETTINGS + // The element/cell in the element visualizer directly beneath the mouse cursor + "Hovered Cell": 0, + // The element/cell in the element visualizer that the hovered cell will swap with in the next execution step of the bitonic sort. + "Swapped Cell": 1, + + // STEP INDEX, STEP TYPE, AND STEP SWAP SPAN SETTINGS + // The index of the current step in the bitonic sort. + "Step Index": 0, + // The total number of steps required to sort the displayed elements. + "Total Steps": getNumSteps(maxElements), + // A string that condenses 'Step Index' and 'Total Steps' into a single GUI Controller display element. + "Current Step": `0 of 91`, + // The category of the previously executed step. Always begins the bitonic sort with a value of 'NONE' and ends with a value of 'DISPERSE_LOCAL' + "Prev Step": "NONE", + // The category of the next step that will be executed. Always begins the bitonic sort with a value of 'FLIP_LOCAL' and ends with a value of 'NONE' + "Next Step": "FLIP_LOCAL", + // The maximum span of a swap operation in the sort's previous step. + "Prev Swap Span": 0, + // The maximum span of a swap operation in the sort's upcoming step. + "Next Swap Span": 2, + + // ANIMATION LOOP AND FUNCTION SETTINGS + // A flag that designates whether we will dispatch a workload this frame. + executeStep: false, + // A function that randomizes the values of each element. + // When called, all relevant values within the settings object are reset to their defaults at the beginning of a sort with n elements. + "Randomize Values": () => + { + return; + }, + // A function that manually executes a single step of the bitonic sort. + "Execute Sort Step": () => + { + return; + }, + // A function that logs the values of each element as an array to the browser's console. + "Log Elements": () => + { + return; + }, + // A function that automatically executes each step of the bitonic sort at an interval determined by 'Auto Sort Speed' + "Auto Sort": () => + { + return; + }, + // The speed at which each step of the bitonic sort will be executed after 'Auto Sort' has been called. + "Auto Sort Speed": 50, + + // MISCELLANEOUS SETTINGS + "Display Mode": "Elements", + // An atomic value representing the total number of swap operations executed over the course of the bitonic sort. + "Total Swaps": 0, + + // TIMESTAMP SETTINGS + // NOTE: Timestep values below all are calculated in terms of milliseconds rather than the nanoseconds a timestamp query set usually outputs. + // Time taken to execute the previous step of the bitonic sort in milliseconds + "Step Time": "0ms", + stepTime: 0, + // Total taken to colletively execute each step of the complete bitonic sort, represented in milliseconds. + "Sort Time": "0ms", + sortTime: 0, + // Average time taken to complete a bitonic sort with the current combination of n 'Total Elements' and x 'Size Limit' + "Average Sort Time": "0ms", + // A string to number map that maps a string representation of the current 'Total Elements' + 'Size Limit' configuration to a number + // representing the total number of sorts that have been executed under that same configuration. + configToCompleteSwapsMap: { + "8192 256": { + sorts: 0, + time: 0, + }, + }, + // Current key into configToCompleteSwapsMap + configKey: "8192 256", + }; + + // Initialize initial elements array + let elements = new Uint32Array( + Array.from({ length: settings["Total Elements"] }, (_, i) => i) + ); + + // Initialize elementsBuffer and elementsStagingBuffer + const elementsBufferSize + = Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * totalElementOptions[0]; + // Initialize input, output, staging buffers + const elementsInputBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint8Array(elementsBufferSize) + }; + const elementsOutputBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint8Array(elementsBufferSize) + }; + const elementsStagingBuffer: IGPUBuffer = { + size: elementsBufferSize, + usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, + }; + + // Initialize atomic swap buffer on GPU and CPU. Counts number of swaps actually performed by + // compute shader (when value at index x is greater than value at index y) + const atomicSwapsOutputBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + bufferView: new Uint32Array(1) + }; + const atomicSwapsStagingBuffer: IGPUBuffer = { + size: Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, + usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, + }; + + // Create uniform buffer for compute shader + const computeUniformsBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding = { + // width, height, blockHeight, algo + bufferView: new Float32Array(4), + }; + + const computeBGCluster: IGPUBindingResources = { + input_data: elementsInputBuffer, + data: elementsInputBuffer, + output_data: elementsOutputBuffer, + counter: atomicSwapsOutputBuffer, + uniforms: computeUniformsBuffer, + }; + + let computePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = { + compute: { + code: NaiveBitonicCompute(settings["Workgroup Size"]), + }, + }; + + // Simple pipeline that zeros out an atomic value at group 0 binding 3 + const atomicToZeroComputePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = { + compute: { + code: atomicToZero, + }, + }; + + // Create bitonic debug renderer + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // Assigned later + + clearValue: [0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0], + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + }; + + const bitonicDisplayRenderer = new BitonicDisplayRenderer( + renderPassDescriptor, + computeBGCluster, + "BitonicDisplay" + ); + + const resetTimeInfo = () => + { + settings.stepTime = 0; + settings.sortTime = 0; + stepTimeController.setValue("0ms"); + sortTimeController.setValue(`0ms`); + const nanCheck + = settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].time + / settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].sorts; + const ast = nanCheck ? nanCheck : 0; + averageSortTimeController.setValue(`${ast.toFixed(5)}ms`); + }; + + const resetExecutionInformation = () => + { + // The workgroup size is either elements / 2 or Size Limit + workgroupSizeController.setValue( + Math.min(settings["Total Elements"] / 2, settings["Size Limit"]) + ); + + // Dispatch a workgroup for every (Size Limit * 2) elements + const workgroupsPerStep + = (settings["Total Elements"] - 1) / (settings["Size Limit"] * 2); + + workgroupsPerStepController.setValue(Math.ceil(workgroupsPerStep)); + + // Reset step Index and number of steps based on elements size + settings["Step Index"] = 0; + settings["Total Steps"] = getNumSteps(settings["Total Elements"]); + currentStepController.setValue( + `${settings["Step Index"]} of ${settings["Total Steps"]}` + ); + + // Get new width and height of screen display in cells + const newCellWidth + = Math.sqrt(settings["Total Elements"]) % 2 === 0 + ? Math.floor(Math.sqrt(settings["Total Elements"])) + : Math.floor(Math.sqrt(settings["Total Elements"] / 2)); + const newCellHeight = settings["Total Elements"] / newCellWidth; + settings["Grid Width"] = newCellWidth; + settings["Grid Height"] = newCellHeight; + gridDimensionsController.setValue(`${newCellWidth}x${newCellHeight}`); + + // Set prevStep to None (restart) and next step to FLIP + prevStepController.setValue("NONE"); + nextStepController.setValue("FLIP_LOCAL"); + + // Reset block heights + prevBlockHeightController.setValue(0); + nextBlockHeightController.setValue(2); + + // Reset Total Swaps by setting atomic value to 0 + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [{ + passEncoders: [{ + __type: "IGPUComputePass", + computeObjects: [{ + pipeline: atomicToZeroComputePipeline, + bindingResources: computeBGCluster, + workgroups: { workgroupCountX: 1 }, + }] + }] + }] + }; + webgpu.submit(submit); + totalSwapsController.setValue(0); + + highestBlockHeight = 2; + }; + + const randomizeElementArray = () => + { + let currentIndex = elements.length; + // While there are elements to shuffle + while (currentIndex !== 0) + { + // Pick a remaining element + const randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * currentIndex); + currentIndex -= 1; + [elements[currentIndex], elements[randomIndex]] = [ + elements[randomIndex], + elements[currentIndex], + ]; + } + }; + + const resizeElementArray = () => + { + // Recreate elements array with new length + elements = new Uint32Array( + Array.from({ length: settings["Total Elements"] }, (_, i) => i) + ); + + resetExecutionInformation(); + + // Create new shader invocation with workgroupSize that reflects number of invocations + computePipeline = { + compute: { + code: NaiveBitonicCompute( + Math.min(settings["Total Elements"] / 2, settings["Size Limit"]) + ), + }, + }; + // Randomize array elements + randomizeElementArray(); + highestBlockHeight = 2; + }; + + randomizeElementArray(); + + const setSwappedCell = () => + { + let swappedIndex: number; + switch (settings["Next Step"]) + { + case "FLIP_LOCAL": + case "FLIP_GLOBAL": + { + const blockHeight = settings["Next Swap Span"]; + const p2 = Math.floor(settings["Hovered Cell"] / blockHeight) + 1; + const p3 = settings["Hovered Cell"] % blockHeight; + swappedIndex = blockHeight * p2 - p3 - 1; + swappedCellController.setValue(swappedIndex); + } + break; + case "DISPERSE_LOCAL": + { + const blockHeight = settings["Next Swap Span"]; + const halfHeight = blockHeight / 2; + swappedIndex + = settings["Hovered Cell"] % blockHeight < halfHeight + ? settings["Hovered Cell"] + halfHeight + : settings["Hovered Cell"] - halfHeight; + swappedCellController.setValue(swappedIndex); + } + break; + case "NONE": { + swappedIndex = settings["Hovered Cell"]; + swappedCellController.setValue(swappedIndex); + } + default: + { + swappedIndex = settings["Hovered Cell"]; + swappedCellController.setValue(swappedIndex); + } + break; + } + }; + + let autoSortIntervalID: ReturnType | null = null; + const endSortInterval = () => + { + if (autoSortIntervalID !== null) + { + clearInterval(autoSortIntervalID); + autoSortIntervalID = null; + } + }; + const startSortInterval = () => + { + const currentIntervalSpeed = settings["Auto Sort Speed"]; + autoSortIntervalID = setInterval(() => + { + if (settings["Next Step"] === "NONE") + { + clearInterval(autoSortIntervalID); + autoSortIntervalID = null; + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "auto"; + } + if (settings["Auto Sort Speed"] !== currentIntervalSpeed) + { + clearInterval(autoSortIntervalID); + autoSortIntervalID = null; + startSortInterval(); + } + settings.executeStep = true; + setSwappedCell(); + }, settings["Auto Sort Speed"]); + }; + + // At top level, information about resources used to execute the compute shader + // i.e elements sorted, invocations per workgroup, and workgroups dispatched + const computeResourcesFolder = gui.addFolder("Compute Resources"); + computeResourcesFolder + .add(settings, "Total Elements", totalElementOptions) + .onChange(() => + { + endSortInterval(); + resizeElementArray(); + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "auto"; + // Create new config key for current element + size limit configuration + const currConfigKey = `${settings["Total Elements"]} ${settings["Size Limit"]}`; + // If configKey doesn't exist in the map, create it. + if (!settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[currConfigKey]) + { + settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[currConfigKey] = { + sorts: 0, + time: 0, + }; + } + settings.configKey = currConfigKey; + resetTimeInfo(); + }); + const sizeLimitController = computeResourcesFolder + .add(settings, "Size Limit", sizeLimitOptions) + .onChange(() => + { + // Change total workgroups per step and size of a workgroup based on arbitrary constraint + // imposed by size limit. + const constraint = Math.min( + settings["Total Elements"] / 2, + settings["Size Limit"] + ); + const workgroupsPerStep + = (settings["Total Elements"] - 1) / (settings["Size Limit"] * 2); + workgroupSizeController.setValue(constraint); + workgroupsPerStepController.setValue(Math.ceil(workgroupsPerStep)); + // Apply new compute resources values to the sort's compute pipeline + computePipeline = { + compute: { + code: NaiveBitonicCompute( + Math.min(settings["Total Elements"] / 2, settings["Size Limit"]) + ), + }, + }; + // Create new config key for current element + size limit configuration + const currConfigKey = `${settings["Total Elements"]} ${settings["Size Limit"]}`; + // If configKey doesn't exist in the map, create it. + if (!settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[currConfigKey]) + { + settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[currConfigKey] = { + sorts: 0, + time: 0, + }; + } + settings.configKey = currConfigKey; + resetTimeInfo(); + }); + const workgroupSizeController = computeResourcesFolder.add( + settings, + "Workgroup Size" + ); + const workgroupsPerStepController = computeResourcesFolder.add( + settings, + "Workgroups Per Step" + ); + + computeResourcesFolder.open(); + + // Folder with functions that control the execution of the sort + const controlFolder = gui.addFolder("Sort Controls"); + controlFolder.add(settings, "Execute Sort Step").onChange(() => + { + // Size Limit locked upon sort + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + endSortInterval(); + settings.executeStep = true; + }); + controlFolder.add(settings, "Randomize Values").onChange(() => + { + endSortInterval(); + randomizeElementArray(); + resetExecutionInformation(); + resetTimeInfo(); + // Unlock workgroup size limit controller since sort has stopped + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "auto"; + }); + controlFolder + .add(settings, "Log Elements") + .onChange(() => console.log(elements)); + controlFolder.add(settings, "Auto Sort").onChange(() => + { + // Invocation Limit locked upon sort + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + startSortInterval(); + }); + controlFolder.add(settings, "Auto Sort Speed", 50, 1000).step(50); + controlFolder.open(); + + // Information about grid display + const gridFolder = gui.addFolder("Grid Information"); + gridFolder.add(settings, "Display Mode", ["Elements", "Swap Highlight"]); + const gridDimensionsController = gridFolder.add( + settings, + "Grid Dimensions" + ); + const hoveredCellController = gridFolder + .add(settings, "Hovered Cell") + .onChange(setSwappedCell); + const swappedCellController = gridFolder.add(settings, "Swapped Cell"); + + // Additional Information about the execution state of the sort + const executionInformationFolder = gui.addFolder("Execution Information"); + const currentStepController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Current Step" + ); + const prevStepController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Prev Step" + ); + const nextStepController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Next Step" + ); + const totalSwapsController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Total Swaps" + ); + const prevBlockHeightController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Prev Swap Span" + ); + const nextBlockHeightController = executionInformationFolder.add( + settings, + "Next Swap Span" + ); + + // Timestamp information for Chrome 121+ or other compatible browsers + const timestampFolder = gui.addFolder("Timestamp Info (Chrome 121+)"); + const stepTimeController = timestampFolder.add(settings, "Step Time"); + const sortTimeController = timestampFolder.add(settings, "Sort Time"); + const averageSortTimeController = timestampFolder.add( + settings, + "Average Sort Time" + ); + + // Adjust styles of Function List Elements within GUI + const liFunctionElements = document.getElementsByClassName("cr function"); + for (let i = 0; i < liFunctionElements.length; i++) + { + (liFunctionElements[i].children[0] as HTMLElement).style.display = "flex"; + (liFunctionElements[i].children[0] as HTMLElement).style.justifyContent + = "center"; + ( + liFunctionElements[i].children[0].children[1] as HTMLElement + ).style.position = "absolute"; + } + + // Mouse listener that determines values of hoveredCell and swappedCell + canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", (event) => + { + const currWidth = canvas.getBoundingClientRect().width; + const currHeight = canvas.getBoundingClientRect().height; + const cellSize: [number, number] = [ + currWidth / settings["Grid Width"], + currHeight / settings["Grid Height"], + ]; + const xIndex = Math.floor(event.offsetX / cellSize[0]); + const yIndex + = settings["Grid Height"] - 1 - Math.floor(event.offsetY / cellSize[1]); + hoveredCellController.setValue(yIndex * settings["Grid Width"] + xIndex); + settings["Hovered Cell"] = yIndex * settings["Grid Width"] + xIndex; + }); + + // Deactivate interaction with select GUI elements + sizeLimitController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + workgroupsPerStepController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + hoveredCellController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + swappedCellController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + currentStepController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + prevStepController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + prevBlockHeightController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + nextStepController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + nextBlockHeightController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + workgroupSizeController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + gridDimensionsController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + totalSwapsController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + stepTimeController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + sortTimeController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + averageSortTimeController.domElement.style.pointerEvents = "none"; + gui.width = 325; + + let highestBlockHeight = 2; + + startSortInterval(); + + async function frame() + { + // Write elements buffer + + let iGPUBuffer = getIGPUBuffer(elementsInputBuffer.bufferView); + let writeBuffers = iGPUBuffer.writeBuffers || []; + writeBuffers.push({ data: elements }); + iGPUBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers; + + const dims = new Float32Array([ + settings["Grid Width"], + settings["Grid Height"], + ]); + const stepDetails = new Uint32Array([ + StepEnum[settings["Next Step"]], + settings["Next Swap Span"], + ]); + + iGPUBuffer = getIGPUBuffer(computeUniformsBuffer.bufferView); + writeBuffers = iGPUBuffer.writeBuffers || []; + writeBuffers.push({ data: dims }); + writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 8, data: stepDetails }); + iGPUBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers; + + const commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder = { passEncoders: [] }; + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [commandEncoder] }; + + bitonicDisplayRenderer.startRun(commandEncoder, { + highlight: settings["Display Mode"] === "Elements" ? 0 : 1, + }); + if ( + settings.executeStep + && highestBlockHeight < settings["Total Elements"] * 2 + ) + { + const computePassEncoder: IGPUComputePass = { + __type: "IGPUComputePass", + timestampQuery: querySet, + computeObjects: [{ + pipeline: computePipeline, + bindingResources: computeBGCluster, + workgroups: { workgroupCountX: settings["Workgroups Per Step"] }, + }] + }; + commandEncoder.passEncoders.push(computePassEncoder); + // + settings["Step Index"] = settings["Step Index"] + 1; + currentStepController.setValue( + `${settings["Step Index"]} of ${settings["Total Steps"]}` + ); + prevStepController.setValue(settings["Next Step"]); + prevBlockHeightController.setValue(settings["Next Swap Span"]); + nextBlockHeightController.setValue(settings["Next Swap Span"] / 2); + // Each cycle of a bitonic sort contains a flip operation followed by multiple disperse operations + // Next Swap Span will equal one when the sort needs to begin a new cycle of flip and disperse operations + if (settings["Next Swap Span"] === 1) + { + // The next cycle's flip operation will have a maximum swap span 2 times that of the previous cycle + highestBlockHeight *= 2; + if (highestBlockHeight === settings["Total Elements"] * 2) + { + // The next cycle's maximum swap span exceeds the total number of elements. Therefore, the sort is over. + // Accordingly, there will be no next step. + nextStepController.setValue("NONE"); + // And if there is no next step, then there are no swaps, and no block range within which two elements are swapped. + nextBlockHeightController.setValue(0); + // Finally, with our sort completed, we can increment the number of total completed sorts executed with n 'Total Elements' + // and x 'Size Limit', which will allow us to calculate the average time of all sorts executed with this specific + // configuration of compute resources + settings.configToCompleteSwapsMap[settings.configKey].sorts += 1; + } + else if (highestBlockHeight > settings["Workgroup Size"] * 2) + { + // The next cycle's maximum swap span exceeds the range of a single workgroup, so our next flip will operate on global indices. + nextStepController.setValue("FLIP_GLOBAL"); + nextBlockHeightController.setValue(highestBlockHeight); + } + else + { + // The next cycle's maximum swap span can be executed on a range of indices local to the workgroup. + nextStepController.setValue("FLIP_LOCAL"); + nextBlockHeightController.setValue(highestBlockHeight); + } + } + else + { + // Otherwise, execute the next disperse operation + settings["Next Swap Span"] > settings["Workgroup Size"] * 2 + ? nextStepController.setValue("DISPERSE_GLOBAL") + : nextStepController.setValue("DISPERSE_LOCAL"); + } + + // Copy GPU accessible buffers to CPU accessible buffers + commandEncoder.passEncoders.push( + { + __type: "IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer", + source: getIGPUBuffer(elementsOutputBuffer.bufferView), + sourceOffset: 0, + destination: elementsStagingBuffer, + destinationOffset: 0, + size: elementsBufferSize + }, + { + __type: "IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer", + source: getIGPUBuffer(atomicSwapsOutputBuffer.bufferView), + sourceOffset: 0, + destination: atomicSwapsStagingBuffer, + destinationOffset: 0, + size: Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT + }, + ); + } + webgpu.submit(submit); + + if ( + settings.executeStep + && highestBlockHeight < settings["Total Elements"] * 4 + ) + { + // Copy GPU element data to CPU + const elementsData = await webgpu.readBuffer(elementsStagingBuffer, 0, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * settings["Total Elements"]); + // Copy atomic swaps data to CPU + const swapsData = await webgpu.readBuffer(atomicSwapsStagingBuffer, 0, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT); + + // Extract data + const elementsOutput = new Uint32Array(elementsData); + totalSwapsController.setValue(new Uint32Array(swapsData)[0]); + // Elements output becomes elements input, swap accumulate + elements = elementsOutput; + setSwappedCell(); + } + settings.executeStep = false; + requestAnimationFrame(frame); + } + requestAnimationFrame(frame); +} + +const canvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +const stats = new Stats(); +const gui = new GUI(); + +document.body.appendChild(stats.dom); + +init(gui, canvas); + diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86f389fc61dcf8c8f3093a46e338d1ebda74a343 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils.ts @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +import type { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import fullscreenTexturedQuad from "../../shaders/fullscreenTexturedQuad.wgsl"; +import { quitIfAdapterNotAvailable, quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable } from "../util"; + +type BindGroupBindingLayout = + | GPUBufferBindingLayout + | GPUTextureBindingLayout + | GPUSamplerBindingLayout + | GPUStorageTextureBindingLayout + | GPUExternalTextureBindingLayout; + +// An object containing +// 1. A generated Bind Group Layout +// 2. An array of Bind Groups that accord to that layout +export type BindGroupCluster = { + bindGroups: GPUBindGroup[]; + bindGroupLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout; +}; + +type ResourceTypeName = + | "buffer" + | "texture" + | "sampler" + | "externalTexture" + | "storageTexture"; + +/** + * @param {number[]} bindings - The binding value of each resource in the bind group. + * @param {number[]} visibilities - The GPUShaderStage visibility of the resource at the corresponding index. + * @param {ResourceTypeName[]} resourceTypes - The resourceType at the corresponding index. + * @returns {BindGroupsObjectsAndLayout} An object containing an array of bindGroups and the bindGroupLayout they implement. + */ +export const createBindGroupCluster = ( + bindings: number[], + visibilities: number[], + resourceTypes: ResourceTypeName[], + resourceLayouts: BindGroupBindingLayout[], + resources: GPUBindingResource[][], + label: string, + device: GPUDevice +): BindGroupCluster => +{ + const layoutEntries: GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry[] = []; + for (let i = 0; i < bindings.length; i++) +{ + layoutEntries.push({ + binding: bindings[i], + visibility: visibilities[i % visibilities.length], + [resourceTypes[i]]: resourceLayouts[i], + }); + } + + const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({ + label: `${label}.bindGroupLayout`, + entries: layoutEntries, + }); + + const bindGroups: GPUBindGroup[] = []; + //i represent the bindGroup index, j represents the binding index of the resource within the bindgroup + //i=0, j=0 bindGroup: 0, binding: 0 + //i=1, j=1, bindGroup: 0, binding: 1 + //NOTE: not the same as @group(0) @binding(1) group index within the fragment shader is set within a pipeline + for (let i = 0; i < resources.length; i++) +{ + const groupEntries: GPUBindGroupEntry[] = []; + for (let j = 0; j < resources[0].length; j++) +{ + groupEntries.push({ + binding: j, + resource: resources[i][j], + }); + } + const newBindGroup = device.createBindGroup({ + label: `${label}.bindGroup${i}`, + layout: bindGroupLayout, + entries: groupEntries, + }); + bindGroups.push(newBindGroup); + } + + return { + bindGroups, + bindGroupLayout, + }; +}; + +export type ShaderKeyInterface = { + [K in T[number]]: number; +}; + +export type SampleInitParams = { + canvas: HTMLCanvasElement; + gui?: GUI; + stats?: any; +}; + +interface DeviceInitParms { + device: GPUDevice; +} + +interface DeviceInit3DParams extends DeviceInitParms { + context: GPUCanvasContext; + presentationFormat: GPUTextureFormat; + timestampQueryAvailable: boolean; +} + +type CallbackSync3D = (params: SampleInitParams & DeviceInit3DParams) => void; +type CallbackAsync3D = ( + params: SampleInitParams & DeviceInit3DParams +) => Promise; + +type SampleInitCallback3D = CallbackSync3D | CallbackAsync3D; +export type SampleInit = (params: SampleInitParams) => void; + +export const SampleInitFactoryWebGPU = async ( + callback: SampleInitCallback3D +): Promise => +{ + const init = async ({ canvas, gui, stats }) => +{ + const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter(); + quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(adapter); + + const timestampQueryAvailable = adapter.features.has("timestamp-query"); + let device: GPUDevice; + if (timestampQueryAvailable) +{ + device = await adapter.requestDevice({ + requiredFeatures: ["timestamp-query"], + }); + } + else +{ + device = await adapter.requestDevice(); + } + quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable(adapter, device); + + const context = canvas.getContext("webgpu") as GPUCanvasContext; + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + const presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat(); + context.configure({ + device, + format: presentationFormat, + }); + + callback({ + canvas, + gui, + device, + context, + presentationFormat, + stats, + timestampQueryAvailable, + }); + }; + +return init; +}; + +export abstract class Base2DRendererClass +{ + abstract switchBindGroup(name: string): void; + abstract startRun( + commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, + ...args: unknown[] + ): void; + renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor; + pipeline: GPURenderPipeline; + bindGroupMap: Record; + currentBindGroup: GPUBindGroup; + currentBindGroupName: string; + + executeRun( + commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, + renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor, + pipeline: GPURenderPipeline, + bindGroups: GPUBindGroup[] + ) +{ + const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(renderPassDescriptor); + passEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline); + for (let i = 0; i < bindGroups.length; i++) +{ + passEncoder.setBindGroup(i, bindGroups[i]); + } + passEncoder.draw(6, 1, 0, 0); + passEncoder.end(); + } + + setUniformArguments( + device: GPUDevice, + uniformBuffer: GPUBuffer, + instance: T, + keys: K + ) +{ + for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) +{ + device.queue.writeBuffer( + uniformBuffer, + i * 4, + new Float32Array([instance[keys[i]]]) + ); + } + } + + create2DRenderPipeline( + device: GPUDevice, + label: string, + bgLayouts: GPUBindGroupLayout[], + code: string, + presentationFormat: GPUTextureFormat + ) +{ + return device.createRenderPipeline({ + label: `${label}.pipeline`, + layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ + bindGroupLayouts: bgLayouts, + }), + vertex: { + module: device.createShaderModule({ + code: fullscreenTexturedQuad, + }), + }, + fragment: { + module: device.createShaderModule({ + code, + }), + targets: [ + { + format: presentationFormat, + }, + ], + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + cullMode: "none", + }, + }); + } +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils1.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils1.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..207aac313b8b3107b7353c08634f9a381785b46e --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/bitonicSort/utils1.ts @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +import type { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import Stats from "stats.js"; +import { quitIfAdapterNotAvailable, quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable } from "../util"; + +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +const fullscreenTexturedQuad += ` +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) Position: vec4, + @location(0) fragUV: vec2, +} + +@vertex +fn vert_main(@builtin(vertex_index) VertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput { + const pos = array, 6>( + vec2(1.0, 1.0), + vec2(1.0, -1.0), + vec2(-1.0, -1.0), + vec2(1.0, 1.0), + vec2(-1.0, -1.0), + vec2(-1.0, 1.0), + ); + + const uv = array, 6>( + vec2(1.0, 0.0), + vec2(1.0, 1.0), + vec2(0.0, 1.0), + vec2(1.0, 0.0), + vec2(0.0, 1.0), + vec2(0.0, 0.0), + ); + + var output: VertexOutput; + output.Position = vec4(pos[VertexIndex], 0.0, 1.0); + output.fragUV = uv[VertexIndex]; + return output; +} + +`; + +export type ShaderKeyInterface = { + [K in T[number]]: number; +}; + +export type SampleInitParams = { + canvas: HTMLCanvasElement; + gui?: GUI; + stats?: Stats; +}; + +interface DeviceInitParms +{ + device: GPUDevice; +} + +interface DeviceInit3DParams extends DeviceInitParms +{ + context: GPUCanvasContext; + presentationFormat: GPUTextureFormat; + timestampQueryAvailable: boolean; +} + +type CallbackSync3D = (params: SampleInitParams & DeviceInit3DParams) => void; +type CallbackAsync3D = ( + params: SampleInitParams & DeviceInit3DParams +) => Promise; + +type SampleInitCallback3D = CallbackSync3D | CallbackAsync3D; +export type SampleInit = (params: SampleInitParams) => void; + +export const SampleInitFactoryWebGPU = async ( + callback: SampleInitCallback3D +): Promise => +{ + const init = async ({ canvas, gui, stats }) => + { + const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter(); + quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(adapter); + + const timestampQueryAvailable = adapter.features.has("timestamp-query"); + let device: GPUDevice; + if (timestampQueryAvailable) + { + device = await adapter.requestDevice({ + requiredFeatures: ["timestamp-query"], + }); + } + else + { + device = await adapter.requestDevice(); + } + quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable(adapter, device); + + const context = canvas.getContext("webgpu") as GPUCanvasContext; + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + const presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat(); + context.configure({ + device, + format: presentationFormat, + }); + + callback({ + canvas, + gui, + device, + context, + presentationFormat, + stats, + timestampQueryAvailable, + }); + }; + +return init; +}; + +export abstract class Base2DRendererClass +{ + abstract switchBindGroup(name: string): void; + abstract startRun( + commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder, + ...args: unknown[] + ): void; + renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor; + pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline; + bindGroupMap: Record; + currentBindGroupName: string; + + executeRun( + commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder, + renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor, + pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline, + bindingResources?: IGPUBindingResources + ) + { + const passEncoder: IGPURenderPass = { + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [{ + pipeline, + bindingResources, + draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1 } + }], + }; + commandEncoder.passEncoders.push(passEncoder); + } + + setUniformArguments( + device: GPUDevice, + uniformBuffer: GPUBuffer, + instance: T, + keys: K + ) + { + for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) + { + device.queue.writeBuffer( + uniformBuffer, + i * 4, + new Float32Array([instance[keys[i]]]) + ); + } + } + + create2DRenderPipeline( + label: string, + code: string, + ) + { + const renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + label: `${label}.pipeline`, + vertex: { + code: fullscreenTexturedQuad, + }, + fragment: { + code, + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + cullMode: "none", + }, + }; + + return renderPipeline; + } +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a49f3742bf03acc616cfd8ace6a7d09e7ee28243 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ + + + + + Blending + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ This example provides shows how to use blending in WebGPU. It draws a texture with diagonal lines + on top of a canvas with a CSS based checkerboard background. It then draws a texture with + 3 blurry circles on top the first texture with blending settings. + This lets you see both the effect of blending settings in WebGPU and the final result when composited on top + of + the canvas. + See this article + for a more detailed explanation. + The presets are equivalent to the 2d canvas context's + globalCompositingOperation. +

+ +
+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6c132107655c0b91cfcbfa3020f0ec1e0117f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,561 @@ +import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import { mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import texturedQuadWGSL from "./texturedQuad.wgsl"; + +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureBase, IGPUTextureView, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => +{ + // creates a CSS hsl string from 3 normalized numbers (0 to 1) + const hsl = (hue: number, saturation: number, lightness: number) => + `hsl(${(hue * 360) | 0}, ${saturation * 100}%, ${(lightness * 100) | 0}%)`; + + // creates a CSS hsla string from 4 normalized numbers (0 to 1) + const hsla = ( + hue: number, + saturation: number, + lightness: number, + alpha: number + ) => + // prettier-ignore + `hsla(${(hue * 360) | 0}, ${saturation * 100}%, ${(lightness * 100) | 0}%, ${alpha})`; + + // Generates a canvas with 3 circles of different colors with blurred edges. + function createSourceImage(size: number) + { + const canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); + canvas.width = size; + canvas.height = size; + const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); + ctx.translate(size / 2, size / 2); + + ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "screen"; + const numCircles = 3; + for (let i = 0; i < numCircles; ++i) + { + ctx.rotate((Math.PI * 2) / numCircles); + ctx.save(); + ctx.translate(size / 6, 0); + ctx.beginPath(); + + const radius = size / 3; + ctx.arc(0, 0, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2); + + const gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(0, 0, radius / 2, 0, 0, radius); + const h = i / numCircles; + gradient.addColorStop(0.5, hsla(h, 1, 0.5, 1)); + gradient.addColorStop(1, hsla(h, 1, 0.5, 0)); + + ctx.fillStyle = gradient; + ctx.fill(); + ctx.restore(); + } + +return canvas; + } + + // Generates a canvas with alternating colored and transparent stripes + function createDestinationImage(size: number) + { + const canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); + canvas.width = size; + canvas.height = size; + const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); + + const gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, size, size); + for (let i = 0; i <= 6; ++i) + { + gradient.addColorStop(i / 6, hsl(i / -6, 1, 0.5)); + } + + ctx.fillStyle = gradient; + ctx.fillRect(0, 0, size, size); + + ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 0, 255)"; + ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-out"; + ctx.rotate(Math.PI / -4); + for (let i = 0; i < size * 2; i += 32) + { + ctx.fillRect(-size, i, size * 2, 16); + } + + return canvas; + } + + // make 2 canvas elements, 300x300 with images in them. + // We'll copy these to textures. + const size = 300; + const srcCanvas = createSourceImage(size); + const dstCanvas = createDestinationImage(size); + + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id, configuration: {} }; + const canvasTexture: IGPUTextureView = { texture: { context } }; + + // Get a WebGPU context from the canvas and configure it + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + function createTextureFromSource( + source: HTMLCanvasElement, + options: { + flipY?: boolean; + premultipliedAlpha?: boolean; + } = {} + ) + { + const { flipY, premultipliedAlpha } = options; + const texture: IGPUTexture = { + format: "rgba8unorm", + size: [source.width, source.height], + usage: + GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING + | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST + | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, + source: [{ source: { source, flipY }, destination: { premultipliedAlpha }, copySize: { width: source.width, height: source.height } }] + }; + +return texture; + } + + // create 2 textures with unpremultiplied alpha + const srcTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha = createTextureFromSource( + srcCanvas + ); + const dstTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha = createTextureFromSource( + dstCanvas + ); + + // create 2 textures with premultiplied alpha + const srcTexturePremultipliedAlpha = createTextureFromSource( + srcCanvas, + { premultipliedAlpha: true } + ); + const dstTexturePremultipliedAlpha = createTextureFromSource( + dstCanvas, + { premultipliedAlpha: true } + ); + + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { + magFilter: "linear", + minFilter: "linear", + mipmapFilter: "linear", + }; + + type Uniforms = { + matrix: Float32Array; + }; + + // function makeUniformBufferAndValues(): Uniforms + // { + // // offsets to the various uniform values in float32 indices + // const kMatrixOffset = 0; + + // // create a buffer for the uniform values + // const uniformBufferSize = 16 * 4; // matrix is 16 32bit floats (4bytes each) + + // // create a typedarray to hold the values for the uniforms in JavaScript + // const values = new Float32Array(uniformBufferSize / 4); + // const matrix = values.subarray(kMatrixOffset, 16); + // return { values, matrix }; + // } + // const srcUniform = makeUniformBufferAndValues(); + // const dstUniform = makeUniformBufferAndValues(); + const srcUniform = { matrix: new Float32Array(16) }; + const dstUniform = { matrix: new Float32Array(16) }; + + const srcBindGroupUnpremultipliedAlpha: IGPUBindingResources = { + ourSampler: sampler, + ourTexture: { texture: srcTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha }, + uni: srcUniform, + }; + + const dstBindGroupUnpremultipliedAlpha: IGPUBindingResources = { + ourSampler: sampler, + ourTexture: { texture: dstTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha }, + uni: dstUniform, + }; + + const srcBindGroupPremultipliedAlpha: IGPUBindingResources = { + ourSampler: sampler, + ourTexture: { texture: srcTexturePremultipliedAlpha }, + uni: srcUniform, + }; + + const dstBindGroupPremultipliedAlpha: IGPUBindingResources = { + ourSampler: sampler, + ourTexture: { texture: dstTexturePremultipliedAlpha }, + uni: dstUniform, + }; + + const textureSets = [ + { + srcTexture: srcTexturePremultipliedAlpha, + dstTexture: dstTexturePremultipliedAlpha, + srcBindGroup: srcBindGroupPremultipliedAlpha, + dstBindGroup: dstBindGroupPremultipliedAlpha, + }, + { + srcTexture: srcTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha, + dstTexture: dstTextureUnpremultipliedAlpha, + srcBindGroup: srcBindGroupUnpremultipliedAlpha, + dstBindGroup: dstBindGroupUnpremultipliedAlpha, + }, + ]; + + const clearValue = [0, 0, 0, 0]; + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + label: "our basic canvas renderPass", + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: canvasTexture, // <- to be filled out when we render + clearValue, + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + }; + + const operations = ["add", "subtract", "reverse-subtract", "min", "max"]; + + const factors = [ + "zero", + "one", + "src", + "one-minus-src", + "src-alpha", + "one-minus-src-alpha", + "dst", + "one-minus-dst", + "dst-alpha", + "one-minus-dst-alpha", + "src-alpha-saturated", + "constant", + "one-minus-constant", + ]; + + const presets: { + [key: string]: { color?: GPUBlendComponent; alpha?: GPUBlendComponent }; + } = { + "default (copy)": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one", + dstFactor: "zero", + }, + }, + "premultiplied blend (source-over)": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", + }, + }, + "un-premultiplied blend": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "src-alpha", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", + }, + }, + "destination-over": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one-minus-dst-alpha", + dstFactor: "one", + }, + }, + "source-in": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "dst-alpha", + dstFactor: "zero", + }, + }, + "destination-in": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "zero", + dstFactor: "src-alpha", + }, + }, + "source-out": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one-minus-dst-alpha", + dstFactor: "zero", + }, + }, + "destination-out": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "zero", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", + }, + }, + "source-atop": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "dst-alpha", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha", + }, + }, + "destination-atop": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one-minus-dst-alpha", + dstFactor: "src-alpha", + }, + }, + "additive (lighten)": { + color: { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one", + dstFactor: "one", + }, + }, + } as const; + + function keysOf(obj: { + [k in T]: unknown; + }): readonly T[] + { + return Object.keys(obj) as unknown[] as T[]; + } + const kPresets = keysOf(presets); + type Preset = (typeof kPresets)[number]; + + const color: GPUBlendComponent = { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src", + }; + + const alpha: GPUBlendComponent = { + operation: "add", + srcFactor: "one", + dstFactor: "one-minus-src", + }; + + const constant = { + color: [1, 0.5, 0.25], + alpha: 1, + }; + + const clear = { + color: [0, 0, 0], + alpha: 0, + premultiply: true, + }; + + const settings: { + alphaMode: GPUCanvasAlphaMode; + textureSet: string; + preset: Preset; + } = { + alphaMode: "premultiplied", + textureSet: "premultiplied alpha", + preset: "premultiplied blend (source-over)", + }; + + // Translates to/from a normalized color value and an 8bit unsigned color value. + // This is because dat.gui only edits 8bit unsigned color values but we need normalized color values. + class GUIColorHelper + { + normalizedColor: number[]; + + constructor(normalizedColor: number[]) + { + this.normalizedColor = normalizedColor; + } + get value() + { + return this.normalizedColor.map((v) => Math.round(v * 255)); + } + set value(rgb255Color: number[]) + { + this.normalizedColor.forEach( + (_, i) => (this.normalizedColor[i] = rgb255Color[i] / 255) + ); + } + } + + function applyPreset() + { + const preset = presets[settings.preset]; + Object.assign(color, preset.color); + Object.assign(alpha, preset.alpha || preset.color); + } + + gui + .add(settings, "alphaMode", ["opaque", "premultiplied"]) + .name("canvas alphaMode") + .onChange(render); + gui + .add(settings, "textureSet", [ + "premultiplied alpha", + "un-premultiplied alpha", + ]) + .name("texture data") + .onChange(render); + gui.add(settings, "preset", [...Object.keys(presets)]).onChange(() => + { + applyPreset(); + render(); + }); + + const colorFolder = gui.addFolder("color"); + colorFolder.open(); + colorFolder.add(color, "operation", operations).onChange(render); + colorFolder.add(color, "srcFactor", factors).onChange(render); + colorFolder.add(color, "dstFactor", factors).onChange(render); + + const alphaFolder = gui.addFolder("alpha"); + alphaFolder.open(); + alphaFolder.add(alpha, "operation", operations).onChange(render); + alphaFolder.add(alpha, "srcFactor", factors).onChange(render); + alphaFolder.add(alpha, "dstFactor", factors).onChange(render); + + const constantFolder = gui.addFolder("constant"); + constantFolder.open(); + constantFolder + .addColor(new GUIColorHelper(constant.color), "value") + .name("color") + .onChange(render); + constantFolder.add(constant, "alpha", 0, 1).onChange(render); + + const clearFolder = gui.addFolder("clear color"); + clearFolder.open(); + clearFolder.add(clear, "premultiply").onChange(render); + clearFolder.add(clear, "alpha", 0, 1).onChange(render); + clearFolder.addColor(new GUIColorHelper(clear.color), "value").onChange(render); + + const dstPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + label: "hardcoded textured quad pipeline", + vertex: { + code: texturedQuadWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: texturedQuadWGSL, + }, + }; + + function makeBlendComponentValid(blend) + { + const { operation } = blend; + if (operation === "min" || operation === "max") + { + blend.srcFactor = "one"; + blend.dstFactor = "one"; + } + } + + function render() + { + makeBlendComponentValid(color); + makeBlendComponentValid(alpha); + gui.updateDisplay(); + + const srcPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + label: "hardcoded textured quad pipeline", + vertex: { + code: texturedQuadWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: texturedQuadWGSL, + targets: [ + { + blend: { + color, + alpha, + }, + }, + ], + }, + }; + + const { srcTexture, dstTexture, srcBindGroup, dstBindGroup } + = textureSets[settings.textureSet === "premultiplied alpha" ? 0 : 1]; + + context.configuration.alphaMode = settings.alphaMode; + + // Apply the clearValue, pre-multiplying or not it based on the settings. + { + const { alpha, color, premultiply } = clear; + const mult = premultiply ? alpha : 1; + clearValue[0] = color[0] * mult; + clearValue[1] = color[1] * mult; + clearValue[2] = color[2] * mult; + clearValue[3] = alpha; + } + + function updateUniforms( + uniforms: Uniforms, + canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, + texture: IGPUTextureBase + ) + { + const projectionMatrix = mat4.ortho( + 0, + canvas.width / devicePixelRatio, + canvas.height / devicePixelRatio, + 0, + -1, + 1 + ); + + mat4.scale( + projectionMatrix, + [texture.size[0], texture.size[1], 1], + uniforms.matrix + ); + + uniforms.matrix = new Float32Array(uniforms.matrix); + } + updateUniforms(srcUniform, canvas, srcTexture); + updateUniforms(dstUniform, canvas, dstTexture); + + const pass: IGPURenderPass = { + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [] + }; + + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [{ + passEncoders: [pass] + }], + }; + + const ro: IGPURenderObject = { + pipeline: dstPipeline, + bindingResources: dstBindGroup, + draw: { vertexCount: 6 }, + }; + + const ro1: IGPURenderObject = { + pipeline: srcPipeline, + bindingResources: srcBindGroup, + draw: { vertexCount: 6 }, + }; + + pass.renderObjects = [ + ro, + + // draw source texture with blending + { __type: "IGPUBlendConstant", color: [...constant.color, constant.alpha] as any }, + + ro1, + ]; + + webgpu.submit(submit); + } + + applyPreset(); + render(); +}; + +const panel = new GUI({ width: 310 }); +const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +init(webgpuCanvas, panel); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/blending/texturedQuad.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/texturedQuad.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf434bf5b56f52d4b880d973630c1c839279af7b --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/blending/texturedQuad.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +struct OurVertexShaderOutput { + @builtin(position) position: vec4f, + @location(0) texcoord: vec2f, +}; + +struct Uniforms { + matrix: mat4x4f, +}; + +@group(0) @binding(2) var uni: Uniforms; + +@vertex fn vs( + @builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex : u32 +) -> OurVertexShaderOutput { + let pos = array( + + vec2f( 0.0, 0.0), // center + vec2f( 1.0, 0.0), // right, center + vec2f( 0.0, 1.0), // center, top + + // 2st triangle + vec2f( 0.0, 1.0), // center, top + vec2f( 1.0, 0.0), // right, center + vec2f( 1.0, 1.0), // right, top + ); + + var vsOutput: OurVertexShaderOutput; + let xy = pos[vertexIndex]; + vsOutput.position = uni.matrix * vec4f(xy, 0.0, 1.0); + vsOutput.texcoord = xy; + return vsOutput; +} + +@group(0) @binding(0) var ourSampler: sampler; +@group(0) @binding(1) var ourTexture: texture_2d; + +@fragment fn fs(fsInput: OurVertexShaderOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f { + return textureSample(ourTexture, ourSampler, fsInput.texcoord); +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/camera.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/camera.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfbce41441470573b1490f1c9d08a3d313553b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/camera.ts @@ -0,0 +1,389 @@ +// Note: The code in this file does not use the 'dst' output parameter of functions in the +// 'wgpu-matrix' library, so produces many temporary vectors and matrices. +// This is intentional, as this sample prefers readability over performance. +import { Mat4, Vec3, Vec4, mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import Input from "./input"; + +// Common interface for camera implementations +export default interface Camera { + // update updates the camera using the user-input and returns the view matrix. + update(delta_time: number, input: Input): Mat4; + + // The camera matrix. + // This is the inverse of the view matrix. + matrix: Mat4; + // Alias to column vector 0 of the camera matrix. + right: Vec4; + // Alias to column vector 1 of the camera matrix. + up: Vec4; + // Alias to column vector 2 of the camera matrix. + back: Vec4; + // Alias to column vector 3 of the camera matrix. + position: Vec4; +} + +// The common functionality between camera implementations +class CameraBase +{ + // The camera matrix + private matrix_ = new Float32Array([ + 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, + ]); + + // The calculated view matrix + private readonly view_ = mat4.create(); + + // Aliases to column vectors of the matrix + private right_ = new Float32Array(this.matrix_.buffer, 4 * 0, 4); + private up_ = new Float32Array(this.matrix_.buffer, 4 * 4, 4); + private back_ = new Float32Array(this.matrix_.buffer, 4 * 8, 4); + private position_ = new Float32Array(this.matrix_.buffer, 4 * 12, 4); + + // Returns the camera matrix + get matrix() +{ + return this.matrix_; + } + // Assigns `mat` to the camera matrix + set matrix(mat: Mat4) +{ + mat4.copy(mat, this.matrix_); + } + + // Returns the camera view matrix + get view() +{ + return this.view_; + } + // Assigns `mat` to the camera view + set view(mat: Mat4) +{ + mat4.copy(mat, this.view_); + } + + // Returns column vector 0 of the camera matrix + get right() +{ + return this.right_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the first 3 elements of column vector 0 of the camera matrix + set right(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.right_); + } + + // Returns column vector 1 of the camera matrix + get up() +{ + return this.up_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the first 3 elements of column vector 1 of the camera matrix + set up(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.up_); + } + + // Returns column vector 2 of the camera matrix + get back() +{ + return this.back_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the first 3 elements of column vector 2 of the camera matrix + set back(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.back_); + } + + // Returns column vector 3 of the camera matrix + get position() +{ + return this.position_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the first 3 elements of column vector 3 of the camera matrix + set position(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.position_); + } +} + +// WASDCamera is a camera implementation that behaves similar to first-person-shooter PC games. +export class WASDCamera extends CameraBase implements Camera +{ + // The camera absolute pitch angle + private pitch = 0; + // The camera absolute yaw angle + private yaw = 0; + + // The movement veloicty + private readonly velocity_ = vec3.create(); + + // Speed multiplier for camera movement + movementSpeed = 10; + + // Speed multiplier for camera rotation + rotationSpeed = 1; + + // Movement velocity drag coeffient [0 .. 1] + // 0: Continues forever + // 1: Instantly stops moving + frictionCoefficient = 0.99; + + // Returns velocity vector + get velocity() +{ + return this.velocity_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the velocity vector + set velocity(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.velocity_); + } + + // Construtor + constructor(options?: { + // The initial position of the camera + position?: Vec3; + // The initial target of the camera + target?: Vec3; + }) +{ + super(); + if (options && (options.position || options.target)) +{ + const position = options.position ?? vec3.create(0, 0, -5); + const target = options.target ?? vec3.create(0, 0, 0); + const back = vec3.normalize(vec3.sub(position, target)); + this.recalculateAngles(back); + this.position = position; + } + } + + // Returns the camera matrix + get matrix() +{ + return super.matrix; + } + + // Assigns `mat` to the camera matrix, and recalcuates the camera angles + set matrix(mat: Mat4) +{ + super.matrix = mat; + this.recalculateAngles(this.back); + } + + update(deltaTime: number, input: Input): Mat4 +{ + const sign = (positive: boolean, negative: boolean) => + (positive ? 1 : 0) - (negative ? 1 : 0); + + // Apply the delta rotation to the pitch and yaw angles + this.yaw -= input.analog.x * deltaTime * this.rotationSpeed; + this.pitch -= input.analog.y * deltaTime * this.rotationSpeed; + + // Wrap yaw between [0° .. 360°], just to prevent large accumulation. + this.yaw = mod(this.yaw, Math.PI * 2); + // Clamp pitch between [-90° .. +90°] to prevent somersaults. + this.pitch = clamp(this.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, Math.PI / 2); + + // Save the current position, as we're about to rebuild the camera matrix. + const position = vec3.copy(this.position); + + // Reconstruct the camera's rotation, and store into the camera matrix. + super.matrix = mat4.rotateX(mat4.rotationY(this.yaw), this.pitch); + + // Calculate the new target velocity + const digital = input.digital; + const deltaRight = sign(digital.right, digital.left); + const deltaUp = sign(digital.up, digital.down); + const targetVelocity = vec3.create(); + const deltaBack = sign(digital.backward, digital.forward); + vec3.addScaled(targetVelocity, this.right, deltaRight, targetVelocity); + vec3.addScaled(targetVelocity, this.up, deltaUp, targetVelocity); + vec3.addScaled(targetVelocity, this.back, deltaBack, targetVelocity); + vec3.normalize(targetVelocity, targetVelocity); + vec3.mulScalar(targetVelocity, this.movementSpeed, targetVelocity); + + // Mix new target velocity + this.velocity = lerp( + targetVelocity, + this.velocity, + Math.pow(1 - this.frictionCoefficient, deltaTime) + ); + + // Integrate velocity to calculate new position + this.position = vec3.addScaled(position, this.velocity, deltaTime); + + // Invert the camera matrix to build the view matrix + this.view = mat4.invert(this.matrix); + +return this.view; + } + + // Recalculates the yaw and pitch values from a directional vector + recalculateAngles(dir: Vec3) +{ + this.yaw = Math.atan2(dir[0], dir[2]); + this.pitch = -Math.asin(dir[1]); + } +} + +// ArcballCamera implements a basic orbiting camera around the world origin +export class ArcballCamera extends CameraBase implements Camera +{ + // The camera distance from the target + private distance = 0; + + // The current angular velocity + private angularVelocity = 0; + + // The current rotation axis + private axis_ = vec3.create(); + + // Returns the rotation axis + get axis() +{ + return this.axis_; + } + // Assigns `vec` to the rotation axis + set axis(vec: Vec3) +{ + vec3.copy(vec, this.axis_); + } + + // Speed multiplier for camera rotation + rotationSpeed = 1; + + // Speed multiplier for camera zoom + zoomSpeed = 0.1; + + // Rotation velocity drag coeffient [0 .. 1] + // 0: Spins forever + // 1: Instantly stops spinning + frictionCoefficient = 0.999; + + // Construtor + constructor(options?: { + // The initial position of the camera + position?: Vec3; + }) +{ + super(); + if (options && options.position) +{ + this.position = options.position; + this.distance = vec3.len(this.position); + this.back = vec3.normalize(this.position); + this.recalcuateRight(); + this.recalcuateUp(); + } + } + + // Returns the camera matrix + get matrix() +{ + return super.matrix; + } + + // Assigns `mat` to the camera matrix, and recalcuates the distance + set matrix(mat: Mat4) +{ + super.matrix = mat; + this.distance = vec3.len(this.position); + } + + update(deltaTime: number, input: Input): Mat4 +{ + const epsilon = 0.0000001; + + if (input.analog.touching) +{ + // Currently being dragged. + this.angularVelocity = 0; + } + else +{ + // Dampen any existing angular velocity + this.angularVelocity *= Math.pow(1 - this.frictionCoefficient, deltaTime); + } + + // Calculate the movement vector + const movement = vec3.create(); + vec3.addScaled(movement, this.right, input.analog.x, movement); + vec3.addScaled(movement, this.up, -input.analog.y, movement); + + // Cross the movement vector with the view direction to calculate the rotation axis x magnitude + const crossProduct = vec3.cross(movement, this.back); + + // Calculate the magnitude of the drag + const magnitude = vec3.len(crossProduct); + + if (magnitude > epsilon) +{ + // Normalize the crossProduct to get the rotation axis + this.axis = vec3.scale(crossProduct, 1 / magnitude); + + // Remember the current angular velocity. This is used when the touch is released for a fling. + this.angularVelocity = magnitude * this.rotationSpeed; + } + + // The rotation around this.axis to apply to the camera matrix this update + const rotationAngle = this.angularVelocity * deltaTime; + if (rotationAngle > epsilon) +{ + // Rotate the matrix around axis + // Note: The rotation is not done as a matrix-matrix multiply as the repeated multiplications + // will quickly introduce substantial error into the matrix. + this.back = vec3.normalize(rotate(this.back, this.axis, rotationAngle)); + this.recalcuateRight(); + this.recalcuateUp(); + } + + // recalculate `this.position` from `this.back` considering zoom + if (input.analog.zoom !== 0) +{ + this.distance *= 1 + input.analog.zoom * this.zoomSpeed; + } + this.position = vec3.scale(this.back, this.distance); + + // Invert the camera matrix to build the view matrix + this.view = mat4.invert(this.matrix); + +return this.view; + } + + // Assigns `this.right` with the cross product of `this.up` and `this.back` + recalcuateRight() +{ + this.right = vec3.normalize(vec3.cross(this.up, this.back)); + } + + // Assigns `this.up` with the cross product of `this.back` and `this.right` + recalcuateUp() +{ + this.up = vec3.normalize(vec3.cross(this.back, this.right)); + } +} + +// Returns `x` clamped between [`min` .. `max`] +function clamp(x: number, min: number, max: number): number +{ + return Math.min(Math.max(x, min), max); +} + +// Returns `x` float-modulo `div` +function mod(x: number, div: number): number +{ + return x - Math.floor(Math.abs(x) / div) * div * Math.sign(x); +} + +// Returns `vec` rotated `angle` radians around `axis` +function rotate(vec: Vec3, axis: Vec3, angle: number): Vec3 +{ + return vec3.transformMat4Upper3x3(vec, mat4.rotation(axis, angle)); +} + +// Returns the linear interpolation between 'a' and 'b' using 's' +function lerp(a: Vec3, b: Vec3, s: number): Vec3 +{ + return vec3.addScaled(a, vec3.sub(b, a), s); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/cube.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/cube.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0513561f25bf59e06443d00aa548003b62a87242 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/cube.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +struct Uniforms { + modelViewProjectionMatrix : mat4x4f, +} + +@group(0) @binding(0) var uniforms : Uniforms; +@group(0) @binding(1) var mySampler: sampler; +@group(0) @binding(2) var myTexture: texture_2d; + +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) Position : vec4f, + @location(0) fragUV : vec2f, +} + +@vertex +fn vertex_main( + @location(0) position : vec4f, + @location(1) uv : vec2f +) -> VertexOutput { + return VertexOutput(uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix * position, uv); +} + +@fragment +fn fragment_main(@location(0) fragUV: vec2f) -> @location(0) vec4f { + return textureSample(myTexture, mySampler, fragUV); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99cfeab71a4fcf0fb679265e589f5b017daadf31 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + + + + + Cameras + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ This example provides example camera implementations +

+ +
+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ec6a76a1e63040f731b9c428fbf95b6cafd951c --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube"; +import { ArcballCamera, WASDCamera } from "./camera"; +import cubeWGSL from "./cube.wgsl"; +import { createInputHandler } from "./input"; + +import { IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => +{ + // The input handler + const inputHandler = createInputHandler(window, canvas); + + // The camera types + const initialCameraPosition = vec3.create(3, 2, 5); + const cameras = { + arcball: new ArcballCamera({ position: initialCameraPosition }), + WASD: new WASDCamera({ position: initialCameraPosition }), + }; + + // GUI parameters + const params: { type: "arcball" | "WASD" } = { + type: "arcball", + }; + + // Callback handler for camera mode + let oldCameraType = params.type; + gui.add(params, "type", ["arcball", "WASD"]).onChange(() => + { + // Copy the camera matrix from old to new + const newCameraType = params.type; + cameras[newCameraType].matrix = cameras[oldCameraType].matrix; + oldCameraType = newCameraType; + }); + + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + // Create a vertex buffer from the cube data. + const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, + uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, + }; + + const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + vertex: { + code: cubeWGSL, + }, + fragment: { + code: cubeWGSL, + }, + primitive: { + topology: "triangle-list", + cullMode: "back", + }, + depthStencil: { + depthWriteEnabled: true, + depthCompare: "less", + }, + }; + + const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = { + size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], + format: "depth24plus", + usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, + }; + + // Fetch the image and upload it into a GPUTexture. + let cubeTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/Di-3d.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + + cubeTexture = { + size: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height, 1], + format: "rgba8unorm", + usage: + GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING + | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST + | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, + source: [{ source: { source: imageBitmap }, destination: {}, copySize: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height] }] + }; + } + + // Create a sampler with linear filtering for smooth interpolation. + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { + magFilter: "linear", + minFilter: "linear", + }; + + const bindingResources = { + uniforms: { + modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) + }, + mySampler: sampler, + myTexture: { texture: cubeTexture }, + }; + + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { + pipeline, + vertices, + bindingResources, + draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount }, + }; + + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, + + clearValue: [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0], + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + depthStencilAttachment: { + view: { texture: depthTexture }, + + depthClearValue: 1.0, + depthLoadOp: "clear", + depthStoreOp: "store", + }, + }; + + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [renderObject] }, + ] + } + ], + }; + + const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height; + const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 1, 100.0); + const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create(); + + function getModelViewProjectionMatrix(deltaTime: number) + { + const camera = cameras[params.type]; + const viewMatrix = camera.update(deltaTime, inputHandler()); + mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, modelViewProjectionMatrix); + +return modelViewProjectionMatrix; + } + + let lastFrameMS = Date.now(); + + function frame() + { + const now = Date.now(); + const deltaTime = (now - lastFrameMS) / 1000; + lastFrameMS = now; + + const modelViewProjection = getModelViewProjectionMatrix(deltaTime); + bindingResources.uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjection); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU + + webgpu.submit(data); + + requestAnimationFrame(frame); + } + requestAnimationFrame(frame); +}; + +const panel = new GUI(); +const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +init(webgpuCanvas, panel); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/input.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/input.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43a15f4ca1b976975fab430a950caba2f54b5dfd --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cameras/input.ts @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +// Input holds as snapshot of input state +export default interface Input { + // Digital input (e.g keyboard state) + readonly digital: { + readonly forward: boolean; + readonly backward: boolean; + readonly left: boolean; + readonly right: boolean; + readonly up: boolean; + readonly down: boolean; + }; + // Analog input (e.g mouse, touchscreen) + readonly analog: { + readonly x: number; + readonly y: number; + readonly zoom: number; + readonly touching: boolean; + }; +} + +// InputHandler is a function that when called, returns the current Input state. +export type InputHandler = () => Input; + +// createInputHandler returns an InputHandler by attaching event handlers to the window and canvas. +export function createInputHandler( + window: Window, + canvas: HTMLCanvasElement +): InputHandler +{ + const digital = { + forward: false, + backward: false, + left: false, + right: false, + up: false, + down: false, + }; + const analog = { + x: 0, + y: 0, + zoom: 0, + }; + let mouseDown = false; + + const setDigital = (e: KeyboardEvent, value: boolean) => +{ + switch (e.code) +{ + case "KeyW": + digital.forward = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + case "KeyS": + digital.backward = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + case "KeyA": + digital.left = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + case "KeyD": + digital.right = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + case "Space": + digital.up = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + case "ShiftLeft": + case "ControlLeft": + case "KeyC": + digital.down = value; + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + break; + } + }; + + window.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => setDigital(e, true)); + window.addEventListener("keyup", (e) => setDigital(e, false)); + + canvas.style.touchAction = "pinch-zoom"; + canvas.addEventListener("pointerdown", () => +{ + mouseDown = true; + }); + canvas.addEventListener("pointerup", () => +{ + mouseDown = false; + }); + canvas.addEventListener("pointermove", (e) => +{ + mouseDown = e.pointerType === "mouse" ? (e.buttons & 1) !== 0 : true; + if (mouseDown) +{ + analog.x += e.movementX; + analog.y += e.movementY; + } + }); + canvas.addEventListener( + "wheel", + (e) => +{ + mouseDown = (e.buttons & 1) !== 0; + if (mouseDown) +{ + // The scroll value varies substantially between user agents / browsers. + // Just use the sign. + analog.zoom += Math.sign(e.deltaY); + e.preventDefault(); + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + { passive: false } + ); + + return () => +{ + const out = { + digital, + analog: { + x: analog.x, + y: analog.y, + zoom: analog.zoom, + touching: mouseDown, + }, + }; + // Clear the analog values, as these accumulate. + analog.x = 0; + analog.y = 0; + analog.zoom = 0; + +return out; + }; +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.html index 2fe315e28ff68f5ae7bff704c27fd135a0495a9d..9cef26dbadbf78a634fbd99a491e4ad1c75b20a2 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.html @@ -16,28 +16,27 @@ -
-

+

+

A GPU compute particle simulation that mimics the flocking behavior of birds. A compute shader updates two ping-pong buffers which store particle data. The data is used to draw instanced particles.

+
- - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.ts index 1200f0fc576920dda2052d553e92722813610f00..878121b9b8c1f9f469e65a1fd9cdf5d570f5fbc2 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/computeBoids/index.ts @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; import spriteWGSL from "./sprite.wgsl"; import updateSpritesWGSL from "./updateSprites.wgsl"; -import { IBuffer, IComputeObject, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUComputeObject, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => { @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // prettier-ignore const vertexBufferData = new Float32Array([ @@ -29,12 +29,6 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => rule3Scale: 0.005, }; - const simParamBufferSize = 7 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; - const simParamBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: simParamBufferSize, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; - Object.keys(simParams).forEach((k) => { gui.add(simParams, k as any); @@ -50,51 +44,44 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => initialParticleData[4 * i + 3] = 2 * (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.1; } - const particleBuffers: IBuffer[] = new Array(2); + const particleBuffers: Float32Array[] = new Array(2); for (let i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { - particleBuffers[i] = { - size: initialParticleData.byteLength, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, - data: initialParticleData, - }; + particleBuffers[i] = initialParticleData.slice(); } - const computeObject0: IComputeObject = { + const computeObject0: IGPUComputeObject = { pipeline: { compute: { code: updateSpritesWGSL } }, bindingResources: { - params: { - buffer: simParamBuffer, - map: simParams, - }, + params: simParams, particlesA: { - buffer: particleBuffers[0], + bufferView: particleBuffers[0], }, particlesB: { - buffer: particleBuffers[1], + bufferView: particleBuffers[1], }, }, workgroups: { workgroupCountX: Math.ceil(numParticles / 64) }, }; - const computeObject1: IComputeObject = { + const computeObject1: IGPUComputeObject = { ...computeObject0, bindingResources: { ...computeObject0.bindingResources, particlesA: { ...computeObject0.bindingResources.particlesA, - buffer: particleBuffers[1], + bufferView: particleBuffers[1], }, particlesB: { ...computeObject0.bindingResources.particlesA, - buffer: particleBuffers[0], + bufferView: particleBuffers[0], }, }, }; - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -103,7 +90,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ], }; - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { pipeline: { vertex: { code: spriteWGSL }, fragment: { code: spriteWGSL }, primitive: { @@ -111,24 +98,24 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, }, vertices: { - a_particlePos: { buffer: particleBuffers[0], offset: 0, vertexSize: 4 * 4, stepMode: "instance" }, - a_particleVel: { buffer: particleBuffers[0], offset: 2 * 4, vertexSize: 4 * 4, stepMode: "instance" }, - a_pos: { buffer: { data: vertexBufferData } }, + a_particlePos: { data: particleBuffers[0], format: "float32x2", offset: 0, arrayStride: 4 * 4, stepMode: "instance" }, + a_particleVel: { data: particleBuffers[0], format: "float32x2", offset: 2 * 4, arrayStride: 4 * 4, stepMode: "instance" }, + a_pos: { data: vertexBufferData, format: "float32x2" }, }, draw: { vertexCount: 3, instanceCount: numParticles } }; - const renderObject1: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject1: IGPURenderObject = { ...renderObject, vertices: { ...renderObject.vertices, a_particlePos: { ...renderObject.vertices.a_particlePos, - buffer: particleBuffers[1], + data: particleBuffers[1], }, a_particleVel: { ...renderObject.vertices.a_particleVel, - buffer: particleBuffers[1], + data: particleBuffers[1], }, }, }; @@ -136,13 +123,18 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => let t = 0; function frame() { - webgpu.computePass(); - webgpu.computeObject([computeObject0, computeObject1][t % 2]); - - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject([renderObject, renderObject1][(t + 1) % 2]); + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [[computeObject0, computeObject1][t % 2]] }, + { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [[renderObject, renderObject1][(t + 1) % 2]] }, + ] + } + ], + }; - webgpu.submit(); + webgpu.submit(data); ++t; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/common.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/common.ts index e0e08fa5da889200a7897de5af0006f9422940cf..230af6f165a683d842f056d59d985861adc7e60b 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/common.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/common.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IBindingResources, IBuffer } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; import commonWGSL from "./common.wgsl"; @@ -11,35 +11,26 @@ export default class Common readonly wgsl = commonWGSL; /** The common uniform buffer bind group and layout */ readonly uniforms: { - bindGroup: IBindingResources; + bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; }; - private readonly uniformBuffer: IBuffer; + private readonly uniformBuffer: ArrayBufferView; private frame = 0; - constructor(quads: IBuffer) + constructor(quads: ArrayBufferView) { - this.uniformBuffer = { - label: "Common.uniformBuffer", - size: - 0 // - + 4 * 16 // mvp - + 4 * 16 // inv_mvp - + 4 * 4, // seed - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; + this.uniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(0 // + + 4 * 16 // mvp + + 4 * 16 // inv_mvp + + 4 * 4); - const bindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { common_uniforms: { - buffer: this.uniformBuffer, - offset: 0, - size: this.uniformBuffer.size, + bufferView: this.uniformBuffer, }, quads: { - buffer: quads, - offset: 0, - size: quads.size, + bufferView: quads, }, }; @@ -67,11 +58,10 @@ export default class Common vec3.fromValues(0, 5, 0), vec3.fromValues(0, 1, 0) ); - mat4.inverse(viewMatrix, viewMatrix); const mvp = mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix); const invMVP = mat4.invert(mvp); - const uniformDataF32 = new Float32Array(this.uniformBuffer.size / 4); + const uniformDataF32 = new Float32Array(this.uniformBuffer.byteLength / 4); const uniformDataU32 = new Uint32Array(uniformDataF32.buffer); for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) { @@ -85,7 +75,7 @@ export default class Common uniformDataU32[33] = 0xffffffff * Math.random(); uniformDataU32[34] = 0xffffffff * Math.random(); - this.uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: uniformDataF32 }]; + getIGPUBuffer(this.uniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: uniformDataF32 }]; this.frame++; } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.html index cb7b5dc8f09e4ff72f8c4e9f45a2cf8215d1d55a..3cf45c0e792aaba97d0cb36a072b6c41c797214b 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.html @@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ -
-

+

+

A classic Cornell box, using a lightmap generated using software ray-tracing.

+
- diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.ts index 0e4afb20222d0ff5d93807b63f4ab85501ce1219..3bb2a520c765fb160782f7d7dec143bff89743c8 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/index.ts @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import Raytracer from "./raytracer"; import Scene from "./scene"; import Tonemapper from "./tonemapper"; -import { ICanvasContext, ICommandEncoder, ISubmit, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUCanvasContext, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => { @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const requiredFeatures: GPUFeatureName[] = presentationFormat === "bgra8unorm" ? ["bgra8unorm-storage"] : []; - const context: ICanvasContext = { + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id, configuration: { format: "rgba16float", @@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(undefined, { requiredFeatures }); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(undefined, { requiredFeatures }); - const framebuffer: ITexture = { + const framebuffer: IGPUTexture = { label: "framebuffer", size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], format: "rgba16float", @@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const tonemapper = new Tonemapper(common, framebuffer, { context }); // 光栅化渲染 - const rasterizerCommandEncoder: ICommandEncoder = { passEncoders: [] }; + const rasterizerCommandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder = { passEncoders: [] }; radiosity.encode(rasterizerCommandEncoder); rasterizer.encode(rasterizerCommandEncoder); tonemapper.encode(rasterizerCommandEncoder); // 光线追踪渲染 - const raytracerCommandEncoder: ICommandEncoder = { passEncoders: [] }; + const raytracerCommandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder = { passEncoders: [] }; radiosity.encode(raytracerCommandEncoder); raytracer.encode(raytracerCommandEncoder); tonemapper.encode(raytracerCommandEncoder); @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }); radiosity.run(); - const submit: ISubmit = { + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [params.renderer === "rasterizer" ? rasterizerCommandEncoder : raytracerCommandEncoder] }; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/radiosity.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/radiosity.ts index 4c2ebc3aedcfc793094d5aafacbebd09447e6ae5..fdefe69e235767948cf659c65bfd5a0c6209580d 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/radiosity.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/radiosity.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, ICommandEncoder, IComputePipeline, IPassEncoder, ITexture, internal } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPUTexture, internal } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import Common from "./common"; import radiosityWGSL from "./radiosity.wgsl"; import Scene from "./scene"; @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export default class Radiosity static readonly lightmapHeight = 256; // The output lightmap. - readonly lightmap: ITexture; + readonly lightmap: IGPUTexture; // Number of photons emitted per workgroup. // This is equal to the workgroup size (one photon per invocation) @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ export default class Radiosity private readonly common: Common; private readonly scene: Scene; - private readonly radiosityPipeline: IComputePipeline; - private readonly accumulationToLightmapPipeline: IComputePipeline; - private readonly bindGroup: IBindingResources; - private readonly accumulationBuffer: IBuffer; - private readonly uniformBuffer: IBuffer; + private readonly radiosityPipeline: IGPUComputePipeline; + private readonly accumulationToLightmapPipeline: IGPUComputePipeline; + private readonly bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; + private readonly accumulationBuffer: ArrayBufferView; + private readonly uniformBuffer: ArrayBufferView; // The 'accumulation' buffer average value private accumulationMean = 0; @@ -62,31 +62,20 @@ export default class Radiosity format: Radiosity.lightmapFormat, usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.STORAGE_BINDING, }; - this.accumulationBuffer = { - label: "Radiosity.accumulationBuffer", - size: - Radiosity.lightmapWidth - * Radiosity.lightmapHeight - * scene.quads.length - * 16, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, - }; + this.accumulationBuffer = new Uint8Array(Radiosity.lightmapWidth + * Radiosity.lightmapHeight + * scene.quads.length + * 16); this.kTotalLightmapTexels = Radiosity.lightmapWidth * Radiosity.lightmapHeight * scene.quads.length; - this.uniformBuffer = { - label: "Radiosity.uniformBuffer", - size: 8 * 4, // 8 x f32 - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; + this.uniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(8 * 4); this.bindGroup = { accumulation: { - buffer: this.accumulationBuffer, - size: this.accumulationBuffer.size, + bufferView: this.accumulationBuffer, }, lightmap: { texture: this.lightmap }, uniforms: { - buffer: this.uniformBuffer, - size: this.uniformBuffer.size, + bufferView: this.uniformBuffer, }, }; @@ -116,9 +105,10 @@ export default class Radiosity }, }; - const lightmapSize = internal.getIGPUTextureSize(this.lightmap); + const lightmapSize = internal.getGPUTextureSize(this.lightmap); this.passEncoders = [{ + __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [ // Dispatch the radiosity workgroups { @@ -145,9 +135,9 @@ export default class Radiosity ], }]; } - private passEncoders: IPassEncoder[]; + private passEncoders: IGPUPassEncoder[]; - encode(commandEncoder: ICommandEncoder) + encode(commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder) { this.passEncoders.forEach((v) => { @@ -170,7 +160,7 @@ export default class Radiosity this.accumulationMean *= accumulationBufferScale; // Update the radiosity uniform buffer data. - const uniformDataF32 = new Float32Array(this.uniformBuffer.size / 4); + const uniformDataF32 = new Float32Array(this.uniformBuffer.byteLength / 4); uniformDataF32[0] = accumulationToLightmapScale; uniformDataF32[1] = accumulationBufferScale; uniformDataF32[2] = this.scene.lightWidth; @@ -178,6 +168,6 @@ export default class Radiosity uniformDataF32[4] = this.scene.lightCenter[0]; uniformDataF32[5] = this.scene.lightCenter[1]; uniformDataF32[6] = this.scene.lightCenter[2]; - this.uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: uniformDataF32 }]; + getIGPUBuffer(this.uniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: uniformDataF32 }]; } } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/rasterizer.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/rasterizer.ts index 0d6b56c88c5818f5c3211434260340c8f60a46e4..647272ffaf666e681b16eb166c04711f4c3a309c 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/rasterizer.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/rasterizer.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IBindingResources, ICommandEncoder, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ITexture, internal } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUTexture, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPipeline, WebGPU, internal } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import Common from "./common"; import Radiosity from "./radiosity"; @@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ export default class Rasterizer { private readonly common: Common; private readonly scene: Scene; - private readonly renderPassDescriptor: IRenderPass; - private readonly pipeline: IRenderPipeline; - private readonly bindGroup: IBindingResources; + private readonly renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor; + private readonly pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline; + private readonly bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; constructor( common: Common, scene: Scene, radiosity: Radiosity, - framebuffer: ITexture + framebuffer: IGPUTexture, ) { this.common = common; this.scene = scene; - const framebufferSize = internal.getIGPUTextureSize(framebuffer); + const framebufferSize = internal.getGPUTextureSize(framebuffer); - const depthTexture: ITexture = { + const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = { label: "RasterizerRenderer.depthTexture", size: [framebufferSize[0], framebufferSize[1]], format: "depth24plus", @@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ export default class Rasterizer // this.renderPassEncoder = { - renderPass: this.renderPassDescriptor, + descriptor: this.renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [{ pipeline: this.pipeline, vertices: this.scene.vertexAttributes, - index: { buffer: this.scene.indices, indexFormat: "uint16" }, + indices: this.scene.indices, bindingResources: { ...this.common.uniforms.bindGroup, ...this.bindGroup, @@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ export default class Rasterizer }], }; } - private renderPassEncoder: IRenderPassEncoder; + private renderPassEncoder: IGPURenderPass; - encode(commandEncoder: ICommandEncoder) + encode(commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder) { commandEncoder.passEncoders.push(this.renderPassEncoder); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/raytracer.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/raytracer.ts index 0eaee2e74401f642bb9c182b736423d5fb3a21fd..a3bb86efeea8367daf777fb7255133557cdca96e 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/raytracer.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/raytracer.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IBindingResources, ICommandEncoder, IComputePipeline, IPassEncoder, ITexture, internal } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPUTexture, internal, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import Common from "./common"; import Radiosity from "./radiosity"; @@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import raytracerWGSL from "./raytracer.wgsl"; export default class Raytracer { private readonly common: Common; - private readonly framebuffer: ITexture; - private readonly pipeline: IComputePipeline; - private readonly bindGroup: IBindingResources; + private readonly framebuffer: IGPUTexture; + private readonly pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline; + private readonly bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; private readonly kWorkgroupSizeX = 16; private readonly kWorkgroupSizeY = 16; @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export default class Raytracer constructor( common: Common, radiosity: Radiosity, - framebuffer: ITexture + framebuffer: IGPUTexture, ) { this.common = common; @@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ export default class Raytracer }, }; - const framebufferSize = internal.getIGPUTextureSize(this.framebuffer); + const framebufferSize = internal.getGPUTextureSize(this.framebuffer); // this.passEncoder = { + __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [{ pipeline: this.pipeline, bindingResources: { @@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ export default class Raytracer }], }; } - private passEncoder: IPassEncoder; + private passEncoder: IGPUPassEncoder; - encode(commandEncoder: ICommandEncoder) + encode(commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder) { commandEncoder.passEncoders.push(this.passEncoder); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/scene.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/scene.ts index 64bd712fe3252beb447adf43576434855ddd6041..d532e362d52b229042766aed7d77cb2de5e2ba9b 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/scene.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/scene.ts @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ -import { IBuffer, IVertexAttributes } from "webgpu-renderer"; -import { vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; -type Vec3 = vec3.default; +import { IGPUBuffer, IGPUVertexAttributes } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; +import { Vec3, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; function reciprocal(v: Vec3) { @@ -130,11 +129,10 @@ export default class Scene { readonly vertexCount: number; readonly indexCount: number; - readonly vertices: IBuffer; - readonly vertexAttributes: IVertexAttributes; - readonly indices: IBuffer; - readonly vertexBufferLayout: GPUVertexBufferLayout[]; - readonly quadBuffer: IBuffer; + readonly vertices: Float32Array; + readonly vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes; + readonly indices: Uint16Array; + readonly quadBuffer: ArrayBufferView; readonly quads = [ ...box({ center: vec3.fromValues(0, 5, 0), @@ -278,62 +276,23 @@ export default class Scene vertexCount += 4; } - const quadBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: quadStride * this.quads.length, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, - data: quadData, - }; - - const vertices: IBuffer = { - size: vertexData.byteLength, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - data: vertexData, - }; + const quadBuffer = quadData; - const vertexAttributes: IVertexAttributes = { - position: { buffer: vertices, offset: 0 * 4, vertexSize: vertexStride }, - uv: { buffer: vertices, offset: 4 * 4, vertexSize: vertexStride }, - emissive: { buffer: vertices, offset: 7 * 4, vertexSize: vertexStride }, - }; + const vertices = vertexData; - const indices: IBuffer = { - size: indexData.byteLength, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX, - data: indexData, + const vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + position: { data: vertices, format: "float32x4", offset: 0 * 4, arrayStride: vertexStride }, + uv: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 4 * 4, arrayStride: vertexStride }, + emissive: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 7 * 4, arrayStride: vertexStride }, }; - const vertexBufferLayout: GPUVertexBufferLayout[] = [ - { - arrayStride: vertexStride, - attributes: [ - { - // position - shaderLocation: 0, - offset: 0 * 4, - format: "float32x4", - } as GPUVertexAttribute, - { - // uv - shaderLocation: 1, - offset: 4 * 4, - format: "float32x3", - } as GPUVertexAttribute, - { - // color - shaderLocation: 2, - offset: 7 * 4, - format: "float32x3", - } as GPUVertexAttribute, - ], - }, - ]; + const indices = indexData; this.vertexCount = vertexCount; this.indexCount = indexCount; this.vertices = vertices; this.vertexAttributes = vertexAttributes; this.indices = indices; - this.vertexBufferLayout = vertexBufferLayout; this.quadBuffer = quadBuffer; } } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/tonemapper.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/tonemapper.ts index 728fe4833a9b09ebf0befcc30f4bd325f527cc68..dc240e00bcac76d9103d9e0d07fa94127a11fcaf 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/tonemapper.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cornell/tonemapper.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IBindingResources, ICommandEncoder, IComputePipeline, IPassEncoder, ITexture, ITextureFromContext, internal } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureFromContext, internal } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import Common from "./common"; import tonemapperWGSL from "./tonemapper.wgsl"; @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import tonemapperWGSL from "./tonemapper.wgsl"; */ export default class Tonemapper { - private readonly bindGroup: IBindingResources; - private readonly pipeline: IComputePipeline; + private readonly bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; + private readonly pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline; private readonly width: number; private readonly height: number; private readonly kWorkgroupSizeX = 16; @@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ export default class Tonemapper constructor( common: Common, - input: ITexture, - output: ITextureFromContext, + input: IGPUTexture, + output: IGPUTextureFromContext, ) { - const inputSize = internal.getIGPUTextureSize(input); + const inputSize = internal.getGPUTextureSize(input); this.width = inputSize[0]; this.height = inputSize[1]; @@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export default class Tonemapper // this.passEncoder = { + __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [{ pipeline: this.pipeline, bindingResources: { @@ -56,9 +57,9 @@ export default class Tonemapper }], }; } - private passEncoder: IPassEncoder; + private passEncoder: IGPUPassEncoder; - encode(commandEncoder: ICommandEncoder) + encode(commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder) { commandEncoder.passEncoders.push(this.passEncoder); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.html index e51f7b9a94a8bb053792a8678bceec3521b72daf..5b0f957d1ff8e5b1f325868a321f6b4c620e7513 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.html @@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ -
-

+

+

This example shows how to render and sample from a cubemap texture.

+
- diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.ts index 432c59972d3df24db2e9ebe327537dde2f2faf9b..5408e163e12324cbf8ce8e3f19d86065b1f4d02c 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/cubemap/index.ts @@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cub import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl"; import sampleCubemapWGSL from "./sampleCubemap.frag.wgsl"; -import { IBufferBinding, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, ISampler, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; -import { IGPUCopyExternalImageToTexture } from "../../../../src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture"; +import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUTextureImageSource, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => { @@ -13,11 +12,11 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // Fetch the 6 separate images for negative/positive x, y, z axis of a cubemap // and upload it into a GPUTexture. - let cubemapTexture: ITexture; + let cubemapTexture: IGPUTexture; { // The order of the array layers is [+X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z] const imgSrcs = [ @@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => const imageBitmaps = await Promise.all(promises); const textureSource = imageBitmaps.map((v, i) => { - const item: IGPUCopyExternalImageToTexture = { + const item: IGPUTextureImageSource = { source: { source: v }, destination: { origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: i } }, copySize: { width: v.width, height: v.height } }; @@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }; } - const sampler: ISampler = { + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { magFilter: "linear", minFilter: "linear", }; @@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => ); } - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }; - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { pipeline: { vertex: { code: basicVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: sampleCubemapWGSL }, primitive: { @@ -129,12 +128,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }, vertices: { - position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, - uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, + position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, + uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, }, bindingResources: { uniforms: { - map: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) } + modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) }, mySampler: sampler, myTexture: { texture: cubemapTexture, dimension: "cube" }, @@ -146,12 +145,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => { updateTransformationMatrix(); - (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IBufferBinding).map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU + (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IGPUBufferBinding).modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject(renderObject); + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] }, + ] + } + ], + }; - webgpu.submit(); + webgpu.submit(data); requestAnimationFrame(frame); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.html index 1b31585f90a69dac48f547b2959a200dcecbad0d..43819596a5b3fd78f85920b2906a6606987cadfd 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.html @@ -16,21 +16,21 @@ -
-

+

+

This example shows how to do deferred rendering with webgpu. Render geometry info to multiple targets in the gBuffers in the first pass. In this sample we have 3 gBuffers for positions, normals, and albedo. @@ -39,10 +39,9 @@ We also update light position in a compute shader, where further operations like tile/cluster culling could happen.

+
- - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.ts index d2fb46cc021753f1298c2b019a716c56d03fe479..444a79100cfdac2aff1234c43bcfa0577072e37c 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/deferredRendering/index.ts @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import lightUpdate from "./lightUpdate.wgsl"; import vertexTextureQuad from "./vertexTextureQuad.wgsl"; import vertexWriteGBuffers from "./vertexWriteGBuffers.wgsl"; -import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IComputePassEncoder, IComputePipeline, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, ITexture, ITextureView, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUComputePass, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureView, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const kMaxNumLights = 1024; const lightExtentMin = vec3.fromValues(-50, -30, -50); @@ -23,69 +23,49 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // Create the model vertex buffer. const kVertexStride = 8; - const vertexBuffer: IBuffer = { - // position: vec3, normal: vec3, uv: vec2 - size: mesh.positions.length * kVertexStride * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - }; + const vertexBuffer = new Float32Array(mesh.positions.length * kVertexStride); + for (let i = 0; i < mesh.positions.length; ++i) { - const mapping = new Float32Array(mesh.positions.length * kVertexStride); - for (let i = 0; i < mesh.positions.length; ++i) - { - mapping.set(mesh.positions[i], kVertexStride * i); - mapping.set(mesh.normals[i], kVertexStride * i + 3); - mapping.set(mesh.uvs[i], kVertexStride * i + 6); - } - - vertexBuffer.data = mapping; + vertexBuffer.set(mesh.positions[i], kVertexStride * i); + vertexBuffer.set(mesh.normals[i], kVertexStride * i + 3); + vertexBuffer.set(mesh.uvs[i], kVertexStride * i + 6); } - const vertices: IVertexAttributes = { - position: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: 0, vertexSize: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, - normal: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 3, vertexSize: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, - uv: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6, vertexSize: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, + const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + position: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x3", offset: 0, arrayStride: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, + normal: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x3", offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 3, arrayStride: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, + uv: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x2", offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6, arrayStride: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 8 }, }; // Create the model index buffer. const indexCount = mesh.triangles.length * 3; - const indexBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: indexCount * Uint16Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX, - }; + const indexBuffer = new Uint16Array(indexCount); + for (let i = 0; i < mesh.triangles.length; ++i) { - const mapping = new Uint16Array(indexCount); - for (let i = 0; i < mesh.triangles.length; ++i) - { - mapping.set(mesh.triangles[i], 3 * i); - } - - indexBuffer.data = mapping; + indexBuffer.set(mesh.triangles[i], 3 * i); } // GBuffer texture render targets - const gBufferTexture2DFloat32: ITexture = { + const gBufferTexture2DFloat32: IGPUTexture = { size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING, format: "rgba32float", - sampleType: "unfilterable-float", }; - const gBufferTexture2DFloat16: ITexture = { + const gBufferTexture2DFloat16: IGPUTexture = { size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING, format: "rgba16float", - sampleType: "unfilterable-float", }; - const gBufferTextureAlbedo: ITexture = { + const gBufferTextureAlbedo: IGPUTexture = { size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING, format: "bgra8unorm", - sampleType: "unfilterable-float", }; - const gBufferTextureViews: ITextureView[] = [ + const gBufferTextureViews: IGPUTextureView[] = [ { texture: gBufferTexture2DFloat32 }, { texture: gBufferTexture2DFloat16 }, { texture: gBufferTextureAlbedo }, @@ -96,7 +76,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => cullMode: "back", }; - const writeGBuffersPipeline: IRenderPipeline = { + const writeGBuffersPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { vertex: { code: vertexWriteGBuffers, }, @@ -106,7 +86,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => primitive, }; - const gBuffersDebugViewPipeline: IRenderPipeline = { + const gBuffersDebugViewPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { vertex: { code: vertexTextureQuad, }, @@ -119,7 +99,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, primitive, }; - const deferredRenderPipeline: IRenderPipeline = { + const deferredRenderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { vertex: { code: vertexTextureQuad, }, @@ -129,13 +109,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => primitive, }; - const depthTexture: ITexture = { + const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = { size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], format: "depth24plus", usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, }; - const writeGBufferPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = { + const writeGBufferPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: gBufferTextureViews[0], @@ -167,7 +147,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, }; - const textureQuadPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = { + const textureQuadPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -181,11 +161,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => mode: "rendering", numLights: 128, }; - const configUniformBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - data: new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]), - }; + const configUniformBuffer = new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]); gui.add(settings, "mode", ["rendering", "gBuffers view"]); gui @@ -193,36 +169,30 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => .step(1) .onChange(() => { - if (configUniformBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(configUniformBuffer).writeBuffers) { - configUniformBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ data: new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]) }); + getIGPUBuffer(configUniformBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ data: new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]) }); } else { - configUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]) }]; + getIGPUBuffer(configUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: new Uint32Array([settings.numLights]) }]; } }); - const modelUniformBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: 4 * 16 * 2, // two 4x4 matrix - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; + const modelUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(4 * 16 * 2); - const cameraUniformBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: 4 * 16, // 4x4 matrix - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; + const cameraUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(4 * 16); - const sceneUniformBindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const sceneUniformBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { uniforms: { - buffer: modelUniformBuffer, + bufferView: modelUniformBuffer, }, camera: { - buffer: cameraUniformBuffer, + bufferView: cameraUniformBuffer, }, }; - const gBufferTexturesBindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const gBufferTexturesBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { gBufferPosition: gBufferTextureViews[0], gBufferNormal: gBufferTextureViews[1], gBufferAlbedo: gBufferTextureViews[2], @@ -233,10 +203,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const extent = vec3.sub(lightExtentMax, lightExtentMin); const lightDataStride = 8; const bufferSizeInByte = Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * lightDataStride * kMaxNumLights; - const lightsBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: bufferSizeInByte, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, - }; + const lightsBuffer = new Uint8Array(bufferSizeInByte); // We randomaly populate lights randomly in a box range // And simply move them along y-axis per frame to show they are @@ -262,39 +229,36 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => tmpVec4[3] = 20.0; lightData.set(tmpVec4, offset + 4); } - lightsBuffer.data = lightData; + getIGPUBuffer(lightsBuffer).data = lightData; - const lightExtentBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: 4 * 8, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, - }; + const lightExtentBuffer = new Uint8Array(4 * 8); const lightExtentData = new Float32Array(8); lightExtentData.set(lightExtentMin, 0); lightExtentData.set(lightExtentMax, 4); - lightExtentBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: lightExtentData }]; + getIGPUBuffer(lightExtentBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: lightExtentData }]; - const lightUpdateComputePipeline: IComputePipeline = { + const lightUpdateComputePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = { compute: { code: lightUpdate, }, }; - const lightsBufferBindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const lightsBufferBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { lightsBuffer: { - buffer: lightsBuffer, + bufferView: lightsBuffer, }, config: { - buffer: configUniformBuffer, + bufferView: configUniformBuffer, }, }; - const lightsBufferComputeBindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const lightsBufferComputeBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { lightsBuffer: { - buffer: lightsBuffer, + bufferView: lightsBuffer, }, config: { - buffer: configUniformBuffer, + bufferView: configUniformBuffer, }, lightExtent: { - buffer: lightExtentBuffer, + bufferView: lightExtentBuffer, }, }; // -------------------- @@ -311,7 +275,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => 2000.0 ); - const viewMatrix = mat4.inverse(mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector)); + const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector); const viewProjMatrix = mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix); @@ -319,33 +283,33 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const modelMatrix = mat4.translation([0, -45, 0]); const cameraMatrixData = viewProjMatrix as Float32Array; - if (cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers) { - cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ data: cameraMatrixData }); + getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ data: cameraMatrixData }); } else { - cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: cameraMatrixData }]; + getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: cameraMatrixData }]; } const modelData = modelMatrix as Float32Array; - if (modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers) { - modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ data: modelData }); + getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ data: modelData }); } else { - modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: modelData }]; + getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: modelData }]; } const invertTransposeModelMatrix = mat4.invert(modelMatrix); mat4.transpose(invertTransposeModelMatrix, invertTransposeModelMatrix); const normalModelData = invertTransposeModelMatrix as Float32Array; - if (modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers) { - modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 64, data: normalModelData }); + getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 64, data: normalModelData }); } else { - modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ bufferOffset: 64, data: normalModelData }]; + getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ bufferOffset: 64, data: normalModelData }]; } // Rotates the camera around the origin based on time. @@ -357,16 +321,16 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const rotation = mat4.rotateY(mat4.translation(origin), rad); vec3.transformMat4(eyePosition, rotation, eyePosition); - const viewMatrix = mat4.inverse(mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector)); + const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector); mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, viewProjMatrix); return viewProjMatrix as Float32Array; } - const passEncoders: (IComputePassEncoder | IRenderPassEncoder)[] = []; + const passEncoders: (IGPUComputePass | IGPURenderPass)[] = []; passEncoders.push({ - renderPass: writeGBufferPassDescriptor, + descriptor: writeGBufferPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [ { pipeline: writeGBuffersPipeline, @@ -374,12 +338,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ...sceneUniformBindGroup, }, vertices, - index: { buffer: indexBuffer, indexFormat: "uint16" }, + indices: indexBuffer, drawIndexed: { indexCount }, }, ] }); passEncoders.push({ + __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [ { pipeline: lightUpdateComputePipeline, @@ -391,10 +356,10 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ] }); - const gBuffersPassEncoders: (IComputePassEncoder | IRenderPassEncoder)[] = passEncoders.concat(); + const gBuffersPassEncoders: (IGPUComputePass | IGPURenderPass)[] = passEncoders.concat(); gBuffersPassEncoders.push({ - renderPass: textureQuadPassDescriptor, + descriptor: textureQuadPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [ { pipeline: gBuffersDebugViewPipeline, @@ -407,7 +372,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }); passEncoders.push({ - renderPass: textureQuadPassDescriptor, + descriptor: textureQuadPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [ { pipeline: deferredRenderPipeline, @@ -423,16 +388,16 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => function frame() { const cameraViewProj = getCameraViewProjMatrix(); - if (cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers) { - cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ data: cameraViewProj }); + getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ data: cameraViewProj }); } else { - cameraUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: cameraViewProj }]; + getIGPUBuffer(cameraUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: cameraViewProj }]; } - const submit: ISubmit = { + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [ { passEncoders: settings.mode === "gBuffers view" ? gBuffersPassEncoders : passEncoders, diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.html index 8c5af44167f969c9c2947603b6e5820e3b7eb98e..2710cc857104657f1c2b2a0b4835600df7f6f723 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.html @@ -16,27 +16,26 @@ -
-

+

+

This example uses the previous frame's rendering result as the source texture for the next frame.

+
- - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.ts index fa440b2c0a47e752934dd83ce86c069977bf0c9c..d6a34e5e2bc99de2ee04d33b4112007f355153e9 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/fractalCube/index.ts @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube"; -import { IBufferBinding, ICanvasContext, ICopyTextureToTexture, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, ISampler, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPUCopyTextureToTexture, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl"; import sampleSelfWGSL from "./sampleSelf.frag.wgsl"; @@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; const presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat(); - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // We will copy the frame's rendering results into this texture and // sample it on the next frame. - const cubeTexture: ITexture = { + const cubeTexture: IGPUTexture = { size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], format: presentationFormat, usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, }; // Create a sampler with linear filtering for smooth interpolation. - const sampler: ISampler = { + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { magFilter: "linear", minFilter: "linear", }; @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => return modelViewProjectionMatrix as Float32Array; } - const context: ICanvasContext = { + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id, configuration: { usage: GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT } }; - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context } }, @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }; - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { pipeline: { vertex: { code: basicVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: sampleSelfWGSL }, primitive: { @@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }, vertices: { - position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, - uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, + position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, + uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, }, bindingResources: { uniforms: { - map: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) } + modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) }, mySampler: sampler, myTexture: { texture: cubeTexture }, @@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount }, }; - const copyTextureToTexture: ICopyTextureToTexture = { + const copyTextureToTexture: IGPUCopyTextureToTexture = { + __type: "IGPUCopyTextureToTexture", source: { texture: { context } }, destination: { texture: cubeTexture }, copySize: [canvas.width, canvas.height], @@ -107,13 +108,20 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => { const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix(); - (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IBufferBinding).map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU + (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IGPUBufferBinding).modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject(renderObject); - webgpu.copyTextureToTexture(copyTextureToTexture); + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] }, + copyTextureToTexture, + ] + } + ], + }; - webgpu.submit(); + webgpu.submit(data); requestAnimationFrame(frame); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.html index c766fa2a76a7ee57a2f9cffcaa2583d3b70e2cd5..17e606d701035ce5fb520046326dd24c4f8375c4 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.html @@ -16,28 +16,27 @@ -
-

+

+

This example shows how to make Conway's game of life. First, use compute shader to calculate how cells grow or die. Then use render pipeline to draw cells by using instance mesh.

+
- - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.ts index 109802c87c7d8275e34e33ac0f3bf25e61d5948b..ecfb13105855d65a628e42bc771d7e1391103ff8 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/gameOfLife/index.ts @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import computeWGSL from "./compute.wgsl"; import fragWGSL from "./frag.wgsl"; import vertWGSL from "./vert.wgsl"; -import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IComputePassEncoder, IComputePipeline, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPUComputePass, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => { @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); const GameOptions = { width: 128, @@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }; const squareVertices = new Uint32Array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]); - const verticesSquareBuffer: IVertexAttributes = { - pos: { buffer: { data: squareVertices } } + const verticesSquareBuffer: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + pos: { data: squareVertices, format: "uint32x2" } }; function addGUI() @@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => let wholeTime = 0; let loopTimes = 0; - let buffer0: IBuffer; - let verticesBuffer0: IVertexAttributes; - let buffer1: IBuffer; - let verticesBuffer1: IVertexAttributes; + let buffer0: Uint32Array; + let verticesBuffer0: IGPUVertexAttributes; + let buffer1: Uint32Array; + let verticesBuffer1: IGPUVertexAttributes; let render: () => void; function resetGameData() { // compute pipeline - const computePipeline: IComputePipeline = { + const computePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = { compute: { code: computeWGSL, constants: { @@ -54,10 +54,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, }, }; - const sizeBuffer: IBuffer = { - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - data: new Uint32Array([GameOptions.width, GameOptions.height]), - }; + const sizeBuffer = new Uint32Array([GameOptions.width, GameOptions.height]); const length = GameOptions.width * GameOptions.height; const cells = new Uint32Array(length); for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) @@ -65,37 +62,30 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => cells[i] = Math.random() < 0.25 ? 1 : 0; } - buffer0 = { - size: cells.byteLength, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - data: cells, - }; + buffer0 = cells; verticesBuffer0 = { - cell: { buffer: buffer0, stepMode: "instance" } + cell: { data: buffer0, format: "uint32", stepMode: "instance" } }; - buffer1 = { - size: cells.byteLength, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX, - }; + buffer1 = new Uint32Array(cells.byteLength); verticesBuffer1 = { - cell: { buffer: buffer1, stepMode: "instance" } + cell: { data: buffer1, format: "uint32", stepMode: "instance" } }; - const bindGroup0: IBindingResources = { - size: { buffer: sizeBuffer }, - current: { buffer: buffer0 }, - next: { buffer: buffer1 }, + const bindGroup0: IGPUBindingResources = { + size: { bufferView: sizeBuffer }, + current: { bufferView: buffer0 }, + next: { bufferView: buffer1 }, }; - const bindGroup1: IBindingResources = { - size: { buffer: sizeBuffer }, - current: { buffer: buffer1 }, - next: { buffer: buffer0 }, + const bindGroup1: IGPUBindingResources = { + size: { bufferView: sizeBuffer }, + current: { bufferView: buffer1 }, + next: { bufferView: buffer0 }, }; - const renderPipeline: IRenderPipeline = { + const renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { primitive: { topology: "triangle-strip", }, @@ -107,15 +97,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, }; - const uniformBindGroup: IBindingResources = { + const uniformBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { size: { - buffer: sizeBuffer, + bufferView: sizeBuffer, offset: 0, size: 2 * Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, }, }; - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -123,14 +113,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ], }; - const passEncodersArray: (IComputePassEncoder | IRenderPassEncoder)[][] = []; + const passEncodersArray: (IGPUComputePass | IGPURenderPass)[][] = []; for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) { - const vertices1: IVertexAttributes = {}; + const vertices1: IGPUVertexAttributes = {}; Object.assign(vertices1, i ? verticesBuffer1 : verticesBuffer0, verticesSquareBuffer); passEncodersArray[i] = [ { + __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [{ pipeline: computePipeline, bindingResources: i ? bindGroup1 : bindGroup0, @@ -141,7 +132,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }] }, { - renderPass, + descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [ { pipeline: renderPipeline, @@ -157,7 +148,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => loopTimes = 0; render = () => { - const submit: ISubmit = { + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [ { passEncoders: passEncodersArray[loopTimes], diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.html index a94b4f473eba3072c0c825ff1d6465d80ab4390f..e874e88b30bc7bb7f0857f098b74a6ca0568c9a6 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.html @@ -16,23 +16,28 @@ -
-

Shows rendering a basic triangle.

+
+

+ Shows rendering a basic triangle.

+
- diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.ts index 6e1746e2e6650379122e5297368cc527a445c190..b306088ebea7c1663925de6f8c0aeaafe2a65e36 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangle/index.ts @@ -1,41 +1,66 @@ -import { IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; -import redFragWGSL from "../../shaders/red.frag.wgsl"; -import triangleVertWGSL from "../../shaders/triangle.vert.wgsl"; +import { IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => { - const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; - canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; - canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); // 初始化WebGPU - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); - - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { - colorAttachments: [{ - view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, - clearValue: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], - }], - }; - - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { - pipeline: { - vertex: { code: triangleVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: redFragWGSL }, - }, - draw: { vertexCount: 3 }, + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { // 一次GPU提交 + commandEncoders: [ // 命令编码列表 + { + passEncoders: [ // 通道编码列表 + { // 渲染通道 + descriptor: { // 渲染通道描述 + colorAttachments: [{ // 颜色附件 + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // 绘制到canvas上 + clearValue: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], // 渲染前填充颜色 + }], + }, + renderObjects: [{ // 渲染对象 + pipeline: { // 渲染管线 + vertex: { // 顶点着色器 + code: ` + @vertex + fn main( + @location(0) position: vec2, + ) -> @builtin(position) vec4 { + return vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); + } + ` }, + fragment: { // 片段着色器 + code: ` + struct Uniforms { + color : vec4, + } + @binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms : Uniforms; + @fragment + fn main() -> @location(0) vec4f { + return uniforms.color; + } + ` }, + }, + vertices: { + position: { data: new Float32Array([0.0, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5]), format: "float32x2" }, // 顶点坐标数据 + }, + indices: new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2]), // 顶点索引数据 + bindingResources: { uniforms: { color: new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 1]) } }, // Uniform 颜色值。 + drawIndexed: { indexCount: 3 }, // 绘制命令 + }] + }, + ] + } + ], }; - function frame() - { - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject(renderObject); - - webgpu.submit(); - - requestAnimationFrame(frame); - } - - requestAnimationFrame(frame); + webgpu.submit(submit); // 提交GPU执行 }; -const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +let webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +if (!webgpuCanvas) +{ + webgpuCanvas = document.createElement("canvas"); + webgpuCanvas.id = "webgpu"; + webgpuCanvas.style.width = "400px"; + webgpuCanvas.style.height = "300px"; + document.body.appendChild(webgpuCanvas); +} init(webgpuCanvas); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.html index 390f1c7d7ad9ab41bcefa8ae4c109bcccc5b0eb7..8152f35179019f1823d69bd2b5e460a068714e73 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.html @@ -16,26 +16,26 @@ -
-

Shows multisampled rendering a basic triangle.

+
+

+ Shows multisampled rendering a basic triangle. +

+
- - - diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.ts index b764fb140089769223d6e6f8874c808ee8d86bb3..0288ee7e55f61b7a44edd3895bd4217796b4a4d7 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/helloTriangleMSAA/index.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; import redFragWGSL from "../../shaders/red.frag.wgsl"; import triangleVertWGSL from "../../shaders/triangle.vert.wgsl"; @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [{ view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, clearValue: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => multisample: 4, // 设置多重采样数量 }; - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { pipeline: { vertex: { code: triangleVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: redFragWGSL }, }, @@ -27,10 +27,17 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => function frame() { - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject(renderObject); - - webgpu.submit(); + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [renderObject] }, + ] + } + ], + }; + + webgpu.submit(data); requestAnimationFrame(frame); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.html index 99855484faae60bcc65bfdd35666fc26bfebb182..902eff9013c9798eacaa23bb8b6c8379df89bb41 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.html @@ -1,43 +1,42 @@ - - Video Uploading - - - - - - - - - - - - + + Image Blur + + + + + + + + + + + + -
-

- This example shows how to blur an image using a WebGPU compute shader. -

-
+
+

+ This example shows how to blur an image using a WebGPU compute shader. +

+ +
- - - + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.ts index 58a16e66935dc25ba4b33901a2081ad5ae66380d..49163f8f9bac0942fd5f692c58567548ec282b28 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/imageBlur/index.ts @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; import fullscreenTexturedQuadWGSL from "../../shaders/fullscreenTexturedQuad.wgsl"; import blurWGSL from "./blur.wgsl"; -import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IComputePassEncoder, IComputePipeline, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISampler, ISubmit, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPUComputePass, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; // Contants from the blur.wgsl shader. const tileDim = 128; @@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); - const blurPipeline: IComputePipeline = { + const blurPipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = { compute: { code: blurWGSL, }, }; - const fullscreenQuadPipeline1: IRenderPipeline = { + const fullscreenQuadPipeline1: IGPURenderPipeline = { vertex: { code: fullscreenTexturedQuadWGSL, }, @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }, }; - const sampler: ISampler = { + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { magFilter: "linear", minFilter: "linear", }; @@ -46,79 +46,58 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(img); const [srcWidth, srcHeight] = [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height]; - const cubeTexture1: ITexture = { + const cubeTexture1: IGPUTexture = { size: [srcWidth, srcHeight, 1], format: "rgba8unorm", usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, source: [{ source: { source: imageBitmap }, destination: {}, copySize: { width: imageBitmap.width, height: imageBitmap.height } }], }; - const textures: ITexture[] = [0, 1].map(() => + const textures: IGPUTexture[] = [0, 1].map(() => ({ size: [srcWidth, srcHeight], format: "rgba8unorm", usage: GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.STORAGE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING, - } as ITexture)); + } as IGPUTexture)); - const buffer0 = (() => - { - const buffer: IBuffer = { - size: 4, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM, - data: new Uint32Array([0]), - }; - - return buffer; - })(); + const buffer0 = new Uint32Array([0]); - const buffer1 = (() => - { - const buffer: IBuffer = { - size: 4, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM, - data: new Uint32Array([1]), - }; + const buffer1 = new Uint32Array([1]); - return buffer; - })(); - - const blurParamsBuffer: IBuffer = { - size: 8, - usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM, - }; + const blurParamsBuffer = new Uint8Array(8); - const computeConstants: IBindingResources = { + const computeConstants: IGPUBindingResources = { samp: sampler, params: { - buffer: blurParamsBuffer, + bufferView: blurParamsBuffer, }, }; - const computeBindGroup0: IBindingResources = { + const computeBindGroup0: IGPUBindingResources = { inputTex: { texture: cubeTexture1 }, outputTex: { texture: textures[0] }, flip: { - buffer: buffer0, + bufferView: buffer0, } }; - const computeBindGroup1: IBindingResources = { + const computeBindGroup1: IGPUBindingResources = { inputTex: { texture: textures[0] }, outputTex: { texture: textures[1] }, flip: { - buffer: buffer1, + bufferView: buffer1, }, }; - const computeBindGroup2: IBindingResources = { + const computeBindGroup2: IGPUBindingResources = { inputTex: { texture: textures[1] }, outputTex: { texture: textures[0] }, flip: { - buffer: buffer0, + bufferView: buffer0, }, }; - const showResultBindGroup1: IBindingResources = { + const showResultBindGroup1: IGPUBindingResources = { mySampler: sampler, myTexture: { texture: textures[1] }, }; @@ -134,13 +113,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => const updateSettings = () => { blockDim = tileDim - (settings.filterSize - 1); - if (blurParamsBuffer.writeBuffers) + if (getIGPUBuffer(blurParamsBuffer).writeBuffers) { - blurParamsBuffer.writeBuffers.push({ data: new Uint32Array([settings.filterSize, blockDim]) }); + getIGPUBuffer(blurParamsBuffer).writeBuffers.push({ data: new Uint32Array([settings.filterSize, blockDim]) }); } else { - blurParamsBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: new Uint32Array([settings.filterSize, blockDim]) }]; + getIGPUBuffer(blurParamsBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: new Uint32Array([settings.filterSize, blockDim]) }]; } needUpdateEncoder = true; }; @@ -152,7 +131,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => updateSettings(); - const renderPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = { + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -161,8 +140,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ], }; - const gpuRenderPassEncoder: IRenderPassEncoder = { - renderPass: renderPassDescriptor, + const gpuRenderPassEncoder: IGPURenderPass = { + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [{ pipeline: fullscreenQuadPipeline1, bindingResources: showResultBindGroup1, @@ -170,8 +149,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => }], }; - const gpuComputePassEncoder: IComputePassEncoder = { computeObjects: [] }; - const submit: ISubmit = { + const gpuComputePassEncoder: IGPUComputePass = { __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [] }; + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { commandEncoders: [ { passEncoders: [ @@ -182,15 +161,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => ] }; - const bindingResources0: IBindingResources = { + const bindingResources0: IGPUBindingResources = { ...computeConstants, ...computeBindGroup0, }; - const bindingResources1: IBindingResources = { + const bindingResources1: IGPUBindingResources = { ...computeConstants, ...computeBindGroup1, }; - const bindingResources2: IBindingResources = { + const bindingResources2: IGPUBindingResources = { ...computeConstants, ...computeBindGroup2, }; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.html index f6f60c9f38b4f014ef321745f62d30cec79fb4f9..0391ea6373f0d4ee5288504e5a6e1bd2d81704b2 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.html +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.html @@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ -
-

+

+

This example shows the use of instancing.

+
- diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.ts index 6e73ff30768763a45765dd1ee770981324063976..9c2cc2caad4ae33c49b3960cf80c636464355290 100644 --- a/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.ts +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/instancedCube/index.ts @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { Mat4, mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube"; import instancedVertWGSL from "../../shaders/instanced.vert.wgsl"; import vertexPositionColorWGSL from "../../shaders/vertexPositionColor.frag.wgsl"; -import { IBufferBinding, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer"; +import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => { @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; - const webgpu = await WebGPU.init(); + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); const xCount = 4; const yCount = 4; @@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => 100.0 ); - type Mat4 = mat4.default; const modelMatrices = new Array(numInstances); const mvpMatricesData = new Float32Array(matrixFloatCount * numInstances); @@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => } } - const renderPass: IRenderPass = { + const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [ { view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, @@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }; - const renderObject: IRenderObject = { + const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = { pipeline: { vertex: { code: instancedVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: vertexPositionColorWGSL }, primitive: { @@ -109,12 +108,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => }, }, vertices: { - position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, - uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize }, + position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, + uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize }, }, bindingResources: { uniforms: { - map: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: null } + modelViewProjectionMatrix: null }, }, draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount, instanceCount: numInstances } @@ -125,12 +124,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => // Update the matrix data. updateTransformationMatrix(); - (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IBufferBinding).map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(mvpMatricesData); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU + (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IGPUBufferBinding).modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(mvpMatricesData); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU - webgpu.renderPass(renderPass); - webgpu.renderObject(renderObject); + const data: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [ + { + passEncoders: [ + { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] }, + ] + } + ], + }; - webgpu.submit(); + webgpu.submit(data); requestAnimationFrame(frame); } diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ba31c89ff65d892456a87cc24f101a242ce8e9d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ + + + + + + + webgpu-samples: multipleCanvases + + + + + +

+ This example shows rendering to multiple canvases with a single WebGPU device and using \`IntersectionObserver\` + to only render to visible canvases. + + For more info [see this article](https://webgpufundamentals.org/webgpu/lessons/webgpu-multiple-canvases.html). +

+
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ababaf3f9cf32a430c8b285fd8ee1c85e9ab97d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; +import { mat3, mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { modelData } from "./models"; + +type TypedArrayView = Float32Array | Uint32Array; + +function createBufferWithData( + device: GPUDevice, + data: TypedArrayView, + usage: number +) +{ + const buffer = device.createBuffer({ + size: data.byteLength, + usage, + }); + device.queue.writeBuffer(buffer, 0, data); + +return buffer; +} + +type Model = { + vertices: Float32Array; + indices: Uint32Array; + vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes, +}; + +function createVertexAndIndexBuffer( + { vertices, indices }: { vertices: Float32Array; indices: Uint32Array } +): Model +{ + const vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes = { + position: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 0, arrayStride: 6 * 4 }, + normal: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 3 * 4, arrayStride: 6 * 4 }, + }; + + return { + vertices, + indices, + vertexAttributes, + }; +} + +const init = async () => +{ + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + const models = Object.values(modelData).map((data) => + createVertexAndIndexBuffer(data) + ); + + function rand(min?: number, max?: number) + { + if (min === undefined) + { + max = 1; + min = 0; + } + else if (max === undefined) + { + max = min; + min = 0; + } + +return Math.random() * (max - min) + min; + } + + function randInt(min: number, max?: number) + { + return Math.floor(rand(min, max)); + } + + function randColor() + { + return [rand(), rand(), rand(), 1]; + } + + const presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat(); + const depthFormat = "depth24plus"; + + const module = { + code: ` + struct Uniforms { + worldViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f, + worldMatrix: mat4x4f, + color: vec4f, + }; + + struct Vertex { + @location(0) position: vec4f, + @location(1) normal: vec3f, + }; + + struct VSOut { + @builtin(position) position: vec4f, + @location(0) normal: vec3f, + }; + + @group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms; + + @vertex fn vs(vin: Vertex) -> VSOut { + var vOut: VSOut; + vOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * vin.position; + vOut.normal = (uni.worldMatrix * vec4f(vin.normal, 0)).xyz; + return vOut; + } + + @fragment fn fs(vin: VSOut) -> @location(0) vec4f { + let lightDirection = normalize(vec3f(4, 10, 6)); + let light = dot(normalize(vin.normal), lightDirection) * 0.5 + 0.5; + return vec4f(uni.color.rgb * light, uni.color.a); + } + `, + }; + + const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = { + label: "our hardcoded red triangle pipeline", + vertex: { + ...module, + }, + fragment: { + ...module, + }, + primitive: { + cullMode: "back", + }, + depthStencil: { + depthWriteEnabled: true, + depthCompare: "less", + }, + }; + + const resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver((entries) => + { + for (const entry of entries) + { + const canvas = entry.target as HTMLCanvasElement; + const width = entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize; + const height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize; + canvas.width = Math.max( + 1, + Math.min(width, webgpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D) + ); + canvas.height = Math.max( + 1, + Math.min(height, webgpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D) + ); + } + }); + + const visibleCanvasSet = new Set(); + const intersectionObserver = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => + { + for (const { target, isIntersecting } of entries) + { + const canvas = target as HTMLCanvasElement; + if (isIntersecting) + { + visibleCanvasSet.add(canvas); + } + else + { + visibleCanvasSet.delete(canvas); + } + } + }); + + type CanvasInfo = { + context: IGPUCanvasContext; + clearValue: number[]; + worldViewProjectionMatrixValue: Float32Array; + worldMatrixValue: Float32Array; + uniformValues: Float32Array; + bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources; + rotation: number; + model: Model; + renderPassDescriptor?: IGPURenderPassDescriptor + }; + + const outerElem = document.querySelector("#outer"); + const canvasToInfoMap = new Map(); + const numProducts = 200; + for (let i = 0; i < numProducts; ++i) + { + // making this + //
+ // + //
Product#: ?
+ //
+ const canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); + resizeObserver.observe(canvas); + intersectionObserver.observe(canvas); + + const container = document.createElement("div"); + container.className = `product size${randInt(4)}`; + + const description = document.createElement("div"); + description.textContent = `product#: ${i + 1}`; + + container.appendChild(canvas); + container.appendChild(description); + outerElem.appendChild(container); + + // Get a WebGPU context and configure it. + canvas.id = canvas.id || `gpuCanvas___${globalThis["gpuCanvasAutoID"] = ~~globalThis["gpuCanvasAutoID"] + 1}`; + const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id }; + + // Make a uniform buffer and type array views + // for our uniforms. + const uniformValues = new Float32Array(16 + 16 + 4); + const kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset = 0; + const kWorldMatrixOffset = 16; + const kColorOffset = 32; + const worldViewProjectionMatrixValue = uniformValues.subarray( + kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset, + kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset + 16 + ); + const worldMatrixValue = uniformValues.subarray( + kWorldMatrixOffset, + kWorldMatrixOffset + 15 + ); + const colorValue = uniformValues.subarray(kColorOffset, kColorOffset + 4); + colorValue.set(randColor()); + + // Make a bind group for this uniform + const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = { + uni: { + bufferView: uniformValues, + worldViewProjectionMatrix: undefined, + worldMatrix: undefined, + color: undefined, + } + }; + // device.createBindGroup({ + // layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0), + // entries: [{ binding: 0, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer } }], + // }); + + canvasToInfoMap.set(canvas, { + context, + clearValue: randColor(), + worldViewProjectionMatrixValue, + worldMatrixValue, + uniformValues, + bindGroup, + rotation: rand(Math.PI * 2), + model: models[randInt(models.length)], + }); + } + + function render(time: number) + { + time *= 0.001; // convert to seconds; + + // make a command encoder to start encoding commands + const passEncoders: IGPUPassEncoder[] = []; + + visibleCanvasSet.forEach((canvas) => + { + const canvasInfo = canvasToInfoMap.get(canvas); + const { + context, + uniformValues, + worldViewProjectionMatrixValue, + worldMatrixValue, + bindGroup, + clearValue, + rotation, + model: { vertexAttributes, indices }, + } = canvasInfo; + + // Get the current texture from the canvas context and + // set it as the texture to render to. + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = canvasInfo.renderPassDescriptor = canvasInfo.renderPassDescriptor || { + label: "our basic canvas renderPass", + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context } }, // <- to be filled out when we render + clearValue, + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + depthStencilAttachment: { + view: undefined, // <- to be filled out when we render + depthClearValue: 1.0, + depthLoadOp: "clear", + depthStoreOp: "store", + }, + }; + + const fov = (60 * Math.PI) / 180; + const aspect = canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight; + const projection = mat4.perspective(fov, aspect, 0.1, 100); + + const view = mat4.lookAt( + [0, 30, 50], // eye + [0, 0, 0], // target + [0, 1, 0] // up + ); + + const viewProjection = mat4.multiply(projection, view); + + const world = mat4.rotationY(time * 0.1 + rotation); + mat4.multiply(viewProjection, world, worldViewProjectionMatrixValue); + mat3.fromMat4(world, worldMatrixValue); + + // Upload our uniform values. + const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformValues); + const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || []; + writeBuffers.push({ + data: uniformValues, + }); + buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers; + + // make a render pass encoder to encode render specific commands + passEncoders.push({ + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [{ + pipeline, + vertices: vertexAttributes, + indices, + bindingResources: bindGroup, + drawIndexed: { indexCount: indices.length }, + }], + }); + }); + + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [{ + passEncoders, + }] + }; + webgpu.submit(submit); + + requestAnimationFrame(render); + } + requestAnimationFrame(render); +}; + +init(); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/models.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/models.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4414b28e6cea3f5d6b76c11e2b00ead545069368 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/models.ts @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +// Ideally all the models would be the same format +// and we'd determine that format at build time or before +// but, we want to reuse the model data in this repo +// so we'll normalize it here + +import { vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { mesh as teapot } from "../../meshes/teapot"; +import { mesh as dragon } from "../../meshes/stanfordDragon"; +import { createSphereMesh } from "../../meshes/sphere"; + +type Mesh = { + positions: [number, number, number][]; + triangles: [number, number, number][]; + normals: [number, number, number][]; +}; + +export function convertMeshToTypedArrays( + mesh: Mesh, + scale: number, + offset = [0, 0, 0] +) +{ + const { positions, normals, triangles } = mesh; + const scaledPositions = positions.map((p) => + p.map((v, i) => v * scale + offset[i % 3]) + ); + const vertices = new Float32Array(scaledPositions.length * 6); + for (let i = 0; i < scaledPositions.length; ++i) +{ + vertices.set(scaledPositions[i], 6 * i); + vertices.set(normals[i], 6 * i + 3); + } + const indices = new Uint32Array(triangles.length * 3); + for (let i = 0; i < triangles.length; ++i) +{ + indices.set(triangles[i], 3 * i); + } + + return { + vertices, + indices, + }; +} + +function createSphereTypedArrays( + radius: number, + widthSegments = 32, + heightSegments = 16, + randomness = 0 +) +{ + const { vertices: verticesWithUVs, indices } = createSphereMesh( + radius, + widthSegments, + heightSegments, + randomness + ); + const numVertices = verticesWithUVs.length / 8; + const vertices = new Float32Array(numVertices * 6); + for (let i = 0; i < numVertices; ++i) +{ + const srcNdx = i * 8; + const dstNdx = i * 6; + vertices.set(verticesWithUVs.subarray(srcNdx, srcNdx + 6), dstNdx); + } + +return { + vertices, + indices: new Uint32Array(indices), + }; +} + +function flattenNormals({ + vertices, + indices, +}: { + vertices: Float32Array; + indices: Uint32Array; +}) +{ + const newVertices = new Float32Array(indices.length * 6); + const newIndices = new Uint32Array(indices.length); + for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i += 3) +{ + const positions = []; + for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j) +{ + const ndx = indices[i + j]; + const srcNdx = ndx * 6; + const dstNdx = (i + j) * 6; + // copy position + const pos = vertices.subarray(srcNdx, srcNdx + 3); + newVertices.set(pos, dstNdx); + positions.push(pos); + newIndices[i + j] = i + j; + } + + const normal = vec3.normalize( + vec3.cross( + vec3.normalize(vec3.subtract(positions[1], positions[0])), + vec3.normalize(vec3.subtract(positions[2], positions[1])) + ) + ); + + for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j) +{ + const dstNdx = (i + j) * 6; + newVertices.set(normal, dstNdx + 3); + } + } + + return { + vertices: newVertices, + indices: newIndices, + }; +} + +export const modelData = { + teapot: convertMeshToTypedArrays(teapot, 1.5), + dragon: convertMeshToTypedArrays(dragon, 0.5, [0, -25, 0]), + sphere: flattenNormals(createSphereTypedArrays(20)), + jewel: flattenNormals(createSphereTypedArrays(20, 5, 3)), + rock: flattenNormals(createSphereTypedArrays(20, 32, 16, 0.1)), +}; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/solidColorLit.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/solidColorLit.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c29c3f6c15516148c6b5f57385386ef4b66de3ba --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/multipleCanvases/solidColorLit.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +struct Uniforms { + worldViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f, + worldMatrix: mat4x4f, + color: vec4f, +}; + +struct Vertex { + @location(0) position: vec4f, + @location(1) normal: vec3f, +}; + +struct VSOut { + @builtin(position) position: vec4f, + @location(0) normal: vec3f, +}; + +@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms; + +@vertex fn vs(vin: Vertex) -> VSOut { + var vOut: VSOut; + vOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * vin.position; + vOut.normal = (uni.worldMatrix * vec4f(vin.normal, 0)).xyz; + return vOut; +} + +@fragment fn fs(vin: VSOut) -> @location(0) vec4f { + let lightDirection = normalize(vec3f(4, 10, 6)); + let light = dot(normalize(vin.normal), lightDirection) * 0.5 + 0.5; + return vec4f(uni.color.rgb * light, uni.color.a); +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cbf187dc1d3dad0e67962db4c589f300d8d7001 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + + + + + Normal Mapping + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ This example demonstrates multiple different methods that employ fragment shaders to achieve additional perceptual depth on the surface of a cube mesh. Demonstrated methods include normal mapping, parallax mapping, and steep parallax mapping. +

+ +
+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0efbdff7d33bb7872519df0cb225c25a00863932 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ +import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; +import { GUI } from "dat.gui"; +import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix"; +import { createBoxMeshWithTangents } from "../../meshes/box"; +import normalMapWGSL from "./normalMap.wgsl"; +import { create3DRenderPipeline, createTextureFromImage } from "./utils"; + +const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) => +{ + const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1; + canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio; + canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio; + + const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init(); + + enum TextureAtlas + { + Spiral, + Toybox, + BrickWall, + } + + interface GUISettings + { + "Bump Mode": + | "Albedo Texture" + | "Normal Texture" + | "Depth Texture" + | "Normal Map" + | "Parallax Scale" + | "Steep Parallax"; + cameraPosX: number; + cameraPosY: number; + cameraPosZ: number; + lightPosX: number; + lightPosY: number; + lightPosZ: number; + lightIntensity: number; + depthScale: number; + depthLayers: number; + Texture: string; + "Reset Light": () => void; + } + + const settings: GUISettings = { + "Bump Mode": "Normal Map", + cameraPosX: 0.0, + cameraPosY: 0.8, + cameraPosZ: -1.4, + lightPosX: 1.7, + lightPosY: 0.7, + lightPosZ: -1.9, + lightIntensity: 5.0, + depthScale: 0.05, + depthLayers: 16, + Texture: "Spiral", + "Reset Light": () => + { + return; + }, + }; + + // Create normal mapping resources and pipeline + const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = { + size: [canvas.width, canvas.height], + format: "depth24plus", + usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, + }; + + // Fetch the image and upload it into a GPUTexture. + let woodAlbedoTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/wood_albedo.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + woodAlbedoTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let spiralNormalTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/spiral_normal.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + spiralNormalTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let spiralHeightTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/spiral_height.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + spiralHeightTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let toyboxNormalTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/toybox_normal.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + toyboxNormalTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let toyboxHeightTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/toybox_height.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + toyboxHeightTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let brickwallAlbedoTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/brickwall_albedo.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + brickwallAlbedoTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let brickwallNormalTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/brickwall_normal.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + brickwallNormalTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + let brickwallHeightTexture: IGPUTexture; + { + const response = await fetch("../../../assets/img/brickwall_height.png"); + const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob()); + brickwallHeightTexture = createTextureFromImage(imageBitmap); + } + + // Create a sampler with linear filtering for smooth interpolation. + const sampler: IGPUSampler = { + magFilter: "linear", + minFilter: "linear", + }; + + const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = { + colorAttachments: [ + { + view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, + + clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1], + loadOp: "clear", + storeOp: "store", + }, + ], + depthStencilAttachment: { + view: { texture: depthTexture }, + + depthClearValue: 1.0, + depthLoadOp: "clear", + depthStoreOp: "store", + }, + }; + + const box = createBoxMeshWithTangents(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); + + // Uniform bindGroups and bindGroupLayout + const spaceTransform = { + worldViewProjMatrix: undefined, + worldViewMatrix: undefined, + }; + const mapInfo = { + lightPosVS: undefined, + mode: undefined, + lightIntensity: undefined, + depthScale: undefined, + depthLayers: undefined, + }; + + const bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources = { + spaceTransform, + mapInfo, + // Texture bindGroups and bindGroupLayout + textureSampler: sampler, + albedoTexture: { texture: woodAlbedoTexture }, + normalTexture: { texture: spiralNormalTexture }, + depthTexture: { texture: spiralHeightTexture }, + }; + + const bindingResourcesList = [ + bindingResources, + { + ...bindingResources, + albedoTexture: { texture: woodAlbedoTexture }, + normalTexture: { texture: toyboxNormalTexture }, + depthTexture: { texture: toyboxHeightTexture }, + }, + { + ...bindingResources, + albedoTexture: { texture: brickwallAlbedoTexture }, + normalTexture: { texture: brickwallNormalTexture }, + depthTexture: { texture: brickwallHeightTexture }, + }, + ]; + + const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height; + const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 0.1, 10.0); + + function getViewMatrix() + { + return mat4.lookAt( + [settings.cameraPosX, settings.cameraPosY, settings.cameraPosZ], + [0, 0, 0], + [0, 1, 0] + ); + } + + function getModelMatrix() + { + const modelMatrix = mat4.create(); + mat4.identity(modelMatrix); + const now = Date.now() / 1000; + mat4.rotateY(modelMatrix, now * -0.5, modelMatrix); + +return modelMatrix; + } + + // Change the model mapping type + const getMode = (): number => + { + switch (settings["Bump Mode"]) + { + case "Albedo Texture": + return 0; + case "Normal Texture": + return 1; + case "Depth Texture": + return 2; + case "Normal Map": + return 3; + case "Parallax Scale": + return 4; + case "Steep Parallax": + return 5; + } + }; + + const texturedCubePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = create3DRenderPipeline( + "NormalMappingRender", + normalMapWGSL, + // Position, normal uv tangent bitangent + normalMapWGSL, + true + ); + + let currentSurfaceBindGroup = 0; + const onChangeTexture = () => + { + currentSurfaceBindGroup = TextureAtlas[settings.Texture]; + }; + + gui.add(settings, "Bump Mode", [ + "Albedo Texture", + "Normal Texture", + "Depth Texture", + "Normal Map", + "Parallax Scale", + "Steep Parallax", + ]); + gui + .add(settings, "Texture", ["Spiral", "Toybox", "BrickWall"]) + .onChange(onChangeTexture); + const lightFolder = gui.addFolder("Light"); + const depthFolder = gui.addFolder("Depth"); + lightFolder.add(settings, "Reset Light").onChange(() => + { + lightPosXController.setValue(1.7); + lightPosYController.setValue(0.7); + lightPosZController.setValue(-1.9); + lightIntensityController.setValue(5.0); + }); + const lightPosXController = lightFolder + .add(settings, "lightPosX", -5, 5) + .step(0.1); + const lightPosYController = lightFolder + .add(settings, "lightPosY", -5, 5) + .step(0.1); + const lightPosZController = lightFolder + .add(settings, "lightPosZ", -5, 5) + .step(0.1); + const lightIntensityController = lightFolder + .add(settings, "lightIntensity", 0.0, 10) + .step(0.1); + depthFolder.add(settings, "depthScale", 0.0, 0.1).step(0.01); + depthFolder.add(settings, "depthLayers", 1, 32).step(1); + + function frame() + { + // Update spaceTransformsBuffer + const viewMatrix = getViewMatrix(); + const worldViewMatrix = mat4.mul(viewMatrix, getModelMatrix()); + const worldViewProjMatrix = mat4.mul(projectionMatrix, worldViewMatrix); + + spaceTransform.worldViewMatrix = worldViewMatrix; + spaceTransform.worldViewProjMatrix = worldViewProjMatrix; + + // Update mapInfoBuffer + const lightPosWS = vec3.create( + settings.lightPosX, + settings.lightPosY, + settings.lightPosZ + ); + const lightPosVS = vec3.transformMat4(lightPosWS, viewMatrix); + const mode = getMode(); + // struct MapInfo { + // lightPosVS: vec3f, + // mode: u32, + // lightIntensity: f32, + // depthScale: f32, + // depthLayers: f32, + // } + mapInfo.lightPosVS = lightPosVS; + mapInfo.mode = mode; + mapInfo.lightIntensity = settings.lightIntensity; + mapInfo.depthScale = settings.depthScale; + mapInfo.depthLayers = settings.depthLayers; + + const submit: IGPUSubmit = { + commandEncoders: [{ + passEncoders: [{ + descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, + renderObjects: [{ + pipeline: texturedCubePipeline, + // * position : float32x3 + // * normal : float32x3 + // * uv : float32x2 + // * tangent : float32x3 + // * bitangent : float32x3 + vertices: { + position: { data: box.vertices, offset: 0, format: "float32x3", arrayStride: box.vertexStride }, + normal: { data: box.vertices, offset: 12, format: "float32x3", arrayStride: box.vertexStride }, + uv: { data: box.vertices, offset: 24, format: "float32x2", arrayStride: box.vertexStride }, + vert_tan: { data: box.vertices, offset: 32, format: "float32x3", arrayStride: box.vertexStride }, + vert_bitan: { data: box.vertices, offset: 44, format: "float32x3", arrayStride: box.vertexStride }, + }, + indices: box.indices, + bindingResources: bindingResourcesList[currentSurfaceBindGroup], + drawIndexed: { indexCount: box.indices.length }, + }], + }] + }] + }; + webgpu.submit(submit); + + requestAnimationFrame(frame); + } + requestAnimationFrame(frame); +}; + +const panel = new GUI(); +const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement; +init(webgpuCanvas, panel); diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/normalMap.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/normalMap.wgsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a5a1373d300c04d8999f5a9fb7d678eb20bb706 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/normalMap.wgsl @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +const modeAlbedoTexture = 0; +const modeNormalTexture = 1; +const modeDepthTexture = 2; +const modeNormalMap = 3; +const modeParallaxScale = 4; +const modeSteepParallax = 5; + +struct SpaceTransforms { + worldViewProjMatrix: mat4x4f, + worldViewMatrix: mat4x4f, +} + +struct MapInfo { + lightPosVS: vec3f, // Light position in view space + mode: u32, + lightIntensity: f32, + depthScale: f32, + depthLayers: f32, +} + +struct VertexInput { + // Shader assumes the missing 4th float is 1.0 + @location(0) position : vec4f, + @location(1) normal : vec3f, + @location(2) uv : vec2f, + @location(3) vert_tan: vec3f, + @location(4) vert_bitan: vec3f, +} + +struct VertexOutput { + @builtin(position) posCS : vec4f, // vertex position in clip space + @location(0) posVS : vec3f, // vertex position in view space + @location(1) tangentVS: vec3f, // vertex tangent in view space + @location(2) bitangentVS: vec3f, // vertex tangent in view space + @location(3) normalVS: vec3f, // vertex normal in view space + @location(5) uv : vec2f, // vertex texture coordinate +} + +// Uniforms +@group(0) @binding(0) var spaceTransform : SpaceTransforms; +@group(0) @binding(1) var mapInfo: MapInfo; + +// Texture info +@group(1) @binding(0) var textureSampler: sampler; +@group(1) @binding(1) var albedoTexture: texture_2d; +@group(1) @binding(2) var normalTexture: texture_2d; +@group(1) @binding(3) var depthTexture: texture_2d; + + +@vertex +fn vertexMain(input: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput { + var output : VertexOutput; + + output.posCS = spaceTransform.worldViewProjMatrix * input.position; + output.posVS = (spaceTransform.worldViewMatrix * input.position).xyz; + output.tangentVS = (spaceTransform.worldViewMatrix * vec4(input.vert_tan, 0)).xyz; + output.bitangentVS = (spaceTransform.worldViewMatrix * vec4(input.vert_bitan, 0)).xyz; + output.normalVS = (spaceTransform.worldViewMatrix * vec4(input.normal, 0)).xyz; + output.uv = input.uv; + + return output; +} + +@fragment +fn fragmentMain(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f { + // Build the matrix to convert from tangent space to view space + let tangentToView = mat3x3f( + input.tangentVS, + input.bitangentVS, + input.normalVS, + ); + + // The inverse of a non-scaling affine 3x3 matrix is it's transpose + let viewToTangent = transpose(tangentToView); + + // Calculate the normalized vector in tangent space from the camera to the fragment + let viewDirTS = normalize(viewToTangent * input.posVS); + + // Apply parallax to the texture coordinate, if parallax is enabled + var uv : vec2f; + switch (mapInfo.mode) { + case modeParallaxScale: { + uv = parallaxScale(input.uv, viewDirTS); + break; + } + case modeSteepParallax: { + uv = parallaxSteep(input.uv, viewDirTS); + break; + } + default: { + uv = input.uv; + break; + } + } + + // Sample the albedo texture + let albedoSample = textureSample(albedoTexture, textureSampler, uv); + + // Sample the normal texture + let normalSample = textureSample(normalTexture, textureSampler, uv); + + switch (mapInfo.mode) { + case modeAlbedoTexture: { // Output the albedo sample + return albedoSample; + } + case modeNormalTexture: { // Output the normal sample + return normalSample; + } + case modeDepthTexture: { // Output the depth map + return textureSample(depthTexture, textureSampler, input.uv); + } + default: { + // Transform the normal sample to a tangent space normal + let normalTS = normalSample.xyz * 2 - 1; + + // Convert normal from tangent space to view space, and normalize + let normalVS = normalize(tangentToView * normalTS); + + // Calculate the vector in view space from the light position to the fragment + let fragToLightVS = mapInfo.lightPosVS - input.posVS; + + // Calculate the square distance from the light to the fragment + let lightSqrDist = dot(fragToLightVS, fragToLightVS); + + // Calculate the normalized vector in view space from the fragment to the light + let lightDirVS = fragToLightVS * inverseSqrt(lightSqrDist); + + // Light strength is inversely proportional to square of distance from light + let diffuseLight = mapInfo.lightIntensity * max(dot(lightDirVS, normalVS), 0) / lightSqrDist; + + // The diffuse is the albedo color multiplied by the diffuseLight + let diffuse = albedoSample.rgb * diffuseLight; + + return vec4f(diffuse, 1.0); + } + } +} + + +// Returns the uv coordinate displaced in the view direction by a magnitude calculated by the depth +// sampled from the depthTexture and the angle between the surface normal and view direction. +fn parallaxScale(uv: vec2f, viewDirTS: vec3f) -> vec2f { + let depthSample = textureSample(depthTexture, textureSampler, uv).r; + return uv + viewDirTS.xy * (depthSample * mapInfo.depthScale) / -viewDirTS.z; +} + +// Returns the uv coordinates displaced in the view direction by ray-tracing the depth map. +fn parallaxSteep(startUV: vec2f, viewDirTS: vec3f) -> vec2f { + // Calculate derivatives of the texture coordinate, so we can sample the texture with non-uniform + // control flow. + let ddx = dpdx(startUV); + let ddy = dpdy(startUV); + + // Calculate the delta step in UV and depth per iteration + let uvDelta = viewDirTS.xy * mapInfo.depthScale / (-viewDirTS.z * mapInfo.depthLayers); + let depthDelta = 1.0 / f32(mapInfo.depthLayers); + let posDelta = vec3(uvDelta, depthDelta); + + // Walk the depth texture, and stop when the ray intersects the depth map + var pos = vec3(startUV, 0); + for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++) { + if (pos.z >= textureSampleGrad(depthTexture, textureSampler, pos.xy, ddx, ddy).r) { + break; // Hit the surface + } + pos += posDelta; + } + + return pos.xy; +} diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/utils.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/utils.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3f89b5d773003aaa441ebcbe04e3ff7c7e01b81 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/normalMap/utils.ts @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +import { IGPUDepthStencilState, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUTexture } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer"; + +export const create3DRenderPipeline = ( + label: string, + vertexShader: string, + fragmentShader: string, + depthTest = false, + topology: GPUPrimitiveTopology = "triangle-list", + cullMode: GPUCullMode = "back" +) => +{ + let depthStencil: IGPUDepthStencilState; + if (depthTest) + { + depthStencil = { + depthCompare: "less", + depthWriteEnabled: true, + }; + } + + const pipelineDescriptor: IGPURenderPipeline = { + label: `${label}.pipeline`, + vertex: { + code: vertexShader, + }, + fragment: { + code: fragmentShader, + }, + primitive: { + topology, + cullMode, + }, + depthStencil, + }; + + return pipelineDescriptor; +}; + +export const createTextureFromImage = ( + bitmap: ImageBitmap +) => +{ + const texture: IGPUTexture = { + size: [bitmap.width, bitmap.height, 1], + format: "rgba8unorm", + usage: + GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING + | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST + | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT, + source: [{ source: { source: bitmap }, destination: {}, copySize: [bitmap.width, bitmap.height] }] + }; + +return texture; +}; diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..797296d6c9cc3b9a0d045c30d868ec63e8843c96 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + + + + + webgpu-samples: occlusionQuery + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

+ This example demonstrates using Occlusion Queries. +

+ 

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f0b0634774feda1dfc09f4256cabe84987c75f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import { mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import solidColorLitWGSL from "./solidColorLit.wgsl";
+
+import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUOcclusionQuery, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const info = document.querySelector("#info");
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
+{
+    const settings = {
+        animate: true,
+    };
+    gui.add(settings, "animate");
+
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: {
+            code: solidColorLitWGSL,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: solidColorLitWGSL,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "triangle-list",
+            cullMode: "back",
+        },
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less",
+        },
+    };
+
+    // prettier-ignore
+    const cubePositions = [
+        { position: [-1, 0, 0], id: "🟥", color: [1, 0, 0, 1] },
+        { position: [1, 0, 0], id: "🟨", color: [1, 1, 0, 1] },
+        { position: [0, -1, 0], id: "🟩", color: [0, 0.5, 0, 1] },
+        { position: [0, 1, 0], id: "🟧", color: [1, 0.6, 0, 1] },
+        { position: [0, 0, -1], id: "🟦", color: [0, 0, 1, 1] },
+        { position: [0, 0, 1], id: "🟪", color: [0.5, 0, 0.5, 1] },
+    ];
+
+    const objectInfos = cubePositions.map(({ position, id, color }) =>
+    {
+        const uniformBufferSize = (2 * 16 + 3 + 1 + 4) * 4;
+        const uniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(uniformBufferSize);
+        const uniformValues = new Float32Array(uniformBufferSize / 4);
+        const worldViewProjection = uniformValues.subarray(0, 16);
+        const worldInverseTranspose = uniformValues.subarray(16, 32);
+        const colorValue = uniformValues.subarray(32, 36);
+
+        colorValue.set(color);
+
+        return {
+            id,
+            position: position.map((v) => v * 10),
+            uniformBuffer,
+            uniformValues,
+            worldInverseTranspose,
+            worldViewProjection,
+        };
+    });
+
+    // prettier-ignore
+    const vertexData = new Float32Array([
+        // position             normal
+        1, 1, -1, 1, 0, 0,
+        1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+        1, -1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+        1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0,
+        -1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0,
+        -1, 1, -1, -1, 0, 0,
+        -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 0,
+        -1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 0,
+        -1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+        1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+        1, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0,
+        -1, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0,
+        -1, -1, -1, 0, -1, 0,
+        1, -1, -1, 0, -1, 0,
+        1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0,
+        -1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0,
+        1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+        -1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+        -1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+        1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+        -1, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1,
+        1, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1,
+        1, -1, -1, 0, 0, -1,
+        -1, -1, -1, 0, 0, -1,
+    ]);
+    // prettier-ignore
+    const indices = new Uint16Array([
+        0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, // +x face
+        4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, // -x face
+        8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11, // +y face
+        12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15, // -y face
+        16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19, // +z face
+        20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23, // -z face
+    ]);
+
+    const vertexBuf = vertexData;
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
+                clearValue: [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
+        pipeline,
+        vertices: {
+            position: { data: vertexBuf, offset: 0, arrayStride: 6 * 4, format: "float32x3" },
+            normal: { data: vertexBuf, offset: 12, arrayStride: 6 * 4, format: "float32x3" },
+        },
+        indices,
+        bindingResources: {
+            uni: {
+                bufferView: undefined,
+            },
+        },
+        drawIndexed: { indexCount: indices.length },
+    };
+
+    const renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[] = objectInfos.map((v) =>
+    {
+        const ro: IGPURenderObject = {
+            ...renderObject,
+            bindingResources: {
+                uni: {
+                    bufferView: v.uniformBuffer,
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
+        return ro;
+    });
+
+    const occlusionQueryObjects: IGPUOcclusionQuery[] = renderObjects.map((ro) =>
+    ({ __type: "IGPUOcclusionQuery", renderObjects: [ro] }));
+
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPass = {
+        descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+        // renderObjects: renderObjects,
+        renderObjects: occlusionQueryObjects,
+    };
+
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+        commandEncoders: [
+            {
+                passEncoders: [
+                    renderPass
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+    };
+
+    const lerp = (a: number, b: number, t: number) => a + (b - a) * t;
+    const lerpV = (a: number[], b: number[], t: number) =>
+        a.map((v, i) => lerp(v, b[i], t));
+    const pingPongSine = (t: number) => Math.sin(t * Math.PI * 2) * 0.5 + 0.5;
+
+    let time = 0;
+    let then = 0;
+    function render(now: number)
+    {
+        now *= 0.001; // convert to seconds
+        const deltaTime = now - then;
+        then = now;
+
+        if (settings.animate)
+        {
+            time += deltaTime;
+        }
+
+        const projection = mat4.perspective(
+            (30 * Math.PI) / 180,
+            canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight,
+            0.5,
+            100
+        );
+
+        const m = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.rotateX(m, time, m);
+        mat4.rotateY(m, time * 0.7, m);
+        mat4.translate(m, lerpV([0, 0, 5], [0, 0, 40], pingPongSine(time * 0.2)), m);
+        const view = mat4.inverse(m);
+        const viewProjection = mat4.multiply(projection, view);
+
+        objectInfos.forEach(
+            (
+                {
+                    uniformBuffer,
+                    uniformValues,
+                    worldViewProjection,
+                    worldInverseTranspose,
+                    position,
+                },
+                i
+            ) =>
+            {
+                const world = mat4.translation(position);
+                mat4.transpose(mat4.inverse(world), worldInverseTranspose);
+                mat4.multiply(viewProjection, world, worldViewProjection);
+
+                const buffer = (renderObjects[i].bindingResources.uni as IGPUBufferBinding).bufferView;
+                getIGPUBuffer(buffer).data = uniformValues.slice();
+            }
+        );
+
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+        // 监听查询结果。
+        watcher.watch(renderPass, "occlusionQueryResults", () =>
+        {
+            const visible = objectInfos
+                .filter((_, i) => renderPass.occlusionQueryResults[i].result)
+                .map(({ id }) => id)
+                .join("");
+            info.textContent = `visible: ${visible}`;
+        });
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(render);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(render);
+};
+
+const panel = new GUI({ width: 310 });
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas, panel);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/solidColorLit.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/solidColorLit.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c29c3f6c15516148c6b5f57385386ef4b66de3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/occlusionQuery/solidColorLit.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+  worldViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  worldMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  color: vec4f,
+};
+
+struct Vertex {
+  @location(0) position: vec4f,
+  @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+};
+
+struct VSOut {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) normal: vec3f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+
+@vertex fn vs(vin: Vertex) -> VSOut {
+  var vOut: VSOut;
+  vOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * vin.position;
+  vOut.normal = (uni.worldMatrix * vec4f(vin.normal, 0)).xyz;
+  return vOut;
+}
+
+@fragment fn fs(vin: VSOut) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  let lightDirection = normalize(vec3f(4, 10, 6));
+  let light = dot(normalize(vin.normal), lightDirection) * 0.5 + 0.5;
+  return vec4f(uni.color.rgb * light, uni.color.a);
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.html
index fb1e960bbfa6e0ba979884f99ff9c8a61d4225d6..99a542dc8f7bbe5ec1f9b1ea8c3c9d28de29f97a 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.html
@@ -16,27 +16,27 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example demonstrates rendering of particles simulated with compute shaders.
         

+        

+        
     

 
-    
-
     
 
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.ts
index 472f6b4c40362dbeeb54114a66b8c133418e77ad..370070dc2990d93ba5a53fad44cdc1ca0a6559fc 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/particles/index.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import particleWGSL from "./particle.wgsl";
 import probabilityMapWGSL from "./probabilityMap.wgsl";
 import simulateWGSL from "./simulate.wgsl";
 
-import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IComputePassEncoder, IComputePipeline, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, ITexture, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUComputePass, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const numParticles = 50000;
 const particlePositionOffset = 0;
@@ -26,19 +26,16 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
   canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
   canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-  const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+  const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-  const particlesBuffer: IBuffer = {
-    size: numParticles * particleInstanceByteSize,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-  };
+  const particlesBuffer = new Float32Array(numParticles * particleInstanceByteSize / 4);
 
-  const particlesVertices: IVertexAttributes = {
-    position: { buffer: particlesBuffer, offset: particlePositionOffset, vertexSize: particleInstanceByteSize, stepMode: "instance" },
-    color: { buffer: particlesBuffer, offset: particleColorOffset, vertexSize: particleInstanceByteSize, stepMode: "instance" },
+  const particlesVertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+    position: { data: particlesBuffer, format: "float32x3", offset: particlePositionOffset, arrayStride: particleInstanceByteSize, stepMode: "instance" },
+    color: { data: particlesBuffer, format: "float32x4", offset: particleColorOffset, arrayStride: particleInstanceByteSize, stepMode: "instance" },
   };
 
-  const renderPipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+  const renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
     vertex: {
       code: particleWGSL,
     },
@@ -75,18 +72,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     + 3 * 4 // up : vec3
     + 4 // padding
     + 0;
-  const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-    size: uniformBufferSize,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  };
+  const uniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(uniformBufferSize);
 
-  const uniformBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+  const uniformBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
     render_params: {
-      buffer: uniformBuffer,
+      bufferView: uniformBuffer,
     },
   };
 
-  const renderPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+  const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
     colorAttachments: [
       {
         view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -107,20 +101,16 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
   const vertexData = [
     -1.0, -1.0, +1.0, -1.0, -1.0, +1.0, -1.0, +1.0, +1.0, -1.0, +1.0, +1.0,
   ];
-  const quadVertexBuffer: IBuffer = {
-    size: 6 * 2 * 4, // 6x vec2
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
-    data: new Float32Array(vertexData),
-  };
+  const quadVertexBuffer = new Float32Array(vertexData);
 
-  const quadVertices: IVertexAttributes = {
-    quad_pos: { buffer: quadVertexBuffer }
+  const quadVertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+    quad_pos: { data: quadVertexBuffer, format: "float32x2" }
   };
 
   // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
   // Texture
   // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-  let texture: ITexture;
+  let texture: IGPUTexture;
   let textureWidth = 1;
   let textureHeight = 1;
   let numMipLevels = 1;
@@ -156,12 +146,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
   // probabilities up to the top 1x1 mip level.
   // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
   {
-    const probabilityMapImportLevelPipeline: IComputePipeline = {
+    const probabilityMapImportLevelPipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = {
       compute: {
         code: importLevelWGSL,
       },
     };
-    const probabilityMapExportLevelPipeline: IComputePipeline = {
+    const probabilityMapExportLevelPipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = {
       compute: {
         code: probabilityMapWGSL,
       },
@@ -171,23 +161,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
       = 1 * 4 // stride
       + 3 * 4 // padding
       + 0;
-    const probabilityMapUBOBuffer: IBuffer = {
-      size: probabilityMapUBOBufferSize,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    };
-    const bufferA: IBuffer = {
-      size: textureWidth * textureHeight * 4,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-    };
-    const bufferB: IBuffer = {
-      size: textureWidth * textureHeight * 4,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-    };
-    probabilityMapUBOBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: new Int32Array([textureWidth]) }];
+    const probabilityMapUBOBuffer = new Uint8Array(probabilityMapUBOBufferSize);
+    const bufferA = new Uint8Array(textureWidth * textureHeight * 4);
+    const bufferB = new Uint8Array(textureWidth * textureHeight * 4);
+    getIGPUBuffer(probabilityMapUBOBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: new Int32Array([textureWidth]) }];
 
-    const passEncoders: IComputePassEncoder[] = [];
+    const passEncoders: IGPUComputePass[] = [];
 
-    const submit: ISubmit = {
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
       commandEncoders: [
         {
           passEncoders,
@@ -199,10 +180,10 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     {
       const levelWidth = textureWidth >> level;
       const levelHeight = textureHeight >> level;
-      const probabilityMapBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
-        ubo: { buffer: probabilityMapUBOBuffer },
-        buf_in: { buffer: level & 1 ? bufferA : bufferB },
-        buf_out: { buffer: level & 1 ? bufferB : bufferA },
+      const probabilityMapBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        ubo: { bufferView: probabilityMapUBOBuffer },
+        buf_in: { bufferView: level & 1 ? bufferA : bufferB },
+        buf_out: { bufferView: level & 1 ? bufferB : bufferA },
         tex_in: {
           texture,
           format: "rgba8unorm",
@@ -221,6 +202,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
       if (level === 0)
       {
         passEncoders.push({
+          __type: "IGPUComputePass",
           computeObjects: [{
             pipeline: probabilityMapImportLevelPipeline,
             bindingResources: { ...probabilityMapBindGroup },
@@ -231,6 +213,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
       else
       {
         passEncoders.push({
+          __type: "IGPUComputePass",
           computeObjects: [{
             pipeline: probabilityMapExportLevelPipeline,
             bindingResources: { ...probabilityMapBindGroup },
@@ -256,27 +239,24 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     + 3 * 4 // padding
     + 4 * 4 // seed
     + 0;
-  const simulationUBOBuffer: IBuffer = {
-    size: simulationUBOBufferSize,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  };
+  const simulationUBOBuffer = new Uint8Array(simulationUBOBufferSize);
 
   Object.keys(simulationParams).forEach((k) =>
   {
     gui.add(simulationParams, k as any);
   });
 
-  const computePipeline: IComputePipeline = {
+  const computePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = {
     compute: {
       code: simulateWGSL,
     },
   };
-  const computeBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+  const computeBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
     sim_params: {
-      buffer: simulationUBOBuffer,
+      bufferView: simulationUBOBuffer,
     },
     data: {
-      buffer: particlesBuffer,
+      bufferView: particlesBuffer,
       offset: 0,
       size: numParticles * particleInstanceByteSize,
     },
@@ -288,9 +268,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
   const view = mat4.create();
   const mvp = mat4.create();
 
-  const passEncoders: (IComputePassEncoder | IRenderPassEncoder)[] = [];
+  const passEncoders: (IGPUComputePass | IGPURenderPass)[] = [];
 
-  const submit: ISubmit = {
+  const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
     commandEncoders: [
       {
         passEncoders,
@@ -300,6 +280,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
 
   passEncoders.push(
     {
+      __type: "IGPUComputePass",
       computeObjects: [{
         pipeline: computePipeline,
         bindingResources: { ...computeBindGroup },
@@ -307,7 +288,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
       }]
     },
     {
-      renderPass: renderPassDescriptor,
+      descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
       renderObjects: [{
         pipeline: renderPipeline,
         bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroup },
@@ -319,7 +300,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
 
   function frame()
   {
-    simulationUBOBuffer.writeBuffers = [{
+    getIGPUBuffer(simulationUBOBuffer).writeBuffers = [{
       data: new Float32Array([
         simulationParams.simulate ? simulationParams.deltaTime : 0.0,
         0.0,
@@ -338,7 +319,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     mat4.multiply(projection, view, mvp);
 
     // prettier-ignore
-    uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{
+    getIGPUBuffer(uniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{
       data: new Float32Array([
         // modelViewProjectionMatrix
         mvp[0], mvp[1], mvp[2], mvp[3],
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/distance-sized-points.vert.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/points/distance-sized-points.vert.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5a6c559270727a630b5acdb943aac82f49d621e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/distance-sized-points.vert.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+struct Vertex {
+  @location(0) position: vec4f,
+};
+
+struct Uniforms {
+  matrix: mat4x4f,
+  resolution: vec2f,
+  size: f32,
+};
+
+struct VSOutput {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) texcoord: vec2f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+
+@vertex fn vs(
+    vert: Vertex,
+    @builtin(vertex_index) vNdx: u32,
+) -> VSOutput {
+  let points = array(
+    vec2f(-1, -1),
+    vec2f( 1, -1),
+    vec2f(-1,  1),
+    vec2f(-1,  1),
+    vec2f( 1, -1),
+    vec2f( 1,  1),
+  );
+  var vsOut: VSOutput;
+  let pos = points[vNdx];
+  let clipPos = uni.matrix * vert.position;
+  let pointPos = vec4f(pos * uni.size / uni.resolution, 0, 0);
+  vsOut.position = clipPos + pointPos;
+  vsOut.texcoord = pos * 0.5 + 0.5;
+  return vsOut;
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/fixed-size-points.vert.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/points/fixed-size-points.vert.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8d6fbad247c50e69424b83c254c28df18b7a133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/fixed-size-points.vert.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+struct Vertex {
+  @location(0) position: vec4f,
+};
+
+struct Uniforms {
+  matrix: mat4x4f,
+  resolution: vec2f,
+  size: f32,
+};
+
+struct VSOutput {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) texcoord: vec2f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+
+@vertex fn vs(
+    vert: Vertex,
+    @builtin(vertex_index) vNdx: u32,
+) -> VSOutput {
+  let points = array(
+    vec2f(-1, -1),
+    vec2f( 1, -1),
+    vec2f(-1,  1),
+    vec2f(-1,  1),
+    vec2f( 1, -1),
+    vec2f( 1,  1),
+  );
+  var vsOut: VSOutput;
+  let pos = points[vNdx];
+  let clipPos = uni.matrix * vert.position;
+  let pointPos = vec4f(pos * uni.size / uni.resolution * clipPos.w, 0, 0);
+  vsOut.position = clipPos + pointPos;
+  vsOut.texcoord = pos * 0.5 + 0.5;
+  return vsOut;
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eae0181f0a458817ab20e941fc1dc33fc9d84c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  Points
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      This example shows how to render points of various sizes using a quad and instancing.
+
+      You can read more details [here](https://webgpufundamentals.org/webgpu/lessons/webgpu-points.html).
+    

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..997c080882048840e2dbdd7872e10a5a0153147f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import { mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import distanceSizedPointsVertWGSL from "./distance-sized-points.vert.wgsl";
+import fixedSizePointsVertWGSL from "./fixed-size-points.vert.wgsl";
+import orangeFragWGSL from "./orange.frag.wgsl";
+import texturedFragWGSL from "./textured.frag.wgsl";
+
+// See: https://www.google.com/search?q=fibonacci+sphere
+function createFibonacciSphereVertices({
+  numSamples,
+  radius,
+}: {
+  numSamples: number;
+  radius: number;
+})
+{
+  const vertices = [];
+  const increment = Math.PI * (3 - Math.sqrt(5));
+  for (let i = 0; i < numSamples; ++i)
+  {
+    const offset = 2 / numSamples;
+    const y = i * offset - 1 + offset / 2;
+    const r = Math.sqrt(1 - Math.pow(y, 2));
+    const phi = (i % numSamples) * increment;
+    const x = Math.cos(phi) * r;
+    const z = Math.sin(phi) * r;
+    vertices.push(x * radius, y * radius, z * radius);
+  }
+
+return new Float32Array(vertices);
+}
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
+{
+  // Get a WebGPU context from the canvas and configure it
+  const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+  canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+  canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+  const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+  // Compile all 4 shaders
+  const fragModules = [
+    orangeFragWGSL,
+    texturedFragWGSL,
+  ];
+
+  const vertModules = [
+    distanceSizedPointsVertWGSL,
+    fixedSizePointsVertWGSL,
+  ];
+
+  const depthFormat = "depth24plus";
+
+  // make pipelines for each combination
+  const pipelines = vertModules.map((vertModule) =>
+    fragModules.map((fragModule) =>
+    ({
+      vertex: {
+        code: vertModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 3 * 4, // 3 floats, 4 bytes each
+            stepMode: "instance",
+            attributes: [
+              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" }, // position
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        code: fragModule,
+        targets: [
+          {
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      depthStencil: {
+        depthWriteEnabled: true,
+        depthCompare: "less",
+        format: depthFormat,
+      },
+    } as IGPURenderPipeline)
+    )
+  );
+
+  const vertexData = createFibonacciSphereVertices({
+    radius: 1,
+    numSamples: 1000,
+  });
+  const kNumPoints = vertexData.length / 3;
+
+  const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+    position: { data: vertexData, format: "float32x3", arrayStride: 12, stepMode: "instance" },
+  };
+
+  // Use canvas 2d to make texture data
+  const ctx = new OffscreenCanvas(64, 64).getContext("2d");
+  ctx.font = "60px sans-serif";
+  ctx.textAlign = "center";
+  ctx.textBaseline = "middle";
+  ctx.fillText("🦋", 32, 32);
+
+  const sampler: IGPUSampler = {};
+  const texture: IGPUTexture = {
+    size: [ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height],
+    format: "rgba8unorm",
+    usage:
+      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST
+      | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING
+      | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+    source: [
+      { source: { source: ctx.canvas, flipY: true }, destination: {}, copySize: [ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height] },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const bindingResources = {
+    uni: {
+      matrix: undefined,
+      resolution: undefined,
+      size: undefined,
+    },
+    s: sampler,
+    t: { texture },
+  };
+
+  const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+    label: "our basic canvas renderPass",
+    colorAttachments: [
+      {
+        view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
+        clearValue: [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1],
+        loadOp: "clear",
+        storeOp: "store",
+      },
+    ],
+    depthStencilAttachment: {
+      view: undefined, // to be filled out when we render
+      depthClearValue: 1.0,
+      depthLoadOp: "clear",
+      depthStoreOp: "store",
+    },
+  };
+
+  const settings = {
+    fixedSize: false,
+    textured: false,
+    size: 10,
+  };
+
+  gui.add(settings, "fixedSize");
+  gui.add(settings, "textured");
+  gui.add(settings, "size", 0, 80);
+
+  function render(time: number)
+  {
+    // Convert to seconds.
+    time *= 0.001;
+
+    const { size, fixedSize, textured } = settings;
+
+    const pipeline = pipelines[fixedSize ? 1 : 0][textured ? 1 : 0];
+
+    // Set the size in the uniform values
+    bindingResources.uni.size = size;
+
+    const fov = (90 * Math.PI) / 180;
+    const aspect = canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight;
+    const projection = mat4.perspective(fov, aspect, 0.1, 50);
+    const view = mat4.lookAt(
+      [0, 0, 1.5], // position
+      [0, 0, 0], // target
+      [0, 1, 0] // up
+    );
+    const viewProjection = mat4.multiply(projection, view);
+    const matrixValue = new Float32Array(16);
+    mat4.rotateY(viewProjection, time, matrixValue);
+    mat4.rotateX(matrixValue, time * 0.1, matrixValue);
+    // Copy the uniform values to the GPU
+    bindingResources.uni.matrix = matrixValue;
+
+    // Update the resolution in the uniform values
+    bindingResources.uni.resolution = [canvas.width, canvas.height];
+
+    //
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+      commandEncoders: [{
+        passEncoders: [
+          {
+            descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+            renderObjects: [{
+              pipeline,
+              vertices,
+              bindingResources,
+              draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: kNumPoints },
+            }]
+          }
+        ]
+      }]
+    };
+
+    webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(render);
+  }
+
+  requestAnimationFrame(render);
+};
+
+const panel = new GUI();
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas, panel);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/orange.frag.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/points/orange.frag.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5e83116657491488375c72fc97199274939f74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/orange.frag.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+@fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  return vec4f(1, 0.5, 0.2, 1);
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/points/textured.frag.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/points/textured.frag.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f198b374464e15e330ddb6e8b6d9890d81ae2864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/points/textured.frag.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+struct VSOutput {
+  @location(0) texcoord: vec2f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(1) var s: sampler;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var t: texture_2d;
+
+@fragment fn fs(vsOut: VSOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  let color = textureSample(t, s, vsOut.texcoord);
+  if (color.a < 0.1) {
+    discard;
+  }
+  return color;
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.html
index b041356b782217debd6a4cef54d1936fbde2e7ac..39e1c8a8ab0d9259941d4e9d2f71701f2db15628 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.html
@@ -16,30 +16,29 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows how to use render bundles. It renders a large number of
             meshes individually as a proxy for a more complex scene in order to demonstrate the reduction
             in JavaScript time spent to issue render commands. (Typically a scene like this would make use
             of instancing to reduce draw overhead.)
         

+        
     

 
-    
-
     
 
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.ts
index a60e8de1e59b03489d4fda05a90fdc328cc0455b..c824fa19690cdf96802a6620e45d5cbc6b6204fc 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/renderBundles/index.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ import { SphereLayout, createSphereMesh } from "../../meshes/sphere";
 
 import meshWGSL from "./mesh.wgsl";
 
-import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, ICanvasContext, IRenderBundleObject, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISampler, ISubmit, ITexture, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderBundle, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPassObject, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU, getIGPUBuffer } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 interface Renderable
 {
-  renderObject?: IRenderObject;
-  vertexAttributes: IVertexAttributes;
-  indices: IBuffer;
+  renderObject?: IGPURenderObject;
+  vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes;
+  indices: Uint16Array;
   indexCount: number;
-  bindGroup?: IBindingResources;
+  bindGroup?: IGPUBindingResources;
 }
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
   canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
   canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-  const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
-  const context: ICanvasContext = {
+  const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+  const context: IGPUCanvasContext = {
     canvasId: canvas.id,
   };
 
-  const pipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+  const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
     vertex: {
       code: meshWGSL,
     },
@@ -58,20 +58,17 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
     // is rendered in front.
   };
 
-  const depthTexture: ITexture = {
+  const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
     size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
     format: "depth24plus",
     usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
   };
 
   const uniformBufferSize = 4 * 16; // 4x4 matrix
-  const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-    size: uniformBufferSize,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  };
+  const uniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(uniformBufferSize);
 
   // Fetch the images and upload them into a GPUTexture.
-  let planetTexture: ITexture;
+  let planetTexture: IGPUTexture;
   {
     const response = await fetch(
       new URL("../../../assets/img/saturn.jpg", import.meta.url).toString()
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
     };
   }
 
-  let moonTexture: ITexture;
+  let moonTexture: IGPUTexture;
   {
     const response = await fetch(
       new URL("../../../assets/img/moon.jpg", import.meta.url).toString()
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
     };
   }
 
-  const sampler: ISampler = {
+  const sampler: IGPUSampler = {
     magFilter: "linear",
     minFilter: "linear",
   };
@@ -122,23 +119,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
     );
 
     // Create a vertex buffer from the sphere data.
-    const vertices: IBuffer = {
-      size: sphereMesh.vertices.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
-      data: sphereMesh.vertices,
-    };
+    const vertices = sphereMesh.vertices;
 
-    const vertexAttributes: IVertexAttributes = {
-      position: { buffer: vertices, offset: SphereLayout.positionsOffset, vertexSize: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
-      normal: { buffer: vertices, offset: SphereLayout.normalOffset, vertexSize: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
-      uv: { buffer: vertices, offset: SphereLayout.uvOffset, vertexSize: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
+    const vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+      position: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: SphereLayout.positionsOffset, arrayStride: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
+      normal: { data: vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: SphereLayout.normalOffset, arrayStride: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
+      uv: { data: vertices, format: "float32x2", offset: SphereLayout.uvOffset, arrayStride: SphereLayout.vertexStride },
     };
 
-    const indices: IBuffer = {
-      size: sphereMesh.indices.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX,
-      data: sphereMesh.indices,
-    };
+    const indices = sphereMesh.indices;
 
     return {
       vertexAttributes,
@@ -148,20 +137,15 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
   }
 
   function createSphereBindGroup1(
-    texture: ITexture,
+    texture: IGPUTexture,
     transform: Float32Array
-  ): IBindingResources
+  ): IGPUBindingResources
   {
-    const uniformBufferSize = 4 * 16; // 4x4 matrix
-    const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-      size: uniformBufferSize,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-      data: new Float32Array(transform),
-    };
+    const uniformBuffer = new Float32Array(transform);
 
-    const bindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+    const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
       modelMatrix: {
-        buffer: uniformBuffer,
+        bufferView: uniformBuffer,
       },
       meshSampler: sampler,
       meshTexture: { texture },
@@ -210,7 +194,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
   }
   ensureEnoughAsteroids();
 
-  const renderPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+  const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
     colorAttachments: [
       {
         view: { texture: { context } },
@@ -236,9 +220,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
   );
   const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
 
-  const frameBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+  const frameBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
     uniforms: {
-      buffer: uniformBuffer,
+      bufferView: uniformBuffer,
     },
   };
 
@@ -260,10 +244,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
 
   // Render bundles function as partial, limited render passes, so we can use the
   // same code both to render the scene normally and to build the render bundle.
-  function renderScene(
-    passEncoder: IRenderPassEncoder | IRenderBundleObject
-  )
+  function renderScene()
   {
+    const ros: IGPURenderObject[] = [];
     // Loop through every renderable object and draw them individually.
     // (Because many of these meshes are repeated, with only the transforms
     // differing, instancing would be highly effective here. This sample
@@ -279,18 +262,20 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
           pipeline,
           bindingResources: { ...frameBindGroup, ...renderable.bindGroup },
           vertices: renderable.vertexAttributes,
-          index: { buffer: renderable.indices, indexFormat: "uint16" },
+          indices: renderable.indices,
           drawIndexed: { indexCount: renderable.indexCount },
         };
       }
 
-      passEncoder.renderObjects.push(renderable.renderObject);
+      ros.push(renderable.renderObject);
 
       if (++count > settings.asteroidCount)
       {
         break;
       }
     }
+
+    return ros;
   }
 
   // The render bundle can be encoded once and re-used as many times as needed.
@@ -304,16 +289,18 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
   // textures used. Cases where the executed commands differ from frame-to-frame,
   // such as when using frustrum or occlusion culling, will not benefit from
   // using render bundles as much.
-  let renderBundle: IRenderBundleObject = {
+  let renderBundle: IGPURenderBundle = {
+    __type: "IGPURenderBundle",
     renderObjects: [],
   };
-  renderScene(renderBundle);
+  renderBundle.renderObjects = renderScene();
   function updateRenderBundle()
   {
-    const renderBundleEncoder: IRenderBundleObject = {
+    const renderBundleEncoder: IGPURenderBundle = {
+      __type: "IGPURenderBundle",
       renderObjects: [],
     };
-    renderScene(renderBundleEncoder);
+    renderBundleEncoder.renderObjects = renderScene();
     renderBundle = renderBundleEncoder;
   }
   updateRenderBundle();
@@ -323,28 +310,30 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI, stats) =>
     stats.begin();
 
     const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
-    uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: transformationMatrix }];
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPassEncoder = {
-      renderPass: renderPassDescriptor,
-      renderObjects: [],
-    };
+    getIGPUBuffer(uniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: transformationMatrix }];
 
+    let renderObjects: IGPURenderPassObject[] = [];
     if (settings.useRenderBundles)
     {
       // Executing a bundle is equivalent to calling all of the commands encoded
       // in the render bundle as part of the current render pass.
-      renderPass.renderObjects.push(renderBundle);
+      renderObjects.push(renderBundle);
     }
     else
     {
       // Alternatively, the same render commands can be encoded manually, which
       // can take longer since each command needs to be interpreted by the
       // JavaScript virtual machine and re-validated each time.
-      renderPass.renderObjects = renderBundle.renderObjects;
+      renderObjects = renderBundle.renderObjects as any;
     }
 
-    const submit: ISubmit = {
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPass = {
+      descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+      renderObjects,
+    };
+
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
       commandEncoders: [
         {
           passEncoders: [renderPass],
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/animatedCanvasSize.module.css b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/animatedCanvasSize.module.css
index edbf7ad0fcd2051dc51b5fcda6fd8c168e7172e6..1d323eac96947b3910a1ac87ac030ec22cd8a22e 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/animatedCanvasSize.module.css
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/animatedCanvasSize.module.css
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 @keyframes animated-size {
   0% {
     width: 10px;
-    height: 100%;
   }
   50% {
     width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
   }
   100% {
     width: 10px;
-    height: 100%;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.html
index 3439302054d394a34010fad93f7b34d07d838123..032b8779cb9121633ad862d90a838686cb690bba 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.html
@@ -16,26 +16,30 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-
-    

-        
Shows multisampled rendering a basic triangle on a dynamically sized canvas.

+    

+        

+            Shows multisampled rendering a basic triangle on a dynamically sized canvas.
+        

+        
     

 
-    
-
     
 
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.ts
index 4bb255dcd4244fc569bc27d60b807a0232e3ae4b..4997ada04f748ac52ae37847a0c43314f78eb659 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeCanvas/index.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import redFragWGSL from "../../shaders/red.frag.wgsl";
 import triangleVertWGSL from "../../shaders/triangle.vert.wgsl";
 
-import { IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 import styles from "./animatedCanvasSize.module.css";
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 {
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [{
             view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
             clearValue: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         multisample: 4, // 设置多重采样数量
     };
 
-    const renderObject: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
         pipeline: {
             vertex: { code: triangleVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: redFragWGSL },
         },
@@ -30,12 +30,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         // 画布尺寸发生变化时更改渲染通道附件尺寸。
         const currentWidth = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
         const currentHeight = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
-        renderPass.attachmentSize = { width: currentWidth, height: currentHeight };
-
-        webgpu.renderPass(renderPass);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject);
-
-        webgpu.submit();
+        renderPassDescriptor.attachmentSize = { width: currentWidth, height: currentHeight };
+
+        const data: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [
+                {
+                    passEncoders: [
+                        { descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [renderObject] },
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        };
+
+        webgpu.submit(data);
 
         requestAnimationFrame(frame);
     }
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/checker.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/checker.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1794fc6d1d3b905a0d88850d7ba44af8ade3d2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/checker.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+  color0: vec4f,
+  color1: vec4f,
+  size: u32,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+
+@vertex
+fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex : u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
+  const pos = array(
+    vec2f(-1.0, -1.0),
+    vec2f( 3.0, -1.0),
+    vec2f(-1.0,  3.0),
+  );
+  return vec4f(pos[vertexIndex], 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fs(@builtin(position) position: vec4f) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  let grid = vec2u(position.xy) / uni.size;
+  let checker = (grid.x + grid.y) % 2 == 1;
+  return select(uni.color0, uni.color1, checker);
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f45b96ecd62c3bf77889819b23280ab48c1b6ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  ResizeObserver HD-DPI Fullscreen
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      This example shows how to use ResizeObserver, handle HD-DPI correctly, and Fullscreen
+
+      There should be no [Moiré patterns](https://www.google.com/search?q=Moir%C3%A9%20pattern) regardless of zoom level
+      (... [except possibly in Safari](https://caniuse.com/mdn-api_resizeobserverentry_devicepixelcontentboxsize)).
+    

+    

+      
+    

+  

+
+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19b834569a0482fb435b7a9bcdba8dfa6ed75b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/resizeObserverHDDPI/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import checkerWGSL from "./checker.wgsl";
+
+import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: { code: checkerWGSL },
+        fragment: {
+            code: checkerWGSL,
+        },
+    };
+
+    const uni = {
+        color0: undefined,
+        color1: undefined,
+        size: undefined,
+    };
+
+    const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        uni,
+    };
+
+    const settings = {
+        color0: "#FF0000",
+        color1: "#00FFFF",
+        size: 1,
+        resizable: false,
+        fullscreen()
+        {
+            if (document.fullscreenElement)
+            {
+                document.exitFullscreen();
+            }
+ else
+            {
+                document.body.requestFullscreen();
+            }
+        },
+    };
+
+    const containerElem = document.querySelector("#container") as HTMLElement;
+
+    const gui = new GUI();
+    gui.addColor(settings, "color0").onChange(frame);
+    gui.addColor(settings, "color1").onChange(frame);
+    gui.add(settings, "size", 1, 32, 1).name("checker size").onChange(frame);
+    gui.add(settings, "fullscreen");
+    gui.add(settings, "resizable").onChange(() =>
+    {
+        const { resizable } = settings;
+        // Get these before we adjust the CSS because our canvas is sized in device pixels
+        // and so will expand if we stop constraining it with CSS
+        const width = containerElem.clientWidth;
+        const height = containerElem.clientHeight;
+
+        containerElem.classList.toggle("resizable", resizable);
+        containerElem.classList.toggle("fit-container", !resizable);
+
+        containerElem.style.width = resizable ? `${width}px` : "";
+        containerElem.style.height = resizable ? `${height}px` : "";
+    });
+
+    // Given a CSS color, returns the color in 0 to 1 RGBA values.
+    const cssColorToRGBA = (function ()
+    {
+        const ctx = new OffscreenCanvas(1, 1).getContext("2d", {
+            willReadFrequently: true,
+        });
+
+return function (color: string)
+        {
+            ctx.clearRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+            ctx.fillStyle = color;
+            ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+
+return [...ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 1, 1).data].map((v) => v / 255);
+        };
+    })();
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        uni.color0 = cssColorToRGBA(settings.color0);
+        uni.color1 = cssColorToRGBA(settings.color1);
+        uni.size = settings.size;
+
+        const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+            colorAttachments: [
+                {
+                    view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
+                    clearValue: [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0],
+                    loadOp: "clear",
+                    storeOp: "store",
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+
+        const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [{
+                passEncoders: [{
+                    descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                    renderObjects: [{
+                        pipeline,
+                        bindingResources: bindGroup,
+                        draw: { vertexCount: 3 },
+                    }]
+                }]
+            }]
+        };
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+    }
+
+    function getDevicePixelContentBoxSize(entry: ResizeObserverEntry)
+    {
+        // Safari does not support devicePixelContentBoxSize
+        if (entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize)
+        {
+            return {
+                width: entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].inlineSize,
+                height: entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize[0].blockSize,
+            };
+        }
+            // These values not correct but they're as close as you can get in Safari
+            return {
+                width: entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize * devicePixelRatio,
+                height: entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize * devicePixelRatio,
+            };
+    }
+
+    const { maxTextureDimension2D } = webgpu.device.limits;
+    const observer = new ResizeObserver(([entry]) =>
+    {
+        // Note: If you are using requestAnimationFrame you should
+        // only record the size here but set it in the requestAnimationFrame callback
+        // otherwise you'll get flicker when resizing.
+        const { width, height } = getDevicePixelContentBoxSize(entry);
+
+        // A size of 0 will cause an error when we call getCurrentTexture.
+        // A size > maxTextureDimension2D will also an error when we call getCurrentTexture.
+        canvas.width = Math.max(1, Math.min(width, maxTextureDimension2D));
+        canvas.height = Math.max(1, Math.min(height, maxTextureDimension2D));
+        frame();
+    });
+    observer.observe(canvas);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.html
index 9289e068722ea6efa54a6aa7a6a80b517a8544f0..f04d8eb4921ab12b3111e75df087a97be0b450a8 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.html
@@ -16,21 +16,22 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        
This example shows the use of reversed z technique for better utilization of depth buffer precision.
+    

+        

+            This example shows the use of reversed z technique for better utilization of depth buffer precision.
             The left column uses regular method, while the right one uses reversed z technique.
             Both are using depth32float as their depth buffer format. A set of red and green planes are positioned very
             close to each other.
@@ -42,8 +43,8 @@
             https://developer.nvidia.com/content/depth-precision-visualized
             https://thxforthefish.com/posts/reverse_z/
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.ts
index 7c4c59a3a6633e5083833259a1a6c2a7b0a63ae3..5f5057b97fc1f2fa9ca9878276cb0eb8751ba8b8 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/reversedZ/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
 
-import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import { Mat4, mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
 
 import fragmentWGSL from "./fragment.wgsl";
 import fragmentPrecisionErrorPassWGSL from "./fragmentPrecisionErrorPass.wgsl";
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import vertexDepthPrePassWGSL from "./vertexDepthPrePass.wgsl";
 import vertexPrecisionErrorPassWGSL from "./vertexPrecisionErrorPass.wgsl";
 import vertexTextureQuadWGSL from "./vertexTextureQuad.wgsl";
 
-import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, ICanvasContext, IRenderPass, IRenderPassEncoder, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, ITexture, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 // Two planes close to each other for depth precision test
 const geometryVertexSize = 4 * 8; // Byte size of one geometry vertex.
@@ -74,26 +74,20 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-    const context: ICanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id };
+    const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id };
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-    const verticesBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: geometryVertexArray.byteLength,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
-        data: geometryVertexArray,
-    };
-
-    const vertices: IVertexAttributes = {
-        position: { buffer: verticesBuffer, offset: geometryPositionOffset, vertexSize: geometryVertexSize },
-        color: { buffer: verticesBuffer, offset: geometryColorOffset, vertexSize: geometryVertexSize },
+    const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        position: { data: geometryVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: geometryPositionOffset, arrayStride: geometryVertexSize },
+        color: { data: geometryVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: geometryColorOffset, arrayStride: geometryVertexSize },
     };
 
     const depthBufferFormat = "depth32float";
 
     // depthPrePass is used to render scene to the depth texture
     // this is not needed if you just want to use reversed z to render a scene
-    const depthPrePassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const depthPrePassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexDepthPrePassWGSL,
         },
@@ -104,7 +98,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
 
     // we need the depthCompare to fit the depth buffer mode we are using.
     // this is the same for other passes
-    const depthPrePassPipelines: IRenderPipeline[] = [];
+    const depthPrePassPipelines: IGPURenderPipeline[] = [];
     depthPrePassPipelines[DepthBufferMode.Default] = {
         ...depthPrePassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase,
         depthStencil: {
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
 
     // precisionPass is to draw precision error as color of depth value stored in depth buffer
     // compared to that directly calcualated in the shader
-    const precisionPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const precisionPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexPrecisionErrorPassWGSL,
         },
@@ -134,7 +128,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const precisionPassPipelines: IRenderPipeline[] = [];
+    const precisionPassPipelines: IGPURenderPipeline[] = [];
     precisionPassPipelines[DepthBufferMode.Default] = {
         ...precisionPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase,
         depthStencil: {
@@ -151,7 +145,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     };
 
     // colorPass is the regular render pass to render the scene
-    const colorPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const colorPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexWGSL,
         },
@@ -164,7 +158,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     };
 
     //
-    const colorPassPipelines: IRenderPipeline[] = [];
+    const colorPassPipelines: IGPURenderPipeline[] = [];
     colorPassPipelines[DepthBufferMode.Default] = {
         ...colorPassRenderPipelineDescriptorBase,
         depthStencil: {
@@ -183,7 +177,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     // textureQuadPass is draw a full screen quad of depth texture
     // to see the difference of depth value using reversed z compared to default depth buffer usage
     // 0.0 will be the furthest and 1.0 will be the closest
-    const textureQuadPassPipline: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const textureQuadPassPipline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexTextureQuadWGSL,
         },
@@ -192,19 +186,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const depthTexture: ITexture = {
+    const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
         size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
         format: depthBufferFormat,
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
     };
 
-    const defaultDepthTexture: ITexture = {
+    const defaultDepthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
         size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
         format: depthBufferFormat,
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
     };
 
-    const depthPrePassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const depthPrePassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [],
         depthStencilAttachment: {
             view: { texture: depthTexture },
@@ -219,7 +213,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     // the scene twice using different depth buffer mode on splitted viewport
     // of the same canvas
     // see the difference of the loadOp of the colorAttachments
-    const drawPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const drawPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context } },
@@ -235,7 +229,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const drawPassLoadDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const drawPassLoadDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context } },
@@ -252,7 +246,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     };
     const drawPassDescriptors = [drawPassDescriptor, drawPassLoadDescriptor];
 
-    const textureQuadPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const textureQuadPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -261,7 +255,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
             },
         ],
     };
-    const textureQuadPassLoadDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const textureQuadPassLoadDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -276,45 +270,38 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         textureQuadPassLoadDescriptor,
     ];
 
-    const depthTextureBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+    const depthTextureBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
         depthTexture: { texture: depthTexture },
     };
 
     const uniformBufferSize = numInstances * matrixStride;
 
-    const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: uniformBufferSize,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    const uniformBuffer = new Float32Array(uniformBufferSize / 4);
+    const cameraMatrixBuffer = new Float32Array(16);
+    const cameraMatrixReversedDepthBuffer = new Float32Array(16);
+
+    const uniforms = {
+        modelMatrix: uniformBuffer,
     };
-    const cameraMatrixBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: 4 * 16, // 4x4 matrix
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+
+    const camera0 = {
+        viewProjectionMatrix: cameraMatrixBuffer,
     };
-    const cameraMatrixReversedDepthBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: 4 * 16, // 4x4 matrix
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    const camera1 = {
+        viewProjectionMatrix: cameraMatrixReversedDepthBuffer,
     };
 
-    const uniformBindGroups: IBindingResources[] = [
+    const uniformBindGroups: IGPUBindingResources[] = [
         {
-            uniforms: {
-                buffer: uniformBuffer,
-            },
-            camera: {
-                buffer: cameraMatrixBuffer,
-            },
+            uniforms,
+            camera: camera0,
         },
         {
-            uniforms: {
-                buffer: uniformBuffer,
-            },
-            camera: {
-                buffer: cameraMatrixReversedDepthBuffer,
-            },
+            uniforms,
+            camera: camera1,
         },
     ];
 
-    type Mat4 = mat4.default;
     const modelMatrices = new Array(numInstances);
     const mvpMatricesData = new Float32Array(matrixFloatCount * numInstances);
 
@@ -353,10 +340,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         viewProjectionMatrix
     );
 
-    let bufferData = viewProjectionMatrix as Float32Array;
-    cameraMatrixBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: bufferData }];
-    bufferData = reversedRangeViewProjectionMatrix as Float32Array;
-    cameraMatrixReversedDepthBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: bufferData }];
+    camera0.viewProjectionMatrix = viewProjectionMatrix;
+    camera1.viewProjectionMatrix = reversedRangeViewProjectionMatrix;
 
     const tmpMat4 = mat4.create();
     function updateTransformationMatrix()
@@ -380,51 +365,43 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     };
     gui.add(settings, "mode", ["color", "precision-error", "depth-texture"]);
 
-    const colorPassEncoders: IRenderPassEncoder[] = [];
+    const colorPassEncoders: IGPURenderPass[] = [];
 
     for (const m of depthBufferModes)
     {
         colorPassEncoders.push({
-            renderPass: {
+            descriptor: {
                 ...drawPassDescriptors[m],
                 depthStencilAttachment: {
                     ...drawPassDescriptors[m].depthStencilAttachment,
                     depthClearValue: depthClearValues[m],
                 }
             },
-            renderObjects: [{
-                pipeline: colorPassPipelines[m],
-                bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
-                vertices,
-                viewport: {
-                    x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: canvas.width / 2,
-                    height: canvas.height,
-                    minDepth: 0,
-                    maxDepth: 1
-                },
-                draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
-            }]
+            renderObjects: [
+                { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: (canvas.width * m) / 2, y: 0, width: canvas.width / 2, height: canvas.height, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
+                {
+                    pipeline: colorPassPipelines[m],
+                    bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
+                    vertices,
+                    draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
+                }]
         });
     }
 
-    const precisionErrorPassEncoders: IRenderPassEncoder[] = [];
+    const precisionErrorPassEncoders: IGPURenderPass[] = [];
     for (const m of depthBufferModes)
     {
         precisionErrorPassEncoders.push({
-            renderPass: {
+            descriptor: {
                 ...depthPrePassDescriptor,
                 depthStencilAttachment: {
                     ...depthPrePassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment,
                     depthClearValue: depthClearValues[m],
                 }
             },
-            renderObjects: [{
-                pipeline: depthPrePassPipelines[m],
-                bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
-                vertices,
-                viewport: {
+            renderObjects: [
+                {
+                    __type: "IGPUViewport",
                     x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
                     y: 0,
                     width: canvas.width / 2,
@@ -432,22 +409,24 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
                     minDepth: 0,
                     maxDepth: 1
                 },
-                draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
-            }]
+                {
+                    pipeline: depthPrePassPipelines[m],
+                    bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
+                    vertices,
+                    draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
+                }]
         });
         precisionErrorPassEncoders.push({
-            renderPass: {
+            descriptor: {
                 ...drawPassDescriptors[m],
                 depthStencilAttachment: {
                     ...drawPassDescriptors[m].depthStencilAttachment,
                     depthClearValue: depthClearValues[m],
                 }
             },
-            renderObjects: [{
-                pipeline: precisionPassPipelines[m],
-                bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m], ...depthTextureBindGroup },
-                vertices,
-                viewport: {
+            renderObjects: [
+                {
+                    __type: "IGPUViewport",
                     x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
                     y: 0,
                     width: canvas.width / 2,
@@ -455,27 +434,29 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
                     minDepth: 0,
                     maxDepth: 1
                 },
-                draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
-            }]
+                {
+                    pipeline: precisionPassPipelines[m],
+                    bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m], ...depthTextureBindGroup },
+                    vertices,
+                    draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
+                }]
         });
     }
 
-    const depthBufferPassEncoders: IRenderPassEncoder[] = [];
+    const depthBufferPassEncoders: IGPURenderPass[] = [];
     for (const m of depthBufferModes)
     {
         depthBufferPassEncoders.push({
-            renderPass: {
+            descriptor: {
                 ...depthPrePassDescriptor,
                 depthStencilAttachment: {
                     ...depthPrePassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment,
                     depthClearValue: depthClearValues[m],
                 }
             },
-            renderObjects: [{
-                pipeline: depthPrePassPipelines[m],
-                bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
-                vertices,
-                viewport: {
+            renderObjects: [
+                {
+                    __type: "IGPUViewport",
                     x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
                     y: 0,
                     width: canvas.width / 2,
@@ -483,22 +464,27 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
                     minDepth: 0,
                     maxDepth: 1
                 },
-                draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
-            }]
+                {
+                    pipeline: depthPrePassPipelines[m],
+                    bindingResources: { ...uniformBindGroups[m] },
+                    vertices,
+                    draw: { vertexCount: geometryDrawCount, instanceCount: numInstances, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
+                }]
         });
         depthBufferPassEncoders.push({
-            renderPass: textureQuadPassDescriptors1[m],
+            descriptor: textureQuadPassDescriptors1[m],
             renderObjects: [{
+                __type: "IGPUViewport",
+                x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
+                y: 0,
+                width: canvas.width / 2,
+                height: canvas.height,
+                minDepth: 0,
+                maxDepth: 1
+            },
+            {
                 pipeline: textureQuadPassPipline,
                 bindingResources: { ...depthTextureBindGroup },
-                viewport: {
-                    x: (canvas.width * m) / 2,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: canvas.width / 2,
-                    height: canvas.height,
-                    minDepth: 0,
-                    maxDepth: 1
-                },
                 draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 },
             }]
         });
@@ -508,11 +494,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     {
         updateTransformationMatrix();
 
-        const writeBuffers = uniformBuffer.writeBuffers || [];
-        writeBuffers.push({ data: mvpMatricesData });
-        uniformBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+        uniforms.modelMatrix = mvpMatricesData.slice(0);
 
-        let passEncoders: IRenderPassEncoder[];
+        let passEncoders: IGPURenderPass[];
 
         if (settings.mode === "color")
         {
@@ -528,7 +512,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
             passEncoders = depthBufferPassEncoders;
         }
 
-        const submit: ISubmit = {
+        const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
             commandEncoders: [
                 {
                     passEncoders,
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.html
index 07c49c0bb1e01466c136cf5ec3fcf0e828995596..6a9674771722626f1ad55421ba91db9cf37f3bfd 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.html
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows how to upload uniform data every frame to render a rotating object.
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.ts
index 55ece97a26b9249975774fb7f06bcf714b862019..7dc25fe5c6c884800beaafe8f0d7f166dc3dc651 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/rotatingCube/index.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cub
 import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
 import vertexPositionColorWGSL from "../../shaders/vertexPositionColor.frag.wgsl";
 
-import { IBufferBinding, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 {
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const uniforms: IBufferBinding = {
-        map: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) }
+    const uniforms: IGPUBufferBinding = {
+        modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16)
     };
 
-    const renderObject: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
         pipeline: {
             vertex: { code: basicVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: vertexPositionColorWGSL },
             primitive: {
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
             },
         },
         vertices: {
-            position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
-            uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
+            position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+            uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
         },
         bindingResources: {
             uniforms,
@@ -79,12 +79,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     {
         const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
 
-        uniforms.map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU
+        uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU
 
-        webgpu.renderPass(renderPass);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject);
+        const data: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [
+                {
+                    passEncoders: [
+                        { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] },
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        };
 
-        webgpu.submit();
+        webgpu.submit(data);
 
         requestAnimationFrame(frame);
     }
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.html
index ea0dba21f1b214a508c98953003c8a7f1734f1dd..d5e7f594c946e572f1b2f559f9a12e5b2461943c 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.html
@@ -16,27 +16,27 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             Visualizes what all the sampler parameters do. Shows a textured plane at various scales (rotated, head-on,
             in perspective, and in vanishing perspective). The bottom-right view shows the raw contents of the 4 mipmap
             levels of the test texture (16x16, 8x8, 4x4, and 2x2).
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.ts
index 6b7838b3b9ade7dbe358488343e1d8fe4819abe2..8624e680ea8bcb01a9a5ecdf2758f7b059bd578f 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/samplerParameters/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
 import showTextureWGSL from "./showTexture.wgsl";
 import texturedSquareWGSL from "./texturedSquare.wgsl";
 
-import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, IRenderPipeline, ISampler, ISubmit, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPassObject, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const kMatrices: Readonly = new Float32Array([
     // Row 1: Scale by 2
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
             Number(config.highlightFlange),
         ]);
 
-        if (bufConfig.writeBuffers)
+        if (getIGPUBuffer(bufConfig).writeBuffers)
         {
-            bufConfig.writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 64, data });
+            getIGPUBuffer(bufConfig).writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 64, data });
         }
         else
         {
-            bufConfig.writeBuffers = [{ bufferOffset: 64, data }];
+            getIGPUBuffer(bufConfig).writeBuffers = [{ bufferOffset: 64, data }];
         }
     };
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
                 );
                 folder2.open();
                 const kMaxAnisotropy = 16;
-                folder2.add(samplerDescriptor, "maxAnisotropy", 1, kMaxAnisotropy, 1);
+                folder2.add(samplerDescriptor, "maxAnisotropy", 1, kMaxAnisotropy, 1).onChange(updateSamplerResources);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
      */
     function updateSamplerResources()
     {
-        const sampler: ISampler = {
+        const sampler: IGPUSampler = {
             ...samplerDescriptor,
             maxAnisotropy:
                 samplerDescriptor.minFilter === "linear"
@@ -208,12 +208,11 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     const kScaleFactor = Math.floor(kCanvasLayoutDevicePixels / kCanvasSize);
     const kCanvasDevicePixels = kScaleFactor * kCanvasSize;
     const kCanvasCSSSize = kCanvasDevicePixels / devicePixelRatio;
-    console.log(kCanvasDevicePixels, kCanvasCSSSize);
     canvas.style.imageRendering = "pixelated";
     canvas.width = canvas.height = kCanvasSize;
     canvas.style.minWidth = canvas.style.maxWidth = `${kCanvasCSSSize}px`;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
     //
     // Initialize test texture
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     const kTextureMipLevels = 4;
     const kTextureBaseSize = 16;
 
-    const checkerboard: ITexture = {
+    const checkerboard: IGPUTexture = {
         format: "rgba8unorm",
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
         size: [kTextureBaseSize, kTextureBaseSize],
@@ -258,11 +257,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
                 );
             }
         }
-        writeTextures.push([
-            { mipLevel },
+        writeTextures.push({
+            destination: { mipLevel },
             data,
-            { bytesPerRow: size * 4 },
-            [size, size]]);
+            dataLayout: { bytesPerRow: size * 4 },
+            size: [size, size]
+        });
     }
     checkerboard.writeTextures = writeTextures;
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     // "Debug" view of the actual texture contents
     //
 
-    const showTexturePipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const showTexturePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: { code: showTextureWGSL }, fragment: { code: showTextureWGSL }
     };
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
     // Pipeline for drawing the test squares
     //
 
-    const texturedSquarePipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const texturedSquarePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: { code: texturedSquareWGSL, constants: { kTextureBaseSize, kViewportSize } }, fragment: { code: texturedSquareWGSL },
     };
 
@@ -288,19 +288,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         mat4.perspective(2 * Math.atan(1 / kCameraDist), 1, 0.1, 100),
         [0, 0, -kCameraDist]
     );
-    const bufConfig: IBuffer = {
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-        size: 128,
-    };
-    bufConfig.writeBuffers = [{ data: viewProj }];
+    const bufConfig = new Uint8Array(128);
+    getIGPUBuffer(bufConfig).writeBuffers = [{ data: viewProj }];
 
-    const bufMatrices: IBuffer = {
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-        size: kMatrices.byteLength,
-        data: kMatrices,
-    };
+    const bufMatrices = kMatrices;
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -309,11 +302,11 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         ],
     };
 
-    const renderObjects: IRenderObject[] = [];
+    const renderObjects: IGPURenderPassObject[] = [];
 
-    const bindingResources0: IBindingResources = {
-        config: { buffer: bufConfig },
-        matrices: { buffer: bufMatrices },
+    const bindingResources0: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        config: { bufferView: bufConfig },
+        matrices: { bufferView: bufMatrices },
         samp: null, // 帧更新中设置
         tex: { texture: checkerboard },
     };
@@ -326,58 +319,58 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
         const vpY = kViewportGridStride * Math.floor(i / kViewportGridSize) + 1;
 
         renderObjects.push(
+            { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: vpX, y: vpY, width: kViewportSize, height: kViewportSize, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
             {
                 pipeline: texturedSquarePipeline,
                 bindingResources: bindingResources0,
-                viewport: { x: vpX, y: vpY, width: kViewportSize, height: kViewportSize, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
                 draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: i }
             }
         );
     }
 
-    const bindingResources1: IBindingResources = {
+    const bindingResources1: IGPUBindingResources = {
         tex: { texture: checkerboard },
     };
     const kLastViewport = (kViewportGridSize - 1) * kViewportGridStride + 1;
     renderObjects.push(
+        { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: kLastViewport, y: kLastViewport, width: 32, height: 32, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
         {
             pipeline: showTexturePipeline,
             bindingResources: bindingResources1,
-            viewport: { x: kLastViewport, y: kLastViewport, width: 32, height: 32, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
             draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 0 }
         }
     );
     renderObjects.push(
+        { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport, width: 16, height: 16, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
         {
             pipeline: showTexturePipeline,
             bindingResources: bindingResources1,
-            viewport: { x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport, width: 16, height: 16, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
             draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 1 }
         }
     );
     renderObjects.push(
+        { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport + 16, width: 8, height: 8, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
         {
             pipeline: showTexturePipeline,
             bindingResources: bindingResources1,
-            viewport: { x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport + 16, width: 8, height: 8, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
             draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 3 }
         }
     );
     renderObjects.push(
+        { __type: "IGPUViewport", x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport + 24, width: 4, height: 4, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
         {
             pipeline: showTexturePipeline,
             bindingResources: bindingResources1,
-            viewport: { x: kLastViewport + 32, y: kLastViewport + 24, width: 4, height: 4, minDepth: 0, maxDepth: 1 },
             draw: { vertexCount: 6, instanceCount: 1, firstVertex: 0, firstInstance: 2 }
         }
     );
 
-    const submit: ISubmit = {
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
         commandEncoders: [
             {
                 passEncoders: [
                     {
-                        renderPass,
+                        descriptor: renderPass,
                         renderObjects,
                     }
                 ]
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.html
index 683b1b6b336c470a84825962bdef6bc1ac3ce453..58f7a3e83964b493657ba725f004aa1268e1d804 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.html
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows how to sample from a depth texture to render shadows.
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.ts
index e82a27de135acdc9ee230606dfb86805be4945df..a056bcd135bb5cb97cf908ec9001cfcc94cc5b66 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/shadowMapping/index.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import fragmentWGSL from "./fragment.wgsl";
 import vertexWGSL from "./vertex.wgsl";
 import vertexShadowWGSL from "./vertexShadow.wgsl";
 
-import { IBindingResources, IBuffer, IRenderPass, IRenderPipeline, ISubmit, ITexture, IVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU, getIGPUBuffer } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const shadowDepthTextureSize = 1024;
 
@@ -17,47 +17,31 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
     const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
     // Create the model vertex buffer.
-    const vertexBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: mesh.positions.length * 3 * 2 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
-    };
+    const vertexBuffer = new Float32Array(mesh.positions.length * 3 * 2);
+    for (let i = 0; i < mesh.positions.length; ++i)
     {
-        const mapping = new Float32Array(mesh.positions.length * 3 * 2);
-        for (let i = 0; i < mesh.positions.length; ++i)
-        {
-            mapping.set(mesh.positions[i], 6 * i);
-            mapping.set(mesh.normals[i], 6 * i + 3);
-        }
-
-        vertexBuffer.data = mapping;
+        vertexBuffer.set(mesh.positions[i], 6 * i);
+        vertexBuffer.set(mesh.normals[i], 6 * i + 3);
     }
 
-    const vertices: IVertexAttributes = {
-        position: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: 0, vertexSize: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6 },
-        normal: { buffer: vertexBuffer, offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 3, vertexSize: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6 },
+    const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        position: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x3", offset: 0, arrayStride: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6 },
+        normal: { data: vertexBuffer, format: "float32x3", offset: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 3, arrayStride: Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 6 },
     };
 
     // Create the model index buffer.
     const indexCount = mesh.triangles.length * 3;
-    const indexBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: indexCount * Uint16Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX,
-    };
+    const indexBuffer = new Uint16Array(indexCount);
+    for (let i = 0; i < mesh.triangles.length; ++i)
     {
-        const mapping = new Uint16Array(indexCount);
-        for (let i = 0; i < mesh.triangles.length; ++i)
-        {
-            mapping.set(mesh.triangles[i], 3 * i);
-        }
-
-        indexBuffer.data = mapping;
+        indexBuffer.set(mesh.triangles[i], 3 * i);
     }
 
     // Create the depth texture for rendering/sampling the shadow map.
-    const shadowDepthTexture: ITexture = {
+    const shadowDepthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
         size: [shadowDepthTextureSize, shadowDepthTextureSize, 1],
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
         format: "depth32float",
@@ -70,7 +54,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         cullMode: "back",
     };
 
-    const shadowPipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const shadowPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexShadowWGSL,
         },
@@ -84,7 +68,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     // Create a bind group layout which holds the scene uniforms and
     // the texture+sampler for depth. We create it manually because the WebPU
     // implementation doesn't infer this from the shader (yet).
-    const pipeline: IRenderPipeline = {
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
         vertex: {
             code: vertexWGSL,
         },
@@ -101,13 +85,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         primitive,
     };
 
-    const depthTexture: ITexture = {
+    const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
         size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
         format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
     };
 
-    const renderPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -126,29 +110,23 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const modelUniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: 4 * 16, // 4x4 matrix
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    };
+    const modelUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(4 * 16);
 
-    const sceneUniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        // Two 4x4 viewProj matrices,
-        // one for the camera and one for the light.
-        // Then a vec3 for the light position.
-        // Rounded to the nearest multiple of 16.
-        size: 2 * 4 * 16 + 4 * 4,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    };
+    // Two 4x4 viewProj matrices,
+    // one for the camera and one for the light.
+    // Then a vec3 for the light position.
+    // Rounded to the nearest multiple of 16.
+    const sceneUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(2 * 4 * 16 + 4 * 4);
 
-    const sceneBindGroupForShadow: IBindingResources = {
+    const sceneBindGroupForShadow: IGPUBindingResources = {
         scene: {
-            buffer: sceneUniformBuffer,
+            bufferView: sceneUniformBuffer,
         },
     };
 
-    const sceneBindGroupForRender: IBindingResources = {
+    const sceneBindGroupForRender: IGPUBindingResources = {
         scene: {
-            buffer: sceneUniformBuffer,
+            bufferView: sceneUniformBuffer,
         },
         shadowMap: { texture: shadowDepthTexture },
         shadowSampler: {
@@ -156,9 +134,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const modelBindGroup: IBindingResources = {
+    const modelBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
         model: {
-            buffer: modelUniformBuffer,
+            bufferView: modelUniformBuffer,
         },
     };
 
@@ -166,19 +144,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     const upVector = vec3.fromValues(0, 1, 0);
     const origin = vec3.fromValues(0, 0, 0);
 
-    const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective(
-        (2 * Math.PI) / 5,
-        aspect,
-        1,
-        2000.0
-    );
+    const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 1, 2000.0);
 
-    const viewMatrix = mat4.inverse(mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector));
+    const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector);
 
     const lightPosition = vec3.fromValues(50, 100, -100);
-    const lightViewMatrix = mat4.inverse(
-        mat4.lookAt(lightPosition, origin, upVector)
-    );
+    const lightViewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(lightPosition, origin, upVector);
 
     const lightProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
     {
@@ -206,14 +177,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         const lightMatrixData = lightViewProjMatrix as Float32Array;
         const cameraMatrixData = viewProjMatrix as Float32Array;
         const lightData = lightPosition as Float32Array;
-        sceneUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [
+        getIGPUBuffer(sceneUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [
             { bufferOffset: 0, data: lightMatrixData },
             { bufferOffset: 64, data: cameraMatrixData },
             { bufferOffset: 128, data: lightData },
         ];
 
         const modelData = modelMatrix as Float32Array;
-        modelUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = [{ data: modelData }];
+        getIGPUBuffer(modelUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = [{ data: modelData }];
     }
 
     // Rotates the camera around the origin based on time.
@@ -225,14 +196,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         const rotation = mat4.rotateY(mat4.translation(origin), rad);
         vec3.transformMat4(eyePosition, rotation, eyePosition);
 
-        const viewMatrix = mat4.inverse(mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector));
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eyePosition, origin, upVector);
 
         mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, viewProjMatrix);
 
         return viewProjMatrix as Float32Array;
     }
 
-    const shadowPassDescriptor: IRenderPass = {
+    const shadowPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [],
         depthStencilAttachment: {
             view: { texture: shadowDepthTexture },
@@ -243,12 +214,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const submit: ISubmit = {
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
         commandEncoders: [
             {
                 passEncoders: [
                     {
-                        renderPass: shadowPassDescriptor,
+                        descriptor: shadowPassDescriptor,
                         renderObjects: [
                             {
                                 pipeline: shadowPipeline,
@@ -257,13 +228,13 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
                                     ...modelBindGroup,
                                 },
                                 vertices,
-                                index: { buffer: indexBuffer, indexFormat: "uint16" },
+                                indices: indexBuffer,
                                 drawIndexed: { indexCount },
                             },
                         ]
                     },
                     {
-                        renderPass: renderPassDescriptor,
+                        descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
                         renderObjects: [
                             {
                                 pipeline,
@@ -272,7 +243,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
                                     ...modelBindGroup,
                                 },
                                 vertices,
-                                index: { buffer: indexBuffer, indexFormat: "uint16" },
+                                indices: indexBuffer,
                                 drawIndexed: { indexCount },
                             }
                         ],
@@ -285,9 +256,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     function frame()
     {
         const cameraViewProj = getCameraViewProjMatrix();
-        const writeBuffers = sceneUniformBuffer.writeBuffers || [];
+        const writeBuffers = getIGPUBuffer(sceneUniformBuffer).writeBuffers || [];
         writeBuffers.push({ bufferOffset: 64, data: cameraViewProj });
-        sceneUniformBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+        getIGPUBuffer(sceneUniformBuffer).writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
 
         webgpu.submit(submit);
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/glbUtils.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/glbUtils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..414d8c50cbab002b2fbe18dc8dd805619afd6f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/glbUtils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1028 @@
+import { Mat4, mat4, Quatn, Vec3n } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import { Accessor, BufferView, GlTf, Scene } from "./gltf";
+
+import { getIGPUBuffer, gpuVertexFormatMap, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBuffer, IGPUDraw, IGPUDrawIndexed, IGPUFragmentState, IGPUPrimitiveState, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUVertexAttributes, IGPUVertexState } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+//NOTE: GLTF code is not generally extensible to all gltf models
+// Modified from Will Usher code found at this link https://www.willusher.io/graphics/2023/05/16/0-to-gltf-first-mesh
+
+// Associates the mode paramete of a gltf primitive object with the primitive's intended render mode
+enum GLTFRenderMode
+{
+    POINTS = 0,
+    LINE = 1,
+    LINE_LOOP = 2,
+    LINE_STRIP = 3,
+    TRIANGLES = 4,
+    TRIANGLE_STRIP = 5,
+    TRIANGLE_FAN = 6,
+}
+
+// Determines how to interpret each element of the structure that is accessed from our accessor
+enum GLTFDataComponentType
+{
+    BYTE = 5120,
+    UNSIGNED_BYTE = 5121,
+    SHORT = 5122,
+    UNSIGNED_SHORT = 5123,
+    INT = 5124,
+    UNSIGNED_INT = 5125,
+    FLOAT = 5126,
+    DOUBLE = 5130,
+}
+
+// Determines how to interpret the structure of the values accessed by an accessor
+enum GLTFDataStructureType
+{
+    SCALAR = 0,
+    VEC2 = 1,
+    VEC3 = 2,
+    VEC4 = 3,
+    MAT2 = 4,
+    MAT3 = 5,
+    MAT4 = 6,
+}
+
+export const alignTo = (val: number, align: number): number =>
+Math.floor((val + align - 1) / align) * align;
+
+const parseGltfDataStructureType = (type: string) =>
+{
+    switch (type)
+    {
+        case "SCALAR":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.SCALAR;
+        case "VEC2":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.VEC2;
+        case "VEC3":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.VEC3;
+        case "VEC4":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.VEC4;
+        case "MAT2":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.MAT2;
+        case "MAT3":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.MAT3;
+        case "MAT4":
+            return GLTFDataStructureType.MAT4;
+        default:
+            throw Error(`Unhandled glTF Type ${type}`);
+    }
+};
+
+const gltfDataStructureTypeNumComponents = (type: GLTFDataStructureType) =>
+{
+    switch (type)
+    {
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.SCALAR:
+            return 1;
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.VEC2:
+            return 2;
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.VEC3:
+            return 3;
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.VEC4:
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.MAT2:
+            return 4;
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.MAT3:
+            return 9;
+        case GLTFDataStructureType.MAT4:
+            return 16;
+        default:
+            throw Error(`Invalid glTF Type ${type}`);
+    }
+};
+
+// Note: only returns non-normalized type names,
+// so byte/ubyte = sint8/uint8, not snorm8/unorm8, same for ushort
+const gltfVertexType = (
+    componentType: GLTFDataComponentType,
+    type: GLTFDataStructureType
+) =>
+{
+    let typeStr = null;
+    switch (componentType)
+    {
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.BYTE:
+            typeStr = "sint8";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_BYTE:
+            typeStr = "uint8";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.SHORT:
+            typeStr = "sint16";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_SHORT:
+            typeStr = "uint16";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.INT:
+            typeStr = "int32";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_INT:
+            typeStr = "uint32";
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.FLOAT:
+            typeStr = "float32";
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw Error(`Unrecognized or unsupported glTF type ${componentType}`);
+    }
+
+    switch (gltfDataStructureTypeNumComponents(type))
+    {
+        case 1:
+            return typeStr;
+        case 2:
+            return `${typeStr}x2`;
+        case 3:
+            return `${typeStr}x3`;
+        case 4:
+            return `${typeStr}x4`;
+        // Vertex attributes should never be a matrix type, so we should not hit this
+        // unless we're passed an improperly created gltf file
+        default:
+            throw Error(`Invalid number of components for gltfType: ${type}`);
+    }
+};
+
+const gltfElementSize = (
+    componentType: GLTFDataComponentType,
+    type: GLTFDataStructureType
+) =>
+{
+    let componentSize = 0;
+    switch (componentType)
+    {
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.BYTE:
+            componentSize = 1;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_BYTE:
+            componentSize = 1;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.SHORT:
+            componentSize = 2;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_SHORT:
+            componentSize = 2;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.INT:
+            componentSize = 4;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.UNSIGNED_INT:
+            componentSize = 4;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.FLOAT:
+            componentSize = 4;
+            break;
+        case GLTFDataComponentType.DOUBLE:
+            componentSize = 8;
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw Error("Unrecognized GLTF Component Type?");
+    }
+
+return gltfDataStructureTypeNumComponents(type) * componentSize;
+};
+
+// Convert differently depending on if the shader is a vertex or compute shader
+const convertGPUVertexFormatToWGSLFormat = (vertexFormat: GPUVertexFormat) =>
+{
+    switch (vertexFormat)
+    {
+        case "float32": {
+            return "f32";
+        }
+        case "float32x2": {
+            return "vec2f";
+        }
+        case "float32x3": {
+            return "vec3f";
+        }
+        case "float32x4": {
+            return "vec4f";
+        }
+        case "uint32": {
+            return "u32";
+        }
+        case "uint32x2": {
+            return "vec2u";
+        }
+        case "uint32x3": {
+            return "vec3u";
+        }
+        case "uint32x4": {
+            return "vec4u";
+        }
+        case "uint8x2": {
+            return "vec2u";
+        }
+        case "uint8x4": {
+            return "vec4u";
+        }
+        case "uint16x4": {
+            return "vec4u";
+        }
+        case "uint16x2": {
+            return "vec2u";
+        }
+        default: {
+            return "f32";
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+export class GLTFBuffer
+{
+    buffer: Uint8Array;
+    constructor(buffer: ArrayBuffer, offset: number, size: number)
+    {
+        this.buffer = new Uint8Array(buffer, offset, size);
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFBufferView
+{
+    byteLength: number;
+    byteStride: number;
+    view: Uint8Array;
+    needsUpload: boolean;
+    gpuBuffer: IGPUBuffer;
+    usage: number;
+    constructor(buffer: GLTFBuffer, view: BufferView)
+    {
+        this.byteLength = view["byteLength"];
+        this.byteStride = 0;
+        if (view["byteStride"] !== undefined)
+        {
+            this.byteStride = view["byteStride"];
+        }
+        // Create the buffer view. Note that subarray creates a new typed
+        // view over the same array buffer, we do not make a copy here.
+        let viewOffset = 0;
+        if (view["byteOffset"] !== undefined)
+        {
+            viewOffset = view["byteOffset"];
+        }
+        // NOTE: This creates a uint8array view into the buffer!
+        // When we call .buffer on this view, it will give us back the original array buffer
+        // Accordingly, when converting our buffer from a uint8array to a float32array representation
+        // we need to apply the byte offset of our view when creating our buffer
+        // ie new Float32Array(this.view.buffer, this.view.byteOffset, this.view.byteLength)
+        this.view = buffer.buffer.subarray(
+            viewOffset,
+            viewOffset + this.byteLength
+        );
+
+        this.needsUpload = false;
+        this.gpuBuffer = null;
+        this.usage = 0;
+    }
+
+    addUsage(usage: number)
+    {
+        this.usage = this.usage | usage;
+    }
+
+    upload()
+    {
+        // Note: must align to 4 byte size when mapped at creation is true
+        const buf: IGPUBuffer = {
+            size: alignTo(this.view.byteLength, 4),
+            usage: this.usage,
+            data: this.view,
+        };
+        this.gpuBuffer = buf;
+        this.needsUpload = false;
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFAccessor
+{
+    count: number;
+    componentType: GLTFDataComponentType;
+    structureType: GLTFDataStructureType;
+    view: GLTFBufferView;
+    byteOffset: number;
+    constructor(view: GLTFBufferView, accessor: Accessor)
+    {
+        this.count = accessor["count"];
+        this.componentType = accessor["componentType"];
+        this.structureType = parseGltfDataStructureType(accessor["type"]);
+        this.view = view;
+        this.byteOffset = 0;
+        if (accessor["byteOffset"] !== undefined)
+        {
+            this.byteOffset = accessor["byteOffset"];
+        }
+    }
+
+    get byteStride()
+    {
+        const elementSize = gltfElementSize(this.componentType, this.structureType);
+
+return Math.max(elementSize, this.view.byteStride);
+    }
+
+    get byteLength()
+    {
+        return this.count * this.byteStride;
+    }
+
+    // Get the vertex attribute type for accessors that are used as vertex attributes
+    get vertexType()
+    {
+        return gltfVertexType(this.componentType, this.structureType);
+    }
+}
+
+interface AttributeMapInterface
+{
+    [key: string]: GLTFAccessor;
+}
+
+export class GLTFPrimitive
+{
+    topology: GLTFRenderMode;
+    renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline;
+    private attributeMap: AttributeMapInterface;
+    private attributes: string[] = [];
+    vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes;
+    indices: Uint16Array | Uint32Array;
+    constructor(
+        topology: GLTFRenderMode,
+        attributeMap: AttributeMapInterface,
+        attributes: string[]
+    )
+    {
+        this.topology = topology;
+        this.renderPipeline = null;
+        this.attributeMap = attributeMap;
+        this.attributes = attributes;
+
+        // POSITION, NORMAL, TEXCOORD_0, JOINTS_0, WEIGHTS_0
+
+        this.vertices = {};
+
+        this.attributes.forEach(
+            (attr, idx) =>
+            {
+                const view = this.attributeMap[attr].view.view;
+                const vertexFormat: GPUVertexFormat = this.attributeMap[attr].vertexType;
+                const attrString = attr.toLowerCase().replace(/_0$/, "");
+
+                const Cls = gpuVertexFormatMap[vertexFormat].typedArrayConstructor;
+
+                const data = new Cls(view.buffer, view.byteOffset, view.byteLength / Cls.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT);
+
+                this.vertices[attrString] = { data, format: vertexFormat };
+            }
+        );
+        {
+            const INDICES = attributeMap["INDICES"];
+            const view = INDICES.view.view;
+            const vertexFormat: GPUIndexFormat = INDICES.vertexType;
+            let Cls: Uint16ArrayConstructor | Uint32ArrayConstructor;
+            if (vertexFormat === "uint16")
+            {
+                Cls = Uint16Array;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Cls = Uint32Array;
+            }
+            this.indices = new Cls(view.buffer, view.byteOffset, view.byteLength / Cls.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT);
+        }
+    }
+
+    buildRenderPipeline(
+        vertexShader: string,
+        fragmentShader: string,
+        label: string
+    )
+    {
+        // POSITION, NORMAL, TEXCOORD_0, JOINTS_0, WEIGHTS_0 for order
+        // Vertex attribute state and shader stage
+        let VertexInputShaderString = `struct VertexInput {\n`;
+        this.attributes.forEach(
+            (attr, idx) =>
+            {
+                const vertexFormat: GPUVertexFormat
+                    = this.attributeMap[attr].vertexType;
+                const attrString = attr.toLowerCase().replace(/_0$/, "");
+                VertexInputShaderString += `\t@location(${idx}) ${attrString}: ${convertGPUVertexFormatToWGSLFormat(
+                    vertexFormat
+                )},\n`;
+            }
+        );
+        VertexInputShaderString += "}";
+
+        const vertexState: IGPUVertexState = {
+            // Shader stage info
+            code: VertexInputShaderString + vertexShader,
+        };
+
+        const fragmentState: IGPUFragmentState = {
+            // Shader info
+            code: VertexInputShaderString + fragmentShader,
+            // Output render target info
+            // targets: [{ format: colorFormat }],
+        };
+
+        // Our loader only supports triangle lists and strips, so by default we set
+        // the primitive topology to triangle list, and check if it's instead a triangle strip
+        let primitive: IGPUPrimitiveState = { topology: "triangle-list" };
+        if (this.topology == GLTFRenderMode.TRIANGLE_STRIP)
+        {
+            primitive = {
+                topology: "triangle-strip",
+                stripIndexFormat: "uint16",
+            };
+        }
+
+        const rpDescript: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+            label: `${label}.pipeline`,
+            vertex: vertexState,
+            fragment: fragmentState,
+            primitive,
+            depthStencil: {
+                // format: depthFormat,
+                depthWriteEnabled: true,
+                depthCompare: "less",
+            },
+        };
+
+        this.renderPipeline = rpDescript;
+    }
+
+    render(renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[], bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources)
+    {
+        let drawIndexed: IGPUDrawIndexed;
+        let draw: IGPUDraw;
+        if (this.indices)
+        {
+            drawIndexed = { indexCount: this.indices.length };
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const vertexAttribute = this.vertices[Object.keys(this.vertices)[0]];
+
+            const vertexCount = vertexAttribute.data.byteLength / gpuVertexFormatMap[vertexAttribute.format].byteSize;
+
+            draw = { vertexCount };
+        }
+
+        const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
+            pipeline: this.renderPipeline,
+            bindingResources,
+            //if skin do something with bone bind group
+            vertices: this.vertices,
+            indices: this.indices,
+            draw,
+            drawIndexed,
+        };
+        renderObjects.push(renderObject);
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFMesh
+{
+    name: string;
+    primitives: GLTFPrimitive[];
+    constructor(name: string, primitives: GLTFPrimitive[])
+    {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.primitives = primitives;
+    }
+
+    buildRenderPipeline(
+        vertexShader: string,
+        fragmentShader: string,
+    )
+    {
+        // We take a pretty simple approach to start. Just loop through all the primitives and
+        // build their respective render pipelines
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.primitives.length; ++i)
+        {
+            this.primitives[i].buildRenderPipeline(
+                vertexShader,
+                fragmentShader,
+                `PrimitivePipeline${i}`
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    render(renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[], bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources)
+    {
+        // We take a pretty simple approach to start. Just loop through all the primitives and
+        // call their individual draw methods
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.primitives.length; ++i)
+        {
+            this.primitives[i].render(renderObjects, bindingResources);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+export const validateGLBHeader = (header: DataView) =>
+{
+    if (header.getUint32(0, true) != 0x46546c67)
+    {
+        throw Error("Provided file is not a glB file");
+    }
+    if (header.getUint32(4, true) != 2)
+    {
+        throw Error("Provided file is glTF 2.0 file");
+    }
+};
+
+export const validateBinaryHeader = (header: Uint32Array) =>
+{
+    if (header[1] != 0x004e4942)
+    {
+        throw Error(
+            "Invalid glB: The second chunk of the glB file is not a binary chunk!"
+        );
+    }
+};
+
+type TempReturn = {
+    meshes: GLTFMesh[];
+    nodes: GLTFNode[];
+    scenes: GLTFScene[];
+    skins: GLTFSkin[];
+};
+
+export class BaseTransformation
+{
+    position: Vec3n;
+    rotation: Quatn;
+    scale: Vec3n;
+    constructor(
+        // Identity translation vec3
+        position = [0, 0, 0],
+        // Identity quaternion
+        rotation = [0, 0, 0, 1],
+        // Identity scale vec3
+        scale = [1, 1, 1]
+    )
+    {
+        this.position = position;
+        this.rotation = rotation;
+        this.scale = scale;
+    }
+    getMatrix(): Mat4
+    {
+        // Analagous to let transformationMatrix: mat4x4f = translation * rotation * scale;
+        const dst = mat4.identity();
+        // Scale the transformation Matrix
+        mat4.scale(dst, this.scale, dst);
+        // Calculate the rotationMatrix from the quaternion
+        const rotationMatrix = mat4.fromQuat(this.rotation);
+        // Apply the rotation Matrix to the scaleMatrix (rotMat * scaleMat)
+        mat4.multiply(rotationMatrix, dst, dst);
+        // Translate the transformationMatrix
+        mat4.translate(dst, this.position, dst);
+
+return dst;
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFNode
+{
+    name: string;
+    source: BaseTransformation;
+    parent: GLTFNode | null;
+    children: GLTFNode[];
+    // Transforms all node's children in the node's local space, with node itself acting as the origin
+    localMatrix: Mat4;
+    worldMatrix: Mat4;
+    // List of Meshes associated with this node
+    drawables: GLTFMesh[];
+    test = 0;
+    skin?: GLTFSkin;
+    private nodeTransformBindGroup = {
+        node_uniforms: { world_matrix: new Float32Array(16) }
+    };
+
+    constructor(
+        source: BaseTransformation,
+        name?: string,
+        skin?: GLTFSkin
+    )
+    {
+        this.name = name
+            ? name
+            : `node_${source.position} ${source.rotation} ${source.scale}`;
+        this.source = source;
+        this.parent = null;
+        this.children = [];
+        this.localMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        this.worldMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        this.drawables = [];
+
+        this.skin = skin;
+    }
+
+    setParent(parent: GLTFNode)
+    {
+        if (this.parent)
+        {
+            this.parent.removeChild(this);
+            this.parent = null;
+        }
+        parent.addChild(this);
+        this.parent = parent;
+    }
+
+    updateWorldMatrix(parentWorldMatrix?: Mat4)
+    {
+        // Get local transform of this particular node, and if the node has a parent,
+        // multiply it against the parent's transform matrix to get transformMatrix relative to world.
+        this.localMatrix = this.source.getMatrix();
+        if (parentWorldMatrix)
+        {
+            mat4.multiply(parentWorldMatrix, this.localMatrix, this.worldMatrix);
+        }
+ else
+        {
+            mat4.copy(this.localMatrix, this.worldMatrix);
+        }
+        const worldMatrix = this.worldMatrix;
+
+        this.nodeTransformBindGroup.node_uniforms.world_matrix = worldMatrix;
+
+        for (const child of this.children)
+        {
+            child.updateWorldMatrix(worldMatrix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    traverse(fn: (n: GLTFNode, ...args) => void)
+    {
+        fn(this);
+        for (const child of this.children)
+        {
+            child.traverse(fn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    renderDrawables(
+        renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[], bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources
+    )
+    {
+        if (this.drawables !== undefined)
+        {
+            for (const drawable of this.drawables)
+            {
+                if (this.skin)
+                {
+                    drawable.render(renderObjects, {
+                        ...bindingResources,
+                        ...this.nodeTransformBindGroup,
+                        ...this.skin.skinBindGroup,
+                    });
+                }
+ else
+                {
+                    drawable.render(renderObjects, {
+                        ...bindingResources,
+                        ...this.nodeTransformBindGroup,
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Render any of its children
+        for (const child of this.children)
+        {
+            child.renderDrawables(renderObjects, bindingResources);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private addChild(child: GLTFNode)
+    {
+        this.children.push(child);
+    }
+
+    private removeChild(child: GLTFNode)
+    {
+        const ndx = this.children.indexOf(child);
+        this.children.splice(ndx, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFScene
+{
+    nodes?: number[];
+    root: GLTFNode;
+    name?: string;
+
+    constructor(
+        baseScene: Scene
+    )
+    {
+        this.nodes = baseScene.nodes;
+        this.name = baseScene.name;
+        this.root = new GLTFNode(
+            new BaseTransformation(),
+            baseScene.name
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+export class GLTFSkin
+{
+    // Nodes of the skin's joints
+    // [5, 2, 3] means our joint info is at nodes 5, 2, and 3
+    joints: number[];
+    // Bind Group for this skin's uniform buffer
+    skinBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources;
+    // Static bindGroupLayout shared across all skins
+    // In a larger shader with more properties, certain bind groups
+    // would likely have to be combined due to device limitations in the number of bind groups
+    // allowed within a shader
+    // Inverse bind matrices parsed from the accessor
+    private inverseBindMatrices: Float32Array;
+    private jointMatricesUniformBuffer: Float32Array;
+    private inverseBindMatricesUniformBuffer: Float32Array;
+
+    // For the sake of simplicity and easier debugging, we're going to convert our skin gpu accessor to a
+    // float32array, which should be performant enough for this example since there is only one skin (again, this)
+    // is not a comprehensive gltf parser
+    constructor(
+        inverseBindMatricesAccessor: GLTFAccessor,
+        joints: number[]
+    )
+    {
+        if (
+            inverseBindMatricesAccessor.componentType
+            !== GLTFDataComponentType.FLOAT
+            || inverseBindMatricesAccessor.byteStride !== 64
+        )
+        {
+            throw Error(
+                `This skin's provided accessor does not access a mat4x4f matrix, or does not access the provided mat4x4f data correctly`
+            );
+        }
+        // NOTE: Come back to this uint8array to float32array conversion in case it is incorrect
+        this.inverseBindMatrices = new Float32Array(
+            inverseBindMatricesAccessor.view.view.buffer,
+            inverseBindMatricesAccessor.view.view.byteOffset,
+            inverseBindMatricesAccessor.view.view.byteLength / 4
+        );
+        this.joints = joints;
+        this.jointMatricesUniformBuffer = new Float32Array(16 * joints.length);
+        this.inverseBindMatricesUniformBuffer = new Float32Array(this.inverseBindMatrices);
+
+        this.skinBindGroup = {
+            joint_matrices: { bufferView: this.jointMatricesUniformBuffer },
+            inverse_bind_matrices: { bufferView: this.inverseBindMatricesUniformBuffer },
+        };
+    }
+
+    update(currentNodeIndex: number, nodes: GLTFNode[])
+    {
+        const globalWorldInverse = mat4.inverse(
+            nodes[currentNodeIndex].worldMatrix
+        );
+        const gpuBuffer = getIGPUBuffer(this.jointMatricesUniformBuffer);
+        const writeBuffers = gpuBuffer.writeBuffers || [];
+
+        for (let j = 0; j < this.joints.length; j++)
+        {
+            const joint = this.joints[j];
+            const dstMatrix = mat4.identity();
+            mat4.multiply(globalWorldInverse, nodes[joint].worldMatrix, dstMatrix);
+            const toWrite = dstMatrix;
+            //
+            writeBuffers.push({
+                bufferOffset: j * 64,
+                data: toWrite.buffer,
+                dataOffset: toWrite.byteOffset,
+                size: toWrite.byteLength,
+            });
+        }
+
+        gpuBuffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+    }
+}
+
+// Upload a GLB model, parse its JSON and Binary components, and create the requisite GPU resources
+// to render them. NOTE: Not extensible to all GLTF contexts at this point in time
+export const convertGLBToJSONAndBinary = async (
+    buffer: ArrayBuffer,
+): Promise =>
+{
+    // Binary GLTF layout: https://cdn.willusher.io/webgpu-0-to-gltf/glb-layout.svg
+    const jsonHeader = new DataView(buffer, 0, 20);
+    validateGLBHeader(jsonHeader);
+
+    // Length of the jsonChunk found at jsonHeader[12 - 15]
+    const jsonChunkLength = jsonHeader.getUint32(12, true);
+
+    // Parse the JSON chunk of the glB file to a JSON object
+    const jsonChunk: GlTf = JSON.parse(
+        new TextDecoder("utf-8").decode(new Uint8Array(buffer, 20, jsonChunkLength))
+    );
+
+    // Binary data located after jsonChunk
+    const binaryHeader = new Uint32Array(buffer, 20 + jsonChunkLength, 2);
+    validateBinaryHeader(binaryHeader);
+
+    const binaryChunk = new GLTFBuffer(
+        buffer,
+        28 + jsonChunkLength,
+        binaryHeader[0]
+    );
+
+    //Const populate missing properties of jsonChunk
+    for (const accessor of jsonChunk.accessors)
+    {
+        accessor.byteOffset = accessor.byteOffset ?? 0;
+        accessor.normalized = accessor.normalized ?? false;
+    }
+
+    for (const bufferView of jsonChunk.bufferViews)
+    {
+        bufferView.byteOffset = bufferView.byteOffset ?? 0;
+    }
+
+    if (jsonChunk.samplers)
+    {
+        for (const sampler of jsonChunk.samplers)
+        {
+            sampler.wrapS = sampler.wrapS ?? 10497; //GL.REPEAT
+            sampler.wrapT = sampler.wrapT ?? 10947; //GL.REPEAT
+        }
+    }
+
+    //Mark each accessor with its intended usage within the vertexShader.
+    //Often necessary due to infrequencey with which the BufferView target field is populated.
+    for (const mesh of jsonChunk.meshes)
+    {
+        for (const primitive of mesh.primitives)
+        {
+            if ("indices" in primitive)
+            {
+                const accessor = jsonChunk.accessors[primitive.indices];
+                jsonChunk.accessors[primitive.indices].bufferViewUsage
+                    |= GPUBufferUsage.INDEX;
+                jsonChunk.bufferViews[accessor.bufferView].usage
+                    |= GPUBufferUsage.INDEX;
+            }
+            for (const attribute of Object.values(primitive.attributes))
+            {
+                const accessor = jsonChunk.accessors[attribute];
+                jsonChunk.accessors[attribute].bufferViewUsage |= GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX;
+                jsonChunk.bufferViews[accessor.bufferView].usage
+                    |= GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Create GLTFBufferView objects for all the buffer views in the glTF file
+    const bufferViews: GLTFBufferView[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < jsonChunk.bufferViews.length; ++i)
+    {
+        bufferViews.push(new GLTFBufferView(binaryChunk, jsonChunk.bufferViews[i]));
+    }
+
+    const accessors: GLTFAccessor[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < jsonChunk.accessors.length; ++i)
+    {
+        const accessorInfo = jsonChunk.accessors[i];
+        const viewID = accessorInfo["bufferView"];
+        accessors.push(new GLTFAccessor(bufferViews[viewID], accessorInfo));
+    }
+    // Load the first mesh
+    const meshes: GLTFMesh[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < jsonChunk.meshes.length; i++)
+    {
+        const mesh = jsonChunk.meshes[i];
+        const meshPrimitives: GLTFPrimitive[] = [];
+        for (let j = 0; j < mesh.primitives.length; ++j)
+        {
+            const prim = mesh.primitives[j];
+            let topology = prim["mode"];
+            // Default is triangles if mode specified
+            if (topology === undefined)
+            {
+                topology = GLTFRenderMode.TRIANGLES;
+            }
+            if (
+                topology != GLTFRenderMode.TRIANGLES
+                && topology != GLTFRenderMode.TRIANGLE_STRIP
+            )
+            {
+                throw Error(`Unsupported primitive mode ${prim["mode"]}`);
+            }
+
+            const primitiveAttributeMap = {};
+            const attributes = [];
+            if (jsonChunk["accessors"][prim["indices"]] !== undefined)
+            {
+                const indices = accessors[prim["indices"]];
+                primitiveAttributeMap["INDICES"] = indices;
+            }
+
+            // Loop through all the attributes and store within our attributeMap
+            for (const attr in prim["attributes"])
+            {
+                const accessor = accessors[prim["attributes"][attr]];
+                primitiveAttributeMap[attr] = accessor;
+                if (accessor.structureType > 3)
+                {
+                    throw Error(
+                        "Vertex attribute accessor accessed an unsupported data type for vertex attribute"
+                    );
+                }
+                attributes.push(attr);
+            }
+            meshPrimitives.push(
+                new GLTFPrimitive(topology, primitiveAttributeMap, attributes)
+            );
+        }
+        meshes.push(new GLTFMesh(mesh.name, meshPrimitives));
+    }
+
+    const skins: GLTFSkin[] = [];
+    for (const skin of jsonChunk.skins)
+    {
+        const inverseBindMatrixAccessor = accessors[skin.inverseBindMatrices];
+        inverseBindMatrixAccessor.view.addUsage(
+            GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+        );
+        inverseBindMatrixAccessor.view.needsUpload = true;
+    }
+
+    // Upload the buffer views used by mesh
+    for (let i = 0; i < bufferViews.length; ++i)
+    {
+        if (bufferViews[i].needsUpload)
+        {
+            bufferViews[i].upload();
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const skin of jsonChunk.skins)
+    {
+        const inverseBindMatrixAccessor = accessors[skin.inverseBindMatrices];
+        const joints = skin.joints;
+        skins.push(new GLTFSkin(inverseBindMatrixAccessor, joints));
+    }
+
+    const nodes: GLTFNode[] = [];
+
+    // Access each node. If node references a mesh, add mesh to that node
+    for (const currNode of jsonChunk.nodes)
+    {
+        const baseTransformation = new BaseTransformation(
+            currNode.translation,
+            currNode.rotation,
+            currNode.scale
+        );
+        const nodeToCreate = new GLTFNode(
+            baseTransformation,
+            currNode.name,
+            skins[currNode.skin]
+        );
+        const meshToAdd = meshes[currNode.mesh];
+        if (meshToAdd)
+        {
+            nodeToCreate.drawables.push(meshToAdd);
+        }
+        nodes.push(nodeToCreate);
+    }
+
+    // Assign each node its children
+    nodes.forEach((node, idx) =>
+    {
+        const children = jsonChunk.nodes[idx].children;
+        if (children)
+        {
+            children.forEach((childIdx) =>
+            {
+                const child = nodes[childIdx];
+                child.setParent(node);
+            });
+        }
+    });
+
+    const scenes: GLTFScene[] = [];
+
+    for (const jsonScene of jsonChunk.scenes)
+    {
+        const scene = new GLTFScene(jsonScene);
+        const sceneChildren = scene.nodes;
+        sceneChildren.forEach((childIdx) =>
+        {
+            const child = nodes[childIdx];
+            child.setParent(scene.root);
+        });
+        scenes.push(scene);
+    }
+
+return {
+        meshes,
+        nodes,
+        scenes,
+        skins,
+    };
+};
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0eb7dce9b8034a1d6a131560c4a943a7389b641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+import { Mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import { GLTFNode } from "./glbUtils";
+
+/* eslint @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any: "off" */
+
+/* Sourced from https://github.com/bwasty/gltf-loader-ts/blob/master/source/gltf.ts */
+/* License for use can be found here: https://github.com/bwasty/gltf-loader-ts/blob/master/LICENSE */
+/* Comments and types have been excluded from original source for sake of cleanliness and brevity */
+export type GlTfId = number;
+
+export interface AccessorSparseIndices {
+  bufferView: GlTfId;
+  byteOffset?: number;
+  componentType: 5121 | 5123 | 5125 | number;
+}
+
+export interface AccessorSparseValues {
+  bufferView: GlTfId;
+  byteOffset?: number;
+}
+
+export interface AccessorSparse {
+  count: number;
+  indices: AccessorSparseIndices;
+  values: AccessorSparseValues;
+}
+
+export interface Accessor {
+  bufferView?: GlTfId;
+  bufferViewUsage?: 34962 | 34963 | number;
+  byteOffset?: number;
+  componentType: 5120 | 5121 | 5122 | 5123 | 5125 | 5126 | number;
+  normalized?: boolean;
+  count: number;
+  type: "SCALAR" | "VEC2" | "VEC3" | "VEC4" | "MAT2" | "MAT3" | "MAT4" | string;
+  max?: number[];
+  min?: number[];
+  sparse?: AccessorSparse;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface AnimationChannelTarget {
+  node?: GlTfId;
+  path: "translation" | "rotation" | "scale" | "weights" | string;
+}
+
+export interface AnimationChannel {
+  sampler: GlTfId;
+  target: AnimationChannelTarget;
+}
+
+export interface AnimationSampler {
+  input: GlTfId;
+  interpolation?: "LINEAR" | "STEP" | "CUBICSPLINE" | string;
+  output: GlTfId;
+}
+
+export interface Animation {
+  channels: AnimationChannel[];
+  samplers: AnimationSampler[];
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Asset {
+  copyright?: string;
+  generator?: string;
+  version: string;
+  minVersion?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Buffer {
+  uri?: string;
+  byteLength: number;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface BufferView {
+  buffer: GlTfId;
+  byteOffset?: number;
+  byteLength: number;
+  byteStride?: number;
+  target?: 34962 | 34963 | number;
+  name?: string;
+  usage?: number;
+}
+
+export interface CameraOrthographic {
+  xmag: number;
+  ymag: number;
+  zfar: number;
+  znear: number;
+}
+
+export interface CameraPerspective {
+  aspectRatio?: number;
+  yfov: number;
+  zfar?: number;
+  znear: number;
+}
+
+export interface Camera {
+  orthographic?: CameraOrthographic;
+  perspective?: CameraPerspective;
+  type: "perspective" | "orthographic" | string;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Image {
+  uri?: string;
+  mimeType?: "image/jpeg" | "image/png" | string;
+  bufferView?: GlTfId;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface TextureInfo {
+  index: GlTfId;
+  texCoord?: number;
+}
+
+export interface MaterialPbrMetallicRoughness {
+  baseColorFactor?: number[];
+  baseColorTexture?: TextureInfo;
+  metallicFactor?: number;
+  roughnessFactor?: number;
+  metallicRoughnessTexture?: TextureInfo;
+}
+export interface MaterialNormalTextureInfo {
+  index?: number;
+  texCoord?: number;
+  scale?: number;
+}
+export interface MaterialOcclusionTextureInfo {
+  index?: number;
+  texCoord?: number;
+  strength?: number;
+}
+
+export interface Material {
+  name?: string;
+  pbrMetallicRoughness?: MaterialPbrMetallicRoughness;
+  normalTexture?: MaterialNormalTextureInfo;
+  occlusionTexture?: MaterialOcclusionTextureInfo;
+  emissiveTexture?: TextureInfo;
+  emissiveFactor?: number[];
+  alphaMode?: "OPAQUE" | "MASK" | "BLEND" | string;
+  alphaCutoff?: number;
+  doubleSided?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface MeshPrimitive {
+  attributes: {
+    [k: string]: GlTfId;
+  };
+  indices?: GlTfId;
+  material?: GlTfId;
+  mode?: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | number;
+  targets?: {
+    [k: string]: GlTfId;
+  }[];
+}
+
+export interface Mesh {
+  primitives: MeshPrimitive[];
+  weights?: number[];
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Node {
+  camera?: GlTfId;
+  children?: GlTfId[];
+  skin?: GlTfId;
+  matrix?: number[];
+  worldTransformationMatrix?: Mat4;
+  mesh?: GlTfId;
+  rotation?: number[];
+  scale?: number[];
+  translation?: number[];
+  weights?: number[];
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Sampler {
+  magFilter?: 9728 | 9729 | number;
+  minFilter?: 9728 | 9729 | 9984 | 9985 | 9986 | 9987 | number;
+  wrapS?: 33071 | 33648 | 10497 | number;
+  wrapT?: 33071 | 33648 | 10497 | number;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Scene {
+  nodes?: GlTfId[];
+  name?: string;
+  root?: GLTFNode;
+}
+export interface Skin {
+  inverseBindMatrices?: GlTfId;
+  skeleton?: GlTfId;
+  joints: GlTfId[];
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Texture {
+  sampler?: GlTfId;
+  source?: GlTfId;
+  name?: string;
+}
+
+export interface GlTf {
+  extensionsUsed?: string[];
+  extensionsRequired?: string[];
+  accessors?: Accessor[];
+  animations?: Animation[];
+  asset: Asset;
+  buffers?: Buffer[];
+  bufferViews?: BufferView[];
+  cameras?: Camera[];
+  images?: Image[];
+  materials?: Material[];
+  meshes?: Mesh[];
+  nodes?: Node[];
+  samplers?: Sampler[];
+  scene?: GlTfId;
+  scenes?: Scene[];
+  skins?: Skin[];
+  textures?: Texture[];
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b1077214149209871ed3f55a37de837c5dbc66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gltf.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Whale.glb Vertex attributes
+// Read in VertexInput from attributes
+// f32x3    f32x3   f32x2       u8x4       f32x4
+struct VertexOutput {
+  @builtin(position) Position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) normal: vec3f,
+  @location(1) joints: vec4f,
+  @location(2) weights: vec4f,
+}
+
+struct CameraUniforms {
+  proj_matrix: mat4x4f,
+  view_matrix: mat4x4f,
+  model_matrix: mat4x4f,
+}
+
+struct GeneralUniforms {
+  render_mode: u32,
+  skin_mode: u32,
+}
+
+struct NodeUniforms {
+  world_matrix: mat4x4f,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var camera_uniforms: CameraUniforms;
+@group(1) @binding(0) var general_uniforms: GeneralUniforms;
+@group(2) @binding(0) var node_uniforms: NodeUniforms;
+@group(3) @binding(0) var joint_matrices: array;
+@group(3) @binding(1) var inverse_bind_matrices: array;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertexMain(input: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {
+  var output: VertexOutput;
+  // Compute joint_matrices * inverse_bind_matrices
+  let joint0 = joint_matrices[input.joints[0]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[0]];
+  let joint1 = joint_matrices[input.joints[1]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[1]];
+  let joint2 = joint_matrices[input.joints[2]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[2]];
+  let joint3 = joint_matrices[input.joints[3]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[3]];
+  // Compute influence of joint based on weight
+  let skin_matrix = 
+    joint0 * input.weights[0] +
+    joint1 * input.weights[1] +
+    joint2 * input.weights[2] +
+    joint3 * input.weights[3];
+  // Position of the vertex relative to our world
+  let world_position = vec4f(input.position.x, input.position.y, input.position.z, 1.0);
+  // Vertex position with model rotation, skinning, and the mesh's node transformation applied.
+  let skinned_position = camera_uniforms.model_matrix * skin_matrix * node_uniforms.world_matrix * world_position;
+  // Vertex position with only the model rotation applied.
+  let rotated_position = camera_uniforms.model_matrix * world_position;
+  // Determine which position to used based on whether skinMode is turnd on or off.
+  let transformed_position = select(
+    rotated_position,
+    skinned_position,
+    general_uniforms.skin_mode == 0
+  );
+  // Apply the camera and projection matrix transformations to our transformed position;
+  output.Position = camera_uniforms.proj_matrix * camera_uniforms.view_matrix * transformed_position;
+  output.normal = input.normal;
+  // Convert u32 joint data to f32s to prevent flat interpolation error.
+  output.joints = vec4f(f32(input.joints[0]), f32(input.joints[1]), f32(input.joints[2]), f32(input.joints[3]));
+  output.weights = input.weights;
+  return output;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragmentMain(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  switch general_uniforms.render_mode {
+    case 1: {
+      return input.joints;
+    } 
+    case 2: {
+      return input.weights;
+    }
+    default: {
+      return vec4f(input.normal, 1.0);
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/grid.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/grid.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee4841173a270515750902b30d6f8002b82c2ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/grid.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+struct VertexInput {
+  @location(0) vert_pos: vec2f,
+  @location(1) joints: vec4u,
+  @location(2) weights: vec4f
+}
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+  @builtin(position) Position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) world_pos: vec3f,
+  @location(1) joints: vec4f,
+  @location(2) weights: vec4f,
+}
+
+struct CameraUniforms {
+  projMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  viewMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  modelMatrix: mat4x4f,
+}
+
+struct GeneralUniforms {
+  render_mode: u32,
+  skin_mode: u32,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var camera_uniforms: CameraUniforms;
+@group(1) @binding(0) var general_uniforms: GeneralUniforms;
+@group(2) @binding(0) var joint_matrices: array;
+@group(2) @binding(1) var inverse_bind_matrices: array;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertexMain(input: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {
+  var output: VertexOutput;
+  var bones = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+  let position = vec4f(input.vert_pos.x, input.vert_pos.y, 0.0, 1.0);
+  // Get relevant 4 bone matrices
+  let joint0 = joint_matrices[input.joints[0]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[0]];
+  let joint1 = joint_matrices[input.joints[1]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[1]];
+  let joint2 = joint_matrices[input.joints[2]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[2]];
+  let joint3 = joint_matrices[input.joints[3]] * inverse_bind_matrices[input.joints[3]];
+  // Compute influence of joint based on weight
+  let skin_matrix = 
+    joint0 * input.weights[0] +
+    joint1 * input.weights[1] +
+    joint2 * input.weights[2] +
+    joint3 * input.weights[3];
+  // Bone transformed mesh
+  output.Position = select(
+    camera_uniforms.projMatrix * camera_uniforms.viewMatrix * camera_uniforms.modelMatrix * position,
+    camera_uniforms.projMatrix * camera_uniforms.viewMatrix * camera_uniforms.modelMatrix * skin_matrix * position,
+    general_uniforms.skin_mode == 0
+  );
+
+  //Get unadjusted world coordinates
+  output.world_pos = position.xyz;
+  output.joints = vec4f(f32(input.joints.x), f32(input.joints.y), f32(input.joints.z), f32(input.joints.w));
+  output.weights = input.weights;
+  return output;
+}
+
+
+@fragment
+fn fragmentMain(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  switch general_uniforms.render_mode {
+    case 1: {
+      return input.joints;
+    }
+    case 2: {
+      return input.weights;
+    }
+    default: {
+      return vec4f(255.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0); 
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridData.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridData.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48e281d5a953f996f6b619f894377ef08132714d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridData.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+export const gridVertices = new Float32Array([
+  // B0
+  0, 1, // 0
+  0, -1, // 1
+  // CONNECTOR
+  2, 1, // 2
+  2, -1, // 3
+  // B1
+  4, 1, // 4
+  4, -1, // 5
+  // CONNECTOR
+  6, 1, // 6
+  6, -1, // 7
+  // B2
+  8, 1, // 8
+  8, -1, // 9,
+  // CONNECTOR
+  10, 1, //10
+  10, -1, //11
+  // B3
+  12, 1, //12
+  12, -1, //13
+]);
+
+// Representing the indice of four bones that can influence each vertex
+export const gridJoints = new Uint32Array([
+  0, 0, 0, 0, // Vertex 0 is influenced by bone 0
+  0, 0, 0, 0, // 1
+  0, 1, 0, 0, // 2
+  0, 1, 0, 0, // 3
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 4
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 5
+  1, 2, 0, 0, // Vertex 6 is influenced by bone 1 and bone 2
+  1, 2, 0, 0, // 7
+  2, 0, 0, 0, // 8
+  2, 0, 0, 0, // 9
+  1, 2, 3, 0, //10
+  1, 2, 3, 0, //11
+  2, 3, 0, 0, //12
+  2, 3, 0, 0, //13
+]);
+
+// The weights applied when ve
+export const gridWeights = new Float32Array([
+  // B0
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 0
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 1
+  // CONNECTOR
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 2
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 3
+  // B1
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 4
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 5
+  // CONNECTOR
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 6
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 7
+  // B2
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 8
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 9
+   // CONNECTOR
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 10
+ 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0, // 11
+  // B3
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 12
+  1, 0, 0, 0, // 13
+]);
+
+// Using data above...
+// Vertex 0 is influenced by bone 0 with a weight of 1
+// Vertex 1 is influenced by bone 1 with a weight of 1
+// Vertex 2 is influenced by bone 0 and 1 with a weight of 0.5 each
+// and so on..
+// Although a vertex can hypothetically be influenced by 4 bones,
+// in this example, we stick to each vertex being infleunced by only two
+// although there can be downstream effects of parent bones influencing child bones
+// that influence their own children
+
+export const gridIndices = new Uint16Array([
+  // B0
+  0, 1,
+  0, 2,
+  1, 3,
+  // CONNECTOR
+  2, 3, //
+  2, 4,
+  3, 5,
+  // B1
+  4, 5,
+  4, 6,
+  5, 7,
+  // CONNECTOR
+  6, 7,
+  6, 8,
+  7, 9,
+  // B2
+  8, 9,
+  8, 10,
+  9, 11,
+  // CONNECTOR
+  10, 11,
+  10, 12,
+  11, 13,
+  // B3
+  12, 13,
+]);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridUtils.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridUtils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb0daaf365af546941f96331133f2a7accde9f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/gridUtils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { gridIndices, gridJoints, gridVertices, gridWeights } from "./gridData";
+
+import { IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUVertexAttributes } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+// Uses constant grid data to create appropriately sized GPU Buffers for our skinned grid
+export const createSkinnedGridBuffers = () =>
+{
+    // Utility function that creates GPUBuffers from data
+
+    const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        vert_pos: { data: gridVertices, format: "float32x2" },
+        joints: { data: gridJoints, format: "uint32x4" },
+        weights: { data: gridWeights, format: "float32x4" },
+    };
+
+    return {
+        vertices,
+        indices: gridIndices,
+    };
+};
+
+export const createSkinnedGridRenderPipeline = (
+    vertexShader: string,
+    fragmentShader: string,
+) =>
+{
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        label: "SkinnedGridRenderer",
+        vertex: {
+            code: vertexShader,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: fragmentShader,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "line-list",
+        },
+    };
+
+return pipeline;
+};
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..990bc62296480e095df7d6521b73d113eb1d3d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  Skinned Mesh
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      A demonstration of basic gltf loading and mesh skinning, ported from
+      https://webgl2fundamentals.org/webgl/lessons/webgl-skinning.html. Mesh data, per vertex attributes, and skin
+      inverseBindMatrices are taken from the json parsed from the binary output of the .glb file. Animations are
+      generated progrmatically, with animated joint matrices updated and passed to shaders per frame via uniform
+      buffers.
+    

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45219a2c82318a52f6623dd9baf3b3da393bd3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/skinnedMesh/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import { Mat4, mat4, quat, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import { convertGLBToJSONAndBinary, GLTFSkin } from "./glbUtils";
+import gltfWGSL from "./gltf.wgsl";
+import gridWGSL from "./grid.wgsl";
+import { gridIndices } from "./gridData";
+import { createSkinnedGridBuffers, createSkinnedGridRenderPipeline } from "./gridUtils";
+
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUPassEncoder, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
+{
+    const MAT4X4_BYTES = 64;
+
+    interface BoneObject
+    {
+        transforms: Mat4[];
+        bindPoses: Mat4[];
+        bindPosesInv: Mat4[];
+    }
+
+    enum RenderMode
+    {
+        NORMAL,
+        JOINTS,
+        WEIGHTS,
+    }
+
+    enum SkinMode
+    {
+        ON,
+        OFF,
+    }
+
+    /*
+    // Copied from toji/gl-matrix
+    const getRotation = (mat: Mat4): Quat => {
+      // Initialize our output quaternion
+      const out = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+      // Extract the scaling factor from the final matrix transformation
+      // to normalize our rotation;
+      const scaling = mat4.getScaling(mat);
+      const is1 = 1 / scaling[0];
+      const is2 = 1 / scaling[1];
+      const is3 = 1 / scaling[2];
+
+      // Scale the matrix elements by the scaling factors
+      const sm11 = mat[0] * is1;
+      const sm12 = mat[1] * is2;
+      const sm13 = mat[2] * is3;
+      const sm21 = mat[4] * is1;
+      const sm22 = mat[5] * is2;
+      const sm23 = mat[6] * is3;
+      const sm31 = mat[8] * is1;
+      const sm32 = mat[9] * is2;
+      const sm33 = mat[10] * is3;
+
+      // The trace of a square matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries
+      // While the matrix trace has many interesting mathematical properties,
+      // the primary purpose of the trace is to assess the characteristics of the rotation.
+      const trace = sm11 + sm22 + sm33;
+      let S = 0;
+
+      // If all matrix elements contribute equally to the rotation.
+      if (trace > 0) {
+        S = Math.sqrt(trace + 1.0) * 2;
+        out[3] = 0.25 * S;
+        out[0] = (sm23 - sm32) / S;
+        out[1] = (sm31 - sm13) / S;
+        out[2] = (sm12 - sm21) / S;
+        // If the rotation is primarily around the x-axis
+      } else if (sm11 > sm22 && sm11 > sm33) {
+        S = Math.sqrt(1.0 + sm11 - sm22 - sm33) * 2;
+        out[3] = (sm23 - sm32) / S;
+        out[0] = 0.25 * S;
+        out[1] = (sm12 + sm21) / S;
+        out[2] = (sm31 + sm13) / S;
+        // If rotation is primarily around the y-axis
+      } else if (sm22 > sm33) {
+        S = Math.sqrt(1.0 + sm22 - sm11 - sm33) * 2;
+        out[3] = (sm31 - sm13) / S;
+        out[0] = (sm12 + sm21) / S;
+        out[1] = 0.25 * S;
+        out[2] = (sm23 + sm32) / S;
+        // If the rotation is primarily around the z-axis
+      } else {
+        S = Math.sqrt(1.0 + sm33 - sm11 - sm22) * 2;
+        out[3] = (sm12 - sm21) / S;
+        out[0] = (sm31 + sm13) / S;
+        out[1] = (sm23 + sm32) / S;
+        out[2] = 0.25 * S;
+      }
+
+      return out;
+    };
+    */
+
+    //Normal setup
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const settings = {
+        cameraX: 0,
+        cameraY: -5.1,
+        cameraZ: -14.6,
+        objectScale: 1,
+        angle: 0.2,
+        speed: 50,
+        object: "Whale",
+        renderMode: "NORMAL",
+        skinMode: "ON",
+    };
+
+    // Determine whether we want to render our whale or our skinned grid
+    gui.add(settings, "object", ["Whale", "Skinned Grid"]).onChange(() =>
+    {
+        if (settings.object === "Skinned Grid")
+        {
+            settings.cameraX = -10;
+            settings.cameraY = 0;
+            settings.objectScale = 1.27;
+        }
+ else
+        {
+            if (settings.skinMode === "OFF")
+            {
+                settings.cameraX = 0;
+                settings.cameraY = 0;
+                settings.cameraZ = -11;
+            }
+ else
+            {
+                settings.cameraX = 0;
+                settings.cameraY = -5.1;
+                settings.cameraZ = -14.6;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Output the mesh normals, its joints, or the weights that influence the movement of the joints
+    gui
+        .add(settings, "renderMode", ["NORMAL", "JOINTS", "WEIGHTS"])
+        .onChange(() =>
+        {
+            const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(generalUniformsBuffer);
+            const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+
+            writeBuffers.push({
+                data: new Uint32Array([RenderMode[settings.renderMode]]),
+            });
+
+            buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+        });
+    // Determine whether the mesh is static or whether skinning is activated
+    gui.add(settings, "skinMode", ["ON", "OFF"]).onChange(() =>
+    {
+        if (settings.object === "Whale")
+        {
+            if (settings.skinMode === "OFF")
+            {
+                settings.cameraX = 0;
+                settings.cameraY = 0;
+                settings.cameraZ = -11;
+            }
+ else
+            {
+                settings.cameraX = 0;
+                settings.cameraY = -5.1;
+                settings.cameraZ = -14.6;
+            }
+        }
+        const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(generalUniformsBuffer);
+        const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            bufferOffset: 4,
+            data: new Uint32Array([SkinMode[settings.skinMode]]),
+        });
+        buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+    });
+    const animFolder = gui.addFolder("Animation Settings");
+    animFolder.add(settings, "angle", 0.05, 0.5).step(0.05);
+    animFolder.add(settings, "speed", 10, 100).step(10);
+
+    const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
+        size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
+        format: "depth24plus",
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+    };
+
+    const cameraBuffer = new Float32Array(48);
+
+    const cameraBGCluster: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        camera_uniforms: {
+            bufferView: cameraBuffer,
+        }
+    };
+
+    const generalUniformsBuffer = new Uint32Array(2);
+
+    const generalUniformsBGCLuster: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        general_uniforms: {
+            bufferView: generalUniformsBuffer,
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Fetch whale resources from the glb file
+    const whaleScene = await fetch("../../../assets/gltf/whale.glb")
+        .then((res) => res.arrayBuffer())
+        .then((buffer) => convertGLBToJSONAndBinary(buffer));
+
+    // Builds a render pipeline for our whale mesh
+    // Since we are building a lightweight gltf parser around a gltf scene with a known
+    // quantity of meshes, we only build a renderPipeline for the singular mesh present
+    // within our scene. A more robust gltf parser would loop through all the meshes,
+    // cache replicated pipelines, and perform other optimizations.
+    whaleScene.meshes[0].buildRenderPipeline(
+        gltfWGSL,
+        gltfWGSL,
+    );
+
+    // Create skinned grid resources
+    const skinnedGridVertexBuffers = createSkinnedGridBuffers();
+    // Buffer for our uniforms, joints, and inverse bind matrices
+    const skinnedGridJointUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(MAT4X4_BYTES * 5);
+    const skinnedGridInverseBindUniformBuffer = new Uint8Array(MAT4X4_BYTES * 5);
+    const skinnedGridBoneBGCluster: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        joint_matrices: { bufferView: skinnedGridJointUniformBuffer },
+        inverse_bind_matrices: { bufferView: skinnedGridInverseBindUniformBuffer },
+    };
+
+    const skinnedGridPipeline = createSkinnedGridRenderPipeline(
+        gridWGSL,
+        gridWGSL,
+    );
+
+    // Global Calc
+    const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+    const perspectiveProjection = mat4.perspective(
+        (2 * Math.PI) / 5,
+        aspect,
+        0.1,
+        100.0
+    );
+
+    const orthographicProjection = mat4.ortho(-20, 20, -10, 10, -100, 100);
+
+    function getProjectionMatrix()
+    {
+        if (settings.object !== "Skinned Grid")
+        {
+            return perspectiveProjection;
+        }
+
+return orthographicProjection;
+    }
+
+    function getViewMatrix()
+    {
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        if (settings.object === "Skinned Grid")
+        {
+            mat4.translate(
+                viewMatrix,
+                vec3.fromValues(
+                    settings.cameraX * settings.objectScale,
+                    settings.cameraY * settings.objectScale,
+                    settings.cameraZ
+                ),
+                viewMatrix
+            );
+        }
+ else
+        {
+            mat4.translate(
+                viewMatrix,
+                vec3.fromValues(settings.cameraX, settings.cameraY, settings.cameraZ),
+                viewMatrix
+            );
+        }
+
+return viewMatrix;
+    }
+
+    function getModelMatrix()
+    {
+        const modelMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        const scaleVector = vec3.fromValues(
+            settings.objectScale,
+            settings.objectScale,
+            settings.objectScale
+        );
+        mat4.scale(modelMatrix, scaleVector, modelMatrix);
+        if (settings.object === "Whale")
+        {
+            mat4.rotateY(modelMatrix, (Date.now() / 1000) * 0.5, modelMatrix);
+        }
+
+return modelMatrix;
+    }
+
+    // Pass Descriptor for GLTFs
+    const gltfRenderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: { texture: depthTexture },
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Pass descriptor for grid with no depth testing
+    const skinnedGridRenderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    const animSkinnedGrid = (boneTransforms: Mat4[], angle: number) =>
+    {
+        const m = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.rotateZ(m, angle, boneTransforms[0]);
+        mat4.translate(boneTransforms[0], vec3.create(4, 0, 0), m);
+        mat4.rotateZ(m, angle, boneTransforms[1]);
+        mat4.translate(boneTransforms[1], vec3.create(4, 0, 0), m);
+        mat4.rotateZ(m, angle, boneTransforms[2]);
+    };
+
+    // Create a group of bones
+    // Each index associates an actual bone to its transforms, bindPoses, uniforms, etc
+    const createBoneCollection = (numBones: number): BoneObject =>
+    {
+        // Initial bone transformation
+        const transforms: Mat4[] = [];
+        // Bone bind poses, an extra matrix per joint/bone that represents the starting point
+        // of the bone before any transformations are applied
+        const bindPoses: Mat4[] = [];
+        // Create a transform, bind pose, and inverse bind pose for each bone
+        for (let i = 0; i < numBones; i++)
+        {
+            transforms.push(mat4.identity());
+            bindPoses.push(mat4.identity());
+        }
+
+        // Get initial bind pose positions
+        animSkinnedGrid(bindPoses, 0);
+        const bindPosesInv = bindPoses.map((bindPose) =>
+        mat4.inverse(bindPose));
+
+        return {
+            transforms,
+            bindPoses,
+            bindPosesInv,
+        };
+    };
+
+    // Create bones of the skinned grid and write the inverse bind positions to
+    // the skinned grid's inverse bind matrix array
+    const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(skinnedGridInverseBindUniformBuffer);
+    const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+    const gridBoneCollection = createBoneCollection(5);
+    for (let i = 0; i < gridBoneCollection.bindPosesInv.length; i++)
+    {
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            bufferOffset: i * 64,
+            data: gridBoneCollection.bindPosesInv[i]
+        });
+    }
+    buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+
+    // A map that maps a joint index to the original matrix transformation of a bone
+    const origMatrices = new Map();
+    const animWhaleSkin = (skin: GLTFSkin, angle: number) =>
+    {
+        for (let i = 0; i < skin.joints.length; i++)
+        {
+            // Index into the current joint
+            const joint = skin.joints[i];
+            // If our map does
+            if (!origMatrices.has(joint))
+            {
+                origMatrices.set(joint, whaleScene.nodes[joint].source.getMatrix());
+            }
+            // Get the original position, rotation, and scale of the current joint
+            const origMatrix = origMatrices.get(joint);
+            let m = mat4.create();
+            // Depending on which bone we are accessing, apply a specific rotation to the bone's original
+            // transformation to animate it
+            if (joint === 1 || joint === 0)
+            {
+                m = mat4.rotateY(origMatrix, -angle);
+            }
+ else if (joint === 3 || joint === 4)
+            {
+                m = mat4.rotateX(origMatrix, joint === 3 ? angle : -angle);
+            }
+ else
+            {
+                m = mat4.rotateZ(origMatrix, angle);
+            }
+            // Apply the current transformation to the transform values within the relevant nodes
+            // (these nodes, of course, each being nodes that represent joints/bones)
+            whaleScene.nodes[joint].source.position = mat4.getTranslation(m);
+            whaleScene.nodes[joint].source.scale = mat4.getScaling(m);
+            whaleScene.nodes[joint].source.rotation = quat.fromMat(m);
+        }
+    };
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        // Calculate camera matrices
+        const projectionMatrix = getProjectionMatrix();
+        const viewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
+        const modelMatrix = getModelMatrix();
+
+        // Calculate bone transformation
+        const t = (Date.now() / 20000) * settings.speed;
+        const angle = Math.sin(t) * settings.angle;
+        // Compute Transforms when angle is applied
+        animSkinnedGrid(gridBoneCollection.transforms, angle);
+
+        // Write to mvp to camera buffer
+        const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(cameraBuffer);
+        const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            bufferOffset: 0,
+            data: projectionMatrix.buffer,
+            dataOffset: projectionMatrix.byteOffset,
+            size: projectionMatrix.byteLength
+        });
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            bufferOffset: 64,
+            data: viewMatrix.buffer,
+            dataOffset: viewMatrix.byteOffset,
+            size: viewMatrix.byteLength
+        });
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            bufferOffset: 128,
+            data: modelMatrix.buffer,
+            dataOffset: modelMatrix.byteOffset,
+            size: modelMatrix.byteLength
+        });
+        buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+
+        // Write to skinned grid bone uniform buffer
+        const buffer0 = getIGPUBuffer(skinnedGridJointUniformBuffer);
+        const writeBuffers0 = buffer0.writeBuffers || [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < gridBoneCollection.transforms.length; i++)
+        {
+            writeBuffers0.push({
+                bufferOffset: i * 64,
+                data: gridBoneCollection.transforms[i]
+            });
+        }
+        buffer0.writeBuffers = writeBuffers0;
+
+        // Update node matrixes
+        for (const scene of whaleScene.scenes)
+        {
+            scene.root.updateWorldMatrix();
+        }
+
+        // Updates skins (we index into skins in the renderer, which is not the best approach but hey)
+        animWhaleSkin(whaleScene.skins[0], Math.sin(t) * settings.angle);
+        // Node 6 should be the only node with a drawable mesh so hopefully this works fine
+        whaleScene.skins[0].update(6, whaleScene.nodes);
+
+        const passEncoders: IGPUPassEncoder[] = [];
+
+        if (settings.object === "Whale")
+        {
+            const renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[] = [];
+            const bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources = {
+                ...cameraBGCluster,
+                ...generalUniformsBGCLuster,
+            };
+            for (const scene of whaleScene.scenes)
+            {
+                scene.root.renderDrawables(renderObjects, bindingResources);
+            }
+            const passEncoder: IGPURenderPass = {
+                descriptor: gltfRenderPassDescriptor,
+                renderObjects
+            };
+            passEncoders.push(passEncoder);
+        }
+ else
+        {
+            // Our skinned grid isn't checking for depth, so we pass it
+            // a separate render descriptor that does not take in a depth texture
+            // Pass in vertex and index buffers generated from our static skinned grid
+            // data at ./gridData.ts
+            const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
+                pipeline: skinnedGridPipeline,
+                bindingResources: {
+                    ...cameraBGCluster,
+                    ...generalUniformsBGCLuster,
+                    ...skinnedGridBoneBGCluster,
+                },
+                vertices: skinnedGridVertexBuffers.vertices,
+                indices: skinnedGridVertexBuffers.indices,
+                drawIndexed: { indexCount: gridIndices.length },
+            };
+            //
+            passEncoders.push({
+                descriptor: skinnedGridRenderPassDescriptor,
+                renderObjects: [renderObject],
+            });
+        }
+
+        webgpu.submit({ commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders }] });
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+};
+
+const panel = new GUI({ width: 310 });
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas, panel);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f5ec6091fc241748f772062f2c1b647af1aef4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  Text Rendering - MSDF
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      This example uses multichannel signed distance fields (MSDF) to render text. MSDF
+      fonts are more complex to implement than using Canvas 2D to generate text, but the resulting
+      text looks smoother while using less memory than the Canvas 2D approach, especially at high
+      zoom levels. They can be used to render larger amounts of text efficiently.
+
+      The font texture is generated using [Don McCurdy's MSDF font generation
+      tool](https://msdf-bmfont.donmccurdy.com/),
+      which is built on [Viktor Chlumský's msdfgen library](https://github.com/Chlumsky/msdfgen).
+    

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da8926606bb7e96ac56fddc38bf435d755432579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube";
+import { MsdfTextRenderer } from "./msdfText";
+
+import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
+import vertexPositionColorWGSL from "../../shaders/vertexPositionColor.frag.wgsl";
+
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPassObject, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const depthFormat = "depth24plus";
+
+    const textRenderer = new MsdfTextRenderer();
+    const font = await textRenderer.createFont(
+        new URL(
+            "../../../assets/font/ya-hei-ascii-msdf.json",
+            import.meta.url
+        ).toString()
+    );
+
+    function getTextTransform(
+        position: [number, number, number],
+        rotation?: [number, number, number]
+    )
+    {
+        const textTransform = mat4.create();
+        mat4.identity(textTransform);
+        mat4.translate(textTransform, position, textTransform);
+        if (rotation && rotation[0] != 0)
+        {
+            mat4.rotateX(textTransform, rotation[0], textTransform);
+        }
+        if (rotation && rotation[1] != 0)
+        {
+            mat4.rotateY(textTransform, rotation[1], textTransform);
+        }
+        if (rotation && rotation[2] != 0)
+        {
+            mat4.rotateZ(textTransform, rotation[2], textTransform);
+        }
+
+return textTransform;
+    }
+
+    const textTransforms = [
+        getTextTransform([0, 0, 1.1]),
+        getTextTransform([0, 0, -1.1], [0, Math.PI, 0]),
+        getTextTransform([1.1, 0, 0], [0, Math.PI / 2, 0]),
+        getTextTransform([-1.1, 0, 0], [0, -Math.PI / 2, 0]),
+        getTextTransform([0, 1.1, 0], [-Math.PI / 2, 0, 0]),
+        getTextTransform([0, -1.1, 0], [Math.PI / 2, 0, 0]),
+    ];
+
+    const titleText = textRenderer.formatText(font, `WebGPU`, {
+        centered: true,
+        pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+    });
+    const largeText = textRenderer.formatText(
+        font,
+        `
+WebGPU exposes an API for performing operations, such as rendering
+and computation, on a Graphics Processing Unit.
+
+Graphics Processing Units, or GPUs for short, have been essential
+in enabling rich rendering and computational applications in personal
+computing. WebGPU is an API that exposes the capabilities of GPU
+hardware for the Web. The API is designed from the ground up to
+efficiently map to (post-2014) native GPU APIs. WebGPU is not related
+to WebGL and does not explicitly target OpenGL ES.
+
+WebGPU sees physical GPU hardware as GPUAdapters. It provides a
+connection to an adapter via GPUDevice, which manages resources, and
+the device’s GPUQueues, which execute commands. GPUDevice may have
+its own memory with high-speed access to the processing units.
+GPUBuffer and GPUTexture are the physical resources backed by GPU
+memory. GPUCommandBuffer and GPURenderBundle are containers for
+user-recorded commands. GPUShaderModule contains shader code. The
+other resources, such as GPUSampler or GPUBindGroup, configure the
+way physical resources are used by the GPU.
+
+GPUs execute commands encoded in GPUCommandBuffers by feeding data
+through a pipeline, which is a mix of fixed-function and programmable
+stages. Programmable stages execute shaders, which are special
+programs designed to run on GPU hardware. Most of the state of a
+pipeline is defined by a GPURenderPipeline or a GPUComputePipeline
+object. The state not included in these pipeline objects is set
+during encoding with commands, such as beginRenderPass() or
+setBlendConstant().`,
+        { pixelScale: 1 / 256 }
+    );
+
+    const text = [
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Front", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [1, 0, 0, 1],
+        }),
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Back", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [0, 1, 1, 1],
+        }),
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Right", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [0, 1, 0, 1],
+        }),
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Left", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [1, 0, 1, 1],
+        }),
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Top", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [0, 0, 1, 1],
+        }),
+        textRenderer.formatText(font, "Bottom", {
+            centered: true,
+            pixelScale: 1 / 128,
+            color: [1, 1, 0, 1],
+        }),
+
+        titleText,
+        largeText,
+    ];
+
+    // Create a vertex buffer from the cube data.
+    const verticesBuffer: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+        uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+    };
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: {
+            code: basicVertWGSL,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: vertexPositionColorWGSL,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            // Backface culling since the cube is solid piece of geometry.
+            // Faces pointing away from the camera will be occluded by faces
+            // pointing toward the camera.
+            cullMode: "back",
+        },
+
+        // Enable depth testing so that the fragment closest to the camera
+        // is rendered in front.
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
+        size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
+        format: depthFormat,
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+    };
+
+    const uniformBuffer = new Float32Array(16);
+
+    const uniformBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        uniforms: { bufferView: uniformBuffer },
+    };
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: { texture: depthTexture },
+
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+    const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 1, 100.0);
+    const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    function getTransformationMatrix()
+    {
+        const now = Date.now() / 5000;
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.translate(viewMatrix, vec3.fromValues(0, 0, -5), viewMatrix);
+
+        const modelMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.translate(modelMatrix, vec3.fromValues(0, 2, -3), modelMatrix);
+        mat4.rotate(
+            modelMatrix,
+            vec3.fromValues(Math.sin(now), Math.cos(now), 0),
+            1,
+            modelMatrix
+        );
+
+        // Update the matrix for the cube
+        mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, modelViewProjectionMatrix);
+        mat4.multiply(
+            modelViewProjectionMatrix,
+            modelMatrix,
+            modelViewProjectionMatrix
+        );
+
+        // Update the projection and view matrices for the text
+        textRenderer.updateCamera(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix);
+
+        // Update the transform of all the text surrounding the cube
+        const textMatrix = mat4.create();
+        for (const [index, transform] of textTransforms.entries())
+        {
+            mat4.multiply(modelMatrix, transform, textMatrix);
+            text[index].setTransform(textMatrix);
+        }
+
+        // Update the transform of the larger block of text
+        const crawl = ((Date.now() - start) / 2500) % 14;
+        mat4.identity(textMatrix);
+        mat4.rotateX(textMatrix, -Math.PI / 8, textMatrix);
+        mat4.translate(textMatrix, [0, crawl - 3, 0], textMatrix);
+        titleText.setTransform(textMatrix);
+        mat4.translate(textMatrix, [-3, -0.1, 0], textMatrix);
+        largeText.setTransform(textMatrix);
+
+        return modelViewProjectionMatrix;
+    }
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
+
+        const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformBuffer);
+        const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+        writeBuffers.push({
+            data: transformationMatrix.buffer,
+            dataOffset: transformationMatrix.byteOffset,
+            size: transformationMatrix.byteLength
+        });
+        buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+
+        const renderObjects: IGPURenderPassObject[] = [];
+
+        renderObjects.push({
+            pipeline,
+            bindingResources: uniformBindGroup,
+            vertices: verticesBuffer,
+            draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount, instanceCount: 1 },
+        });
+
+        textRenderer.render(renderObjects, ...text);
+
+        const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [{
+                passEncoders: [{
+                    descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                    renderObjects,
+                }]
+            }]
+        };
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2558e548c95ea8ef2a993e77ff006e96a982cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+import { mat4, Mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import msdfTextWGSL from "./msdfText.wgsl";
+
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderBundle, IGPURenderPassObject, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUTexture } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+// The kerning map stores a spare map of character ID pairs with an associated
+// X offset that should be applied to the character spacing when the second
+// character ID is rendered after the first.
+type KerningMap = Map>;
+
+interface MsdfChar
+{
+  id: number;
+  index: number;
+  char: string;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  xoffset: number;
+  yofsset: number;
+  xadvance: number;
+  chnl: number;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  page: number;
+  charIndex: number;
+}
+
+export class MsdfFont
+{
+  charCount: number;
+  defaultChar: MsdfChar;
+  constructor(
+    public pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline,
+    public bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources,
+    public lineHeight: number,
+    public chars: { [x: number]: MsdfChar },
+    public kernings: KerningMap
+  )
+  {
+    const charArray = Object.values(chars);
+    this.charCount = charArray.length;
+    this.defaultChar = charArray[0];
+  }
+
+  getChar(charCode: number): MsdfChar
+  {
+    let char = this.chars[charCode];
+    if (!char)
+    {
+      char = this.defaultChar;
+    }
+
+return char;
+  }
+
+  // Gets the distance in pixels a line should advance for a given character code. If the upcoming
+  // character code is given any kerning between the two characters will be taken into account.
+  getXAdvance(charCode: number, nextCharCode = -1): number
+  {
+    const char = this.getChar(charCode);
+    if (nextCharCode >= 0)
+    {
+      const kerning = this.kernings.get(charCode);
+      if (kerning)
+      {
+        return char.xadvance + (kerning.get(nextCharCode) ?? 0);
+      }
+    }
+
+return char.xadvance;
+  }
+}
+
+export interface MsdfTextMeasurements
+{
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  lineWidths: number[];
+  printedCharCount: number;
+}
+
+export class MsdfText
+{
+  private bufferArray = new Float32Array(24);
+  private bufferArrayDirty = true;
+
+  constructor(
+    private renderBundle: IGPURenderBundle,
+    public measurements: MsdfTextMeasurements,
+    public font: MsdfFont,
+    public textBuffer: Float32Array
+  )
+  {
+    mat4.identity(this.bufferArray);
+    this.setColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
+    this.setPixelScale(1 / 512);
+    this.bufferArrayDirty = true;
+  }
+
+  getRenderBundle()
+  {
+    if (this.bufferArrayDirty)
+    {
+      this.bufferArrayDirty = false;
+      const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(this.textBuffer);
+      const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+      writeBuffers.push({
+        bufferOffset: 0,
+        data: this.bufferArray,
+        dataOffset: 0,
+        size: this.bufferArray.length
+      });
+      buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+    }
+
+return this.renderBundle;
+  }
+
+  setTransform(matrix: Mat4)
+  {
+    mat4.copy(matrix, this.bufferArray);
+    this.bufferArrayDirty = true;
+  }
+
+  setColor(r: number, g: number, b: number, a = 1.0)
+  {
+    this.bufferArray[16] = r;
+    this.bufferArray[17] = g;
+    this.bufferArray[18] = b;
+    this.bufferArray[19] = a;
+    this.bufferArrayDirty = true;
+  }
+
+  setPixelScale(pixelScale: number)
+  {
+    this.bufferArray[20] = pixelScale;
+    this.bufferArrayDirty = true;
+  }
+}
+
+export interface MsdfTextFormattingOptions
+{
+  centered?: boolean;
+  pixelScale?: number;
+  color?: [number, number, number, number];
+}
+
+export class MsdfTextRenderer
+{
+  pipelinePromise: IGPURenderPipeline;
+  sampler: IGPUSampler;
+
+  cameraUniformBuffer: Float32Array = new Float32Array(16 * 2);
+
+  constructor(
+  )
+  {
+    this.sampler = {
+      label: "MSDF text sampler",
+      minFilter: "linear",
+      magFilter: "linear",
+      mipmapFilter: "linear",
+      maxAnisotropy: 16,
+    };
+
+    this.pipelinePromise = {
+      label: `msdf text pipeline`,
+      vertex: {
+        code: msdfTextWGSL,
+        entryPoint: "vertexMain",
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        code: msdfTextWGSL,
+        entryPoint: "fragmentMain",
+        targets: [
+          {
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: {
+        topology: "triangle-strip",
+        stripIndexFormat: "uint32",
+      },
+      depthStencil: {
+        depthWriteEnabled: false,
+        depthCompare: "less",
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  async loadTexture(url: string)
+  {
+    const response = await fetch(url);
+    const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob());
+
+    const texture: IGPUTexture = {
+      label: `MSDF font texture ${url}`,
+      size: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height, 1],
+      format: "rgba8unorm",
+      usage:
+        GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING
+        | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST
+        | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+      source: [{
+        source: { source: imageBitmap },
+        destination: {},
+        copySize: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height]
+      }]
+    };
+
+return texture;
+  }
+
+  async createFont(fontJsonUrl: string): Promise
+  {
+    const response = await fetch(fontJsonUrl);
+    const json = await response.json();
+
+    const i = fontJsonUrl.lastIndexOf("/");
+    const baseUrl = i !== -1 ? fontJsonUrl.substring(0, i + 1) : undefined;
+
+    const pagePromises: Promise[] = [];
+    for (const pageUrl of json.pages)
+    {
+      pagePromises.push(this.loadTexture(baseUrl + pageUrl));
+    }
+
+    const charCount = json.chars.length;
+    const charsArray = new Float32Array(charCount * 8);
+
+    const u = 1 / json.common.scaleW;
+    const v = 1 / json.common.scaleH;
+
+    const chars: { [x: number]: MsdfChar } = {};
+
+    let offset = 0;
+    for (const [i, char] of json.chars.entries())
+    {
+      chars[char.id] = char;
+      chars[char.id].charIndex = i;
+      charsArray[offset] = char.x * u; // texOffset.x
+      charsArray[offset + 1] = char.y * v; // texOffset.y
+      charsArray[offset + 2] = char.width * u; // texExtent.x
+      charsArray[offset + 3] = char.height * v; // texExtent.y
+      charsArray[offset + 4] = char.width; // size.x
+      charsArray[offset + 5] = char.height; // size.y
+      charsArray[offset + 6] = char.xoffset; // offset.x
+      charsArray[offset + 7] = -char.yoffset; // offset.y
+      offset += 8;
+    }
+
+    const pageTextures = await Promise.all(pagePromises);
+
+    const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+      fontTexture: { texture: pageTextures[0] },
+      fontSampler: this.sampler,
+      chars: { bufferView: charsArray }
+    };
+
+    const kernings = new Map();
+
+    if (json.kernings)
+    {
+      for (const kearning of json.kernings)
+      {
+        let charKerning = kernings.get(kearning.first);
+        if (!charKerning)
+        {
+          charKerning = new Map();
+          kernings.set(kearning.first, charKerning);
+        }
+        charKerning.set(kearning.second, kearning.amount);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return new MsdfFont(
+      this.pipelinePromise,
+      bindGroup,
+      json.common.lineHeight,
+      chars,
+      kernings
+    );
+  }
+
+  formatText(
+    font: MsdfFont,
+    text: string,
+    options: MsdfTextFormattingOptions = {}
+  ): MsdfText
+  {
+    const textBuffer = new Float32Array((text.length + 6) * 4);
+
+    let offset = 24; // Accounts for the values managed by MsdfText internally.
+
+    let measurements: MsdfTextMeasurements;
+    if (options.centered)
+    {
+      measurements = this.measureText(font, text);
+
+      this.measureText(
+        font,
+        text,
+        (textX: number, textY: number, line: number, char: MsdfChar) =>
+        {
+          const lineOffset
+            = measurements.width * -0.5
+            - (measurements.width - measurements.lineWidths[line]) * -0.5;
+
+          textBuffer[offset] = textX + lineOffset;
+          textBuffer[offset + 1] = textY + measurements.height * 0.5;
+          textBuffer[offset + 2] = char.charIndex;
+          offset += 4;
+        }
+      );
+    }
+ else
+    {
+      measurements = this.measureText(
+        font,
+        text,
+        (textX: number, textY: number, line: number, char: MsdfChar) =>
+        {
+          textBuffer[offset] = textX;
+          textBuffer[offset + 1] = textY;
+          textBuffer[offset + 2] = char.charIndex;
+          offset += 4;
+        }
+      );
+    }
+
+    const bindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+      camera: { bufferView: this.cameraUniformBuffer },
+      text: { bufferView: textBuffer },
+    };
+
+    const renderBundle: IGPURenderBundle = {
+      __type: "IGPURenderBundle",
+      renderObjects: [
+        {
+          pipeline: font.pipeline,
+          bindingResources: {
+            ...font.bindGroup,
+            ...bindGroup,
+          },
+          draw: { vertexCount: 4, instanceCount: measurements.printedCharCount },
+        }
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const msdfText = new MsdfText(
+      renderBundle,
+      measurements,
+      font,
+      textBuffer
+    );
+    if (options.pixelScale !== undefined)
+    {
+      msdfText.setPixelScale(options.pixelScale);
+    }
+
+    if (options.color !== undefined)
+    {
+      msdfText.setColor(...options.color);
+    }
+
+    return msdfText;
+  }
+
+  measureText(
+    font: MsdfFont,
+    text: string,
+    charCallback?: (x: number, y: number, line: number, char: MsdfChar) => void
+  ): MsdfTextMeasurements
+  {
+    let maxWidth = 0;
+    const lineWidths: number[] = [];
+
+    let textOffsetX = 0;
+    let textOffsetY = 0;
+    let line = 0;
+    let printedCharCount = 0;
+    let nextCharCode = text.charCodeAt(0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < text.length; ++i)
+    {
+      const charCode = nextCharCode;
+      nextCharCode = i < text.length - 1 ? text.charCodeAt(i + 1) : -1;
+
+      switch (charCode)
+      {
+        case 10: // Newline
+          lineWidths.push(textOffsetX);
+          line++;
+          maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth, textOffsetX);
+          textOffsetX = 0;
+          textOffsetY -= font.lineHeight;
+        case 13: // CR
+          break;
+        case 32: // Space
+          // For spaces, advance the offset without actually adding a character.
+          textOffsetX += font.getXAdvance(charCode);
+          break;
+        default: {
+          if (charCallback)
+          {
+            charCallback(
+              textOffsetX,
+              textOffsetY,
+              line,
+              font.getChar(charCode)
+            );
+          }
+          textOffsetX += font.getXAdvance(charCode, nextCharCode);
+          printedCharCount++;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    lineWidths.push(textOffsetX);
+    maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth, textOffsetX);
+
+    return {
+      width: maxWidth,
+      height: lineWidths.length * font.lineHeight,
+      lineWidths,
+      printedCharCount,
+    };
+  }
+
+  updateCamera(projection: Mat4, view: Mat4)
+  {
+    this.cameraUniformBuffer.set(projection, 0);
+    this.cameraUniformBuffer.set(view, 16);
+
+    const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(this.cameraUniformBuffer);
+    const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+    writeBuffers.push({
+      data: this.cameraUniformBuffer,
+    });
+    buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+  }
+
+  render(renderObjects: IGPURenderPassObject[], ...text: MsdfText[])
+  {
+    const renderBundles = text.map((t) => t.getRenderBundle());
+
+    renderBundles.forEach((v) =>
+    {
+      renderObjects.push(v);
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94bec68eaa5331691a5f1c0b4a82ed178a0b68d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/textRenderingMsdf/msdfText.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Positions for simple quad geometry
+const pos = array(vec2f(0, -1), vec2f(1, -1), vec2f(0, 0), vec2f(1, 0));
+
+struct VertexInput {
+  @builtin(vertex_index) vertex : u32,
+  @builtin(instance_index) instance : u32,
+};
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+  @builtin(position) position : vec4f,
+  @location(0) texcoord : vec2f,
+};
+
+struct Char {
+  texOffset: vec2f,
+  texExtent: vec2f,
+  size: vec2f,
+  offset: vec2f,
+};
+
+struct FormattedText {
+  transform: mat4x4f,
+  color: vec4f,
+  scale: f32,
+  chars: array,
+};
+
+struct Camera {
+  projection: mat4x4f,
+  view: mat4x4f,
+};
+
+// Font bindings
+@group(0) @binding(0) var fontTexture: texture_2d;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var fontSampler: sampler;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var chars: array;
+
+// Text bindings
+@group(1) @binding(0) var camera: Camera;
+@group(1) @binding(1) var text: FormattedText;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertexMain(input : VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {
+  let textElement = text.chars[input.instance];
+  let char = chars[u32(textElement.z)];
+  let charPos = (pos[input.vertex] * char.size + textElement.xy + char.offset) * text.scale;
+
+  var output : VertexOutput;
+  output.position = camera.projection * camera.view * text.transform * vec4f(charPos, 0, 1);
+
+  output.texcoord = pos[input.vertex] * vec2f(1, -1);
+  output.texcoord *= char.texExtent;
+  output.texcoord += char.texOffset;
+  return output;
+}
+
+fn sampleMsdf(texcoord: vec2f) -> f32 {
+  let c = textureSample(fontTexture, fontSampler, texcoord);
+  return max(min(c.r, c.g), min(max(c.r, c.g), c.b));
+}
+
+// Antialiasing technique from Paul Houx 
+// https://github.com/Chlumsky/msdfgen/issues/22#issuecomment-234958005
+@fragment
+fn fragmentMain(input : VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  // pxRange (AKA distanceRange) comes from the msdfgen tool. Don McCurdy's tool
+  // uses the default which is 4.
+  let pxRange = 4.0;
+  let sz = vec2f(textureDimensions(fontTexture, 0));
+  let dx = sz.x*length(vec2f(dpdxFine(input.texcoord.x), dpdyFine(input.texcoord.x)));
+  let dy = sz.y*length(vec2f(dpdxFine(input.texcoord.y), dpdyFine(input.texcoord.y)));
+  let toPixels = pxRange * inverseSqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+  let sigDist = sampleMsdf(input.texcoord) - 0.5;
+  let pxDist = sigDist * toPixels;
+
+  let edgeWidth = 0.5;
+
+  let alpha = smoothstep(-edgeWidth, edgeWidth, pxDist);
+
+  if (alpha < 0.001) {
+    discard;
+  }
+
+  return vec4f(text.color.rgb, text.color.a * alpha);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.html
index 2452b845cdbba6a9fa23fb56fecfd434e3d5f7eb..72b824028d6f8e0b2f3d3974e7bc224c064d48d9 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.html
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows how to bind and sample textures.
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.ts
index 1c5034503b63f8d27fc4bb57853c5e950f186b69..edd06cc28dc6793eee4798d36427c3ce6564ac46 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/texturedCube/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cub
 import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
 import sampleTextureMixColorWGSL from "../../shaders/sampleTextureMixColor.frag.wgsl";
 
-import { IBufferBinding, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, ISampler, ITexture, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
     // Fetch the image and upload it into a GPUTexture.
     const img = document.createElement("img");
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     ).toString();
     await img.decode();
     const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(img);
-    const cubeTexture: ITexture = {
+    const cubeTexture: IGPUTexture = {
         size: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height],
         format: "rgba8unorm",
         usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     };
 
     // Create a sampler with linear filtering for smooth interpolation.
-    const sampler: ISampler = {
+    const sampler: IGPUSampler = {
         magFilter: "linear",
         minFilter: "linear",
     };
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         },
     };
 
-    const renderObject: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
         pipeline: {
             vertex: { code: basicVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: sampleTextureMixColorWGSL },
             primitive: {
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
             },
         },
         vertices: {
-            position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
-            uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
+            position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+            uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
         },
         bindingResources: {
             uniforms: {
-                map: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16) }
+                modelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16)
             },
             mySampler: sampler,
             myTexture: { texture: cubeTexture },
@@ -101,12 +101,19 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     {
         const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
 
-        (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IBufferBinding).map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU
+        (renderObject.bindingResources.uniforms as IGPUBufferBinding).modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix); // 使用 new Float32Array 是因为赋值不同的对象才会触发数据改变重新上传数据到GPU
 
-        webgpu.renderPass(renderPass);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject);
+        const data: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [
+                {
+                    passEncoders: [
+                        { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] },
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        };
 
-        webgpu.submit();
+        webgpu.submit(data);
 
         requestAnimationFrame(frame);
     }
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/PerfCounter.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/PerfCounter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..475646213351250ea65a07d7f6d12cddd5a97b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/PerfCounter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// A minimalistic perf timer class that computes mean + stddev online
+export default class PerfCounter
+{
+  sampleCount: number;
+  accumulated: number;
+  accumulatedSq: number;
+
+  constructor()
+{
+    this.sampleCount = 0;
+    this.accumulated = 0;
+    this.accumulatedSq = 0;
+  }
+
+  addSample(value: number)
+{
+    this.sampleCount += 1;
+    this.accumulated += value;
+    this.accumulatedSq += value * value;
+  }
+
+  getAverage(): number
+{
+    return this.sampleCount === 0 ? 0 : this.accumulated / this.sampleCount;
+  }
+
+  getStddev(): number
+{
+    if (this.sampleCount === 0) return 0;
+    const avg = this.getAverage();
+    const variance = this.accumulatedSq / this.sampleCount - avg * avg;
+
+return Math.sqrt(Math.max(0.0, variance));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e7f828c2e01de6ed248b80674d9bd083506fcf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  Timestamp Query
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      This example shows how to use timestamp queries to measure render pass duration.
+    

+    

+      

+    

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff2aee02546d18f78c3ff2fe05f10af979d290cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/timestampQuery/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, IGPUTimestampQuery, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube";
+
+import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
+import fragmentWGSL from "../../shaders/black.frag.wgsl";
+
+import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+import PerfCounter from "./PerfCounter";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+  // GPU-side timer and the CPU-side counter where we accumulate statistics:
+  // NB: Look for 'timestampQueryManager' in this file to locate parts of this
+  // snippets that are related to timestamps. Most of the logic is in
+  // TimestampQueryManager.ts.
+  const timestampQuery: IGPUTimestampQuery = {};
+  // const timestampQueryManager = new TimestampQueryManager(device);
+  const renderPassDurationCounter = new PerfCounter();
+
+  watcher.watch(timestampQuery, "isSupports", () =>
+  {
+    if (!timestampQuery.isSupports)
+    {
+      perfDisplay.innerHTML = "Timestamp queries are not supported";
+    }
+  });
+
+  // 监听结果。
+  watcher.watch(timestampQuery, "elapsedNs", () =>
+  {
+    // Show the last successfully downloaded elapsed time.
+    const elapsedNs = timestampQuery.elapsedNs;
+    // Convert from nanoseconds to milliseconds:
+    const elapsedMs = Number(elapsedNs) * 1e-6;
+    renderPassDurationCounter.addSample(elapsedMs);
+    perfDisplay.innerHTML = `Render Pass duration: ${renderPassDurationCounter
+      .getAverage()
+      .toFixed(3)} ms ± ${renderPassDurationCounter.getStddev().toFixed(3)} ms`;
+  });
+
+  //
+  const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+  canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+  canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+  const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+  //
+  const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: canvas.id };
+
+  const perfDisplay = document.querySelector("#info pre");
+
+  // Create a vertex buffer from the cube data.
+  const vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+    position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+    uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+  };
+
+  const uniforms = { modelViewProjectionMatrix: null };
+
+  const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+    vertex: {
+      code: basicVertWGSL,
+    },
+    fragment: {
+      code: fragmentWGSL,
+    },
+    primitive: {
+      topology: "triangle-list",
+
+      // Backface culling since the cube is solid piece of geometry.
+      // Faces pointing away from the camera will be occluded by faces
+      // pointing toward the camera.
+      cullMode: "back",
+    },
+
+    // Enable depth testing so that the fragment closest to the camera
+    // is rendered in front.
+    depthStencil: {
+      depthWriteEnabled: true,
+      depthCompare: "less",
+    },
+  };
+
+  const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
+    size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
+    format: "depth24plus",
+    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+  };
+
+  const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+    colorAttachments: [
+      {
+        view: { texture: { context } }, // Assigned later
+
+        clearValue: [0.95, 0.95, 0.95, 1.0],
+        loadOp: "clear",
+        storeOp: "store",
+      },
+    ],
+    depthStencilAttachment: {
+      view: { texture: depthTexture },
+
+      depthClearValue: 1.0,
+      depthLoadOp: "clear",
+      depthStoreOp: "store",
+    },
+  };
+
+  const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
+    pipeline,
+    vertices,
+    bindingResources: {
+      uniforms,
+    },
+    draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount },
+  };
+
+  const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+    commandEncoders: [
+      {
+        passEncoders: [
+          {
+            descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [renderObject],
+            // 开启时间戳查询
+            timestampQuery,
+          },
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+  const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 1, 100.0);
+  const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
+
+  function getTransformationMatrix()
+  {
+    const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+    mat4.translate(viewMatrix, vec3.fromValues(0, 0, -4), viewMatrix);
+    const now = Date.now() / 1000;
+    mat4.rotate(
+      viewMatrix,
+      vec3.fromValues(Math.sin(now), Math.cos(now), 0),
+      1,
+      viewMatrix
+    );
+
+    mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, modelViewProjectionMatrix);
+
+    return modelViewProjectionMatrix;
+  }
+
+  function frame()
+  {
+    const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
+    uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(transformationMatrix);
+
+    webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+  }
+  requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37d1598aa4fcb6d0481227bbefb1658d080b51c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  webgpu-samples: transparentCanvas
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    This example shows use of a transparent WebGPU canvas.
+  

+  
+
+  
WebGPU

+  
WebGPU exposes an API for performing operations, such as rendering
+    and computation, on a Graphics Processing Unit.
+
+  
Graphics Processing Units, or GPUs for short, have been essential
+    in enabling rich rendering and computational applications in personal
+    computing. WebGPU is an API that exposes the capabilities of GPU
+    hardware for the Web. The API is designed from the ground up to
+    efficiently map to (post-2014) native GPU APIs. WebGPU is not related
+    to WebGL and does not explicitly target OpenGL ES.
+
+  
WebGPU sees physical GPU hardware as GPUAdapters. It provides a
+    connection to an adapter via GPUDevice, which manages resources, and
+    the device's GPUQueues, which execute commands. GPUDevice may have
+    its own memory with high-speed access to the processing units.
+    GPUBuffer and GPUTexture are the physical resources backed by GPU
+    memory. GPUCommandBuffer and GPURenderBundle are containers for
+    user-recorded commands. GPUShaderModule contains shader code. The
+    other resources, such as GPUSampler or GPUBindGroup, configure the
+    way physical resources are used by the GPU.
+
+  
GPUs execute commands encoded in GPUCommandBuffers by feeding data
+    through a pipeline, which is a mix of fixed-function and programmable
+    stages. Programmable stages execute shaders, which are special
+    programs designed to run on GPU hardware. Most of the state of a
+    pipeline is defined by a GPURenderPipeline or a GPUComputePipeline
+    object. The state not included in these pipeline objects is set
+    during encoding with commands, such as beginRenderPass() or
+    setBlendConstant().`
+    
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8513b59a064402cda391e96aa860369045661e6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/transparentCanvas/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize } from "../../meshes/cube";
+
+import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
+import vertexPositionColorWGSL from "../../shaders/vertexPositionColor.frag.wgsl";
+
+import { IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUTexture, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const context: IGPUCanvasContext = {
+        canvasId: canvas.id,
+        configuration: {
+            // The canvas alphaMode defaults to 'opaque', use 'premultiplied' for transparency.
+            alphaMode: "premultiplied",
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Create a vertex buffer from the cube data.
+    const verticesBuffer: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+        uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+    };
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: {
+            code: basicVertWGSL,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: vertexPositionColorWGSL,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "triangle-list",
+            cullMode: "back",
+        },
+
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const depthTexture: IGPUTexture = {
+        size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
+        format: "depth24plus",
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+    };
+
+    const uniformBindGroup = {
+        uniforms: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: undefined }
+    };
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 0], // Clear alpha to 0
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: { texture: depthTexture },
+
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+    const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective((2 * Math.PI) / 5, aspect, 1, 100.0);
+    const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
+
+    function getTransformationMatrix()
+    {
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.translate(viewMatrix, vec3.fromValues(0, 0, -4), viewMatrix);
+        const now = Date.now() / 1000;
+        mat4.rotate(
+            viewMatrix,
+            vec3.fromValues(Math.sin(now), Math.cos(now), 0),
+            1,
+            viewMatrix
+        );
+
+        mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, modelViewProjectionMatrix);
+
+        return modelViewProjectionMatrix;
+    }
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        uniformBindGroup.uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = getTransformationMatrix().slice();
+
+        webgpu.submit({
+            commandEncoders: [{
+                passEncoders: [{
+                    descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                    renderObjects: [{
+                        pipeline,
+                        bindingResources: uniformBindGroup,
+                        vertices: verticesBuffer,
+                        draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount },
+                    }]
+                }]
+            }]
+        });
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.html
index 9daea3eeedb1e9685d091fdfcb73a375f1ee8b54..ac2cbc4ebb027d456be73c3fcbf04e025dcab5ed 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.html
@@ -16,27 +16,27 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows some of the alignment requirements involved when updating and binding multiple slices of
             a uniform buffer. It renders two rotating cubes which have transform matrices at different offsets in a
             uniform buffer.
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.ts
index d08977e18cc0d456f5070c0fc3a3c71bfbea45e8..2a880394dde9596949326c35de25346f24ec9b72 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/twoCubes/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cub
 import basicVertWGSL from "../../shaders/basic.vert.wgsl";
 import vertexPositionColorWGSL from "../../shaders/vertexPositionColor.frag.wgsl";
 
-import { IBuffer, IBufferBinding, IRenderObject, IRenderPass, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 {
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -33,19 +33,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     const offset = 256; // uniformBindGroup offset must be 256-byte aligned
     const uniformBufferSize = offset + matrixSize;
 
-    const uniformBuffer: IBuffer = {
-        size: uniformBufferSize,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    };
+    const uniformBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(uniformBufferSize);
 
-    const uniforms: IBufferBinding = {
-        buffer: uniformBuffer, offset: 0, size: matrixSize,
-        map: {
-            modelViewProjectionMatrix: null, // 在帧循环中设置
-        }
+    const uniforms: IGPUBufferBinding = {
+        bufferView: new Uint8Array(uniformBuffer, 0, matrixSize),
+        modelViewProjectionMatrix: null, // 在帧循环中设置
     };
 
-    const renderObject: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
         pipeline: {
             vertex: { code: basicVertWGSL }, fragment: { code: vertexPositionColorWGSL },
             primitive: {
@@ -53,8 +48,8 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
             },
         },
         vertices: {
-            position: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray }, offset: cubePositionOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
-            uv: { buffer: { data: cubeVertexArray, usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX }, offset: cubeUVOffset, vertexSize: cubeVertexSize },
+            position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+            uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
         },
         bindingResources: {
             uniforms,
@@ -62,14 +57,12 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount },
     };
 
-    const uniforms1: IBufferBinding = {
-        buffer: uniformBuffer, offset, size: matrixSize,
-        map: {
-            modelViewProjectionMatrix: null, // 在帧循环中设置
-        }
+    const uniforms1: IGPUBufferBinding = {
+        bufferView: new Uint8Array(uniformBuffer, offset, matrixSize),
+        modelViewProjectionMatrix: null, // 在帧循环中设置
     };
 
-    const renderObject1: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject1: IGPURenderObject = {
         ...renderObject,
         bindingResources: {
             uniforms: uniforms1,
@@ -128,14 +121,20 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     {
         updateTransformationMatrix();
 
-        uniforms.map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix1); // 需要赋值新对象才能触发数据变更上传GPU
-        uniforms1.map.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix2); // 需要赋值新对象才能触发数据变更上传GPU
+        uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix1); // 需要赋值新对象才能触发数据变更上传GPU
+        uniforms1.modelViewProjectionMatrix = new Float32Array(modelViewProjectionMatrix2); // 需要赋值新对象才能触发数据变更上传GPU
 
-        webgpu.renderPass(renderPass);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject1);
+        const data: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [
+                {
+                    passEncoders: [
+                        { descriptor: renderPassDescriptor, renderObjects: [renderObject, renderObject1] },
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        };
 
-        webgpu.submit();
+        webgpu.submit(data);
 
         requestAnimationFrame(frame);
     }
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/util.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c42fdb59920cdde8222b18ebb70cabc288231685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/** Shows an error dialog if getting an adapter wasn't successful. */
+export function quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(
+  adapter: GPUAdapter | null
+): asserts adapter
+{
+  if (!("gpu" in navigator))
+{
+    fail("navigator.gpu is not defined - WebGPU not available in this browser");
+  }
+
+  if (!adapter)
+{
+    fail("requestAdapter returned null - this sample can't run on this system");
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows an error dialog if getting a adapter or device wasn't successful,
+ * or if/when the device is lost or has an uncaptured error.
+ */
+export function quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable(
+  adapter: GPUAdapter | null,
+  device: GPUDevice | null
+): asserts device
+{
+  if (!device)
+{
+    quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(adapter);
+    fail("Unable to get a device for an unknown reason");
+
+return;
+  }
+
+  device.lost.then((reason) =>
+{
+    fail(`Device lost ("${reason.reason}"):\n${reason.message}`);
+  });
+  device.onuncapturederror = (ev) =>
+{
+    fail(`Uncaptured error:\n${ev.error.message}`);
+  };
+}
+
+/** Fail by showing a console error, and dialog box if possible. */
+const fail = (() =>
+{
+  type ErrorOutput = { show(msg: string): void };
+
+  function createErrorOutput()
+{
+    if (typeof document === "undefined")
+{
+      // Not implemented in workers.
+      return {
+        show(msg: string)
+{
+          console.error(msg);
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const dialogBox = document.createElement("dialog");
+    dialogBox.close();
+    document.body.append(dialogBox);
+
+    const dialogText = document.createElement("pre");
+    dialogText.style.whiteSpace = "pre-wrap";
+    dialogBox.append(dialogText);
+
+    const closeBtn = document.createElement("button");
+    closeBtn.textContent = "OK";
+    closeBtn.onclick = () => dialogBox.close();
+    dialogBox.append(closeBtn);
+
+    return {
+      show(msg: string)
+{
+        // Don't overwrite the dialog message while it's still open
+        // (show the first error, not the most recent error).
+        if (!dialogBox.open)
+{
+          dialogText.textContent = msg;
+          dialogBox.showModal();
+        }
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  let output: ErrorOutput | undefined;
+
+  return (message: string) =>
+{
+    if (!output) output = createErrorOutput();
+
+    output.show(message);
+    throw new Error(message);
+  };
+})();
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.html
index f1038b602d65b312b5eb8d0b5550d2579edd424c..7496fb6b6db4eba7bab9a75c84ad3e9359133dc0 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.html
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.html
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@
     
     
 
 
 
-    

-        

+    

+        

             This example shows how to upload video frame to WebGPU.
         

+        
     

-    
 
     
 
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.ts
index 5935f3b28aeca53f9d4c5934f074623908baf434..a6049024ef9ce0a9ae93b8aa1b8d5c8ebd9fd50d 100644
--- a/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.ts
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/videoUploading/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import fullscreenTexturedQuadWGSL from "../../shaders/fullscreenTexturedQuad.wgsl";
 import sampleExternalTextureWGSL from "../../shaders/sampleExternalTexture.frag.wgsl";
 
-import { IRenderObject, IRenderPass, ISampler, WebGPU } from "webgpu-renderer";
+import { IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
 
 const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 {
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
     canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
     canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
 
-    const webgpu = await WebGPU.init();
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
 
-    const sampler: ISampler = {
+    const sampler: IGPUSampler = {
         magFilter: "linear",
         minFilter: "linear",
     };
 
-    const renderPass: IRenderPass = {
+    const renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
         colorAttachments: [
             {
                 view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } },
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
         ],
     };
 
-    const renderObject: IRenderObject = {
+    const renderObject: IGPURenderObject = {
         pipeline: {
             vertex: { code: fullscreenTexturedQuadWGSL }, fragment: { code: sampleExternalTextureWGSL },
         },
@@ -51,10 +51,17 @@ const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
 
     function frame()
     {
-        webgpu.renderPass(renderPass);
-        webgpu.renderObject(renderObject);
+        const data: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [
+                {
+                    passEncoders: [
+                        { descriptor: renderPass, renderObjects: [renderObject] },
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        };
 
-        webgpu.submit();
+        webgpu.submit(data);
 
         if ("requestVideoFrameCallback" in video)
         {
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a72a4c2e168d86f2cdb72e54356a3afa9d3f90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+
+
+    
+    Volume Rendering - Texture 3D
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+
+
+
+    

+        

+            This example shows how to render volumes with WebGPU using a 3D
+            texture. It demonstrates simple direct volume rendering for photometric content
+            through ray marching in a fragment shader, where a full-screen triangle
+            determines the color from ray start and step size values as set in the vertex
+            shader. This implementation employs data from the BrainWeb Simulated Brain
+            Database, with decompression streams, to save disk space and network traffic.
+
+            The original raw data is generated using
+            [the BrainWeb Simulated Brain Database](https://brainweb.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/brainweb/)
+            before processing in
+            [a custom Python
+            script](https://github.com/webgpu/webgpu-samples/tree/main/public/assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0.py).
+        

+        
+    

+
+    
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41971009428b900640c796d4f001b5f6ecba4430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import { mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import volumeWGSL from "./volume.wgsl";
+
+const gui = new GUI();
+
+import { IGPUBindingResources, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSampler, IGPUSubmit, IGPUTexture, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    // GUI parameters
+    const params: { rotateCamera: boolean; near: number; far: number } = {
+        rotateCamera: true,
+        near: 2.0,
+        far: 7.0,
+    };
+
+    gui.add(params, "rotateCamera", true);
+    gui.add(params, "near", 2.0, 7.0);
+    gui.add(params, "far", 2.0, 7.0);
+
+    const sampleCount = 4;
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: {
+            code: volumeWGSL,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: volumeWGSL,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "triangle-list",
+            cullMode: "back",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const uniformBuffer = {
+        inverseModelViewProjectionMatrix: new Float32Array(16),
+    };
+
+    // Fetch the image and upload it into a GPUTexture.
+    let volumeTexture: IGPUTexture;
+    {
+        const width = 180;
+        const height = 216;
+        const depth = 180;
+        const format: GPUTextureFormat = "r8unorm";
+        const blockLength = 1;
+        const bytesPerBlock = 1;
+        const blocksWide = Math.ceil(width / blockLength);
+        const blocksHigh = Math.ceil(height / blockLength);
+        const bytesPerRow = blocksWide * bytesPerBlock;
+        const dataPath
+            = "../../../assets/img/volume/t1_icbm_normal_1mm_pn0_rf0_180x216x180_uint8_1x1.bin-gz";
+
+        // Fetch the compressed data
+        const response = await fetch(dataPath);
+        const compressedArrayBuffer = await response.arrayBuffer();
+
+        // Decompress the data using DecompressionStream for gzip format
+        const decompressionStream = new DecompressionStream("gzip");
+        const decompressedStream = new Response(
+            compressedArrayBuffer
+        ).body.pipeThrough(decompressionStream);
+        const decompressedArrayBuffer = await new Response(
+            decompressedStream
+        ).arrayBuffer();
+        const byteArray = new Uint8Array(decompressedArrayBuffer);
+
+        volumeTexture = {
+            dimension: "3d",
+            size: [width, height, depth],
+            format,
+            usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,
+            writeTextures: [{
+                data: byteArray,
+                dataLayout: { bytesPerRow, rowsPerImage: blocksHigh },
+                size: [width, height, depth]
+            }],
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Create a sampler with linear filtering for smooth interpolation.
+    const sampler: IGPUSampler = {
+        magFilter: "linear",
+        minFilter: "linear",
+        mipmapFilter: "linear",
+        maxAnisotropy: 16,
+    };
+
+    const uniformBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+        uniforms: uniformBuffer,
+        mySampler: sampler,
+        myTexture: { texture: volumeTexture },
+    };
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "discard",
+            },
+        ],
+        multisample: sampleCount,
+    };
+
+    let rotation = 0;
+
+    function getInverseModelViewProjectionMatrix(deltaTime: number)
+    {
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.translate(viewMatrix, [0, 0, -4], viewMatrix);
+        if (params.rotateCamera)
+        {
+            rotation += deltaTime;
+        }
+        mat4.rotate(
+            viewMatrix,
+            [Math.sin(rotation), Math.cos(rotation), 0],
+            1,
+            viewMatrix
+        );
+
+        const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+        const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective(
+            (2 * Math.PI) / 5,
+            aspect,
+            params.near,
+            params.far
+        );
+        const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix);
+
+        return mat4.invert(modelViewProjectionMatrix);
+    }
+
+    let lastFrameMS = Date.now();
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        const now = Date.now();
+        const deltaTime = (now - lastFrameMS) / 1000;
+        lastFrameMS = now;
+
+        const inverseModelViewProjection
+            = getInverseModelViewProjectionMatrix(deltaTime);
+
+        uniformBuffer.inverseModelViewProjectionMatrix = inverseModelViewProjection;
+
+        const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [{
+                passEncoders: [{
+                    descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                    renderObjects: [{
+                        pipeline,
+                        bindingResources: uniformBindGroup,
+                        draw: { vertexCount: 3 },
+                    }],
+                }]
+            }]
+        };
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/volume.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/volume.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adc784fd91f8bf4922ac8e5fcd37958e2423e2bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/volumeRenderingTexture3D/volume.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+  inverseModelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uniforms : Uniforms;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var mySampler: sampler;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var myTexture: texture_3d;
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+  @builtin(position) Position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) near: vec3f,
+  @location(1) step: vec3f,
+}
+
+const NumSteps = 64u;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex_main(
+    @builtin(vertex_index) VertexIndex: u32
+) -> VertexOutput {
+    var pos = array(
+        vec2(-1.0, 3.0),
+        vec2(-1.0, -1.0),
+        vec2(3.0, -1.0)
+    );
+    var xy = pos[VertexIndex];
+    var near = uniforms.inverseModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4f(xy, 0.0, 1);
+    var far = uniforms.inverseModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4f(xy, 1, 1);
+    near /= near.w;
+    far /= far.w;
+    return VertexOutput(
+        vec4f(xy, 0.0, 1.0),
+        near.xyz,
+        (far.xyz - near.xyz) / f32(NumSteps)
+    );
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragment_main(
+    @location(0) near: vec3f,
+    @location(1) step: vec3f
+) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    var rayPos = near;
+    var result = 0.0;
+    for (var i = 0u; i < NumSteps; i++) {
+        let texCoord = (rayPos.xyz + 1.0) * 0.5;
+        let sample = textureSample(myTexture, mySampler, texCoord).r * 4.0 / f32(NumSteps);
+        let intersects = all(rayPos.xyz < vec3f(1.0)) && all(rayPos.xyz > vec3f(-1.0));
+        result += select(0.0, (1.0 - result) * sample, intersects && result < 1.0);
+        rayPos += step;
+    }
+    return vec4f(vec3f(result), 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aae615dde850f80acfa9920649922b28bd32612a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  Wireframe
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+
+
+  

+    

+      This example demonstrates drawing a wireframe from triangles in 2 ways.
+      Both use the vertex and index buffers as storage buffers and the use \`@builtin(vertex_index)\`
+      to index the vertex data. One method generates 6 vertices per triangle and uses line-list to draw lines.
+      The other method draws triangles with a fragment shader that uses barycentric coordinates to draw edges
+      as detailed
+      [here](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424093557/http://codeflow.org/entries/2012/aug/02/easy-wireframe-display-with-barycentric-coordinates/).
+    

+    
+  

+
+  
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af41a4933273c466eebf1a354d8c60a31557c485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+import { GUI } from "dat.gui";
+import { mat3, mat4 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import { modelData } from "./models";
+import solidColorLitWGSL from "./solidColorLit.wgsl";
+import { randColor, randElement } from "./utils";
+import wireframeWGSL from "./wireframe.wgsl";
+
+import { getIGPUBuffer, IGPUBindingResource, IGPUBindingResources, IGPUBufferBinding, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gui: GUI) =>
+{
+    const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+    canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+    canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+
+    const settings = {
+        barycentricCoordinatesBased: false,
+        thickness: 2,
+        alphaThreshold: 0.5,
+        animate: true,
+        lines: true,
+        depthBias: 1,
+        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.5,
+        models: true,
+    };
+
+    type Model = {
+        vertices: Float32Array;
+        indices: Uint32Array;
+        vertexAttributes: IGPUVertexAttributes
+    };
+
+    const models = Object.values(modelData).map((v) =>
+    {
+        const model: Model = {
+            vertices: v.vertices,
+            indices: v.indices,
+            vertexAttributes: {
+                position: { data: v.vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 0, arrayStride: 6 * 4 },
+                normal: { data: v.vertices, format: "float32x3", offset: 3 * 4, arrayStride: 6 * 4 },
+            },
+        };
+
+        return model;
+    });
+
+    let litPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline;
+    function rebuildLitPipeline()
+    {
+        litPipeline = {
+            label: "lit pipeline",
+            vertex: {
+                code: solidColorLitWGSL,
+            },
+            fragment: {
+                code: solidColorLitWGSL,
+            },
+            primitive: {
+                cullMode: "back",
+            },
+            depthStencil: {
+                depthWriteEnabled: true,
+                depthCompare: "less",
+                // Applying a depth bias can prevent aliasing from z-fighting with the
+                // wireframe lines. The depth bias has to be applied to the lit meshes
+                // rather that the wireframe because depthBias isn't considered when
+                // drawing line or point primitives.
+                depthBias: settings.depthBias,
+                depthBiasSlopeScale: settings.depthBiasSlopeScale,
+            },
+        };
+    }
+    rebuildLitPipeline();
+
+    const wireframePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        label: "wireframe pipeline",
+        vertex: {
+            code: wireframeWGSL,
+            entryPoint: "vsIndexedU32",
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: wireframeWGSL,
+            entryPoint: "fs",
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "line-list",
+        },
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less-equal",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const barycentricCoordinatesBasedWireframePipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        label: "barycentric coordinates based wireframe pipeline",
+        vertex: {
+            code: wireframeWGSL,
+            entryPoint: "vsIndexedU32BarycentricCoordinateBasedLines",
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: wireframeWGSL,
+            entryPoint: "fsBarycentricCoordinateBasedLines",
+            targets: [
+                {
+                    blend: {
+                        color: {
+                            srcFactor: "one",
+                            dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                        },
+                        alpha: {
+                            srcFactor: "one",
+                            dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "triangle-list",
+        },
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less-equal",
+        },
+    };
+
+    type ObjectInfo = {
+        worldViewProjectionMatrixValue: Float32Array;
+        worldMatrixValue: Float32Array;
+        uniformValues: Float32Array;
+        uniformBuffer: IGPUBufferBinding;
+        lineUniformValues: Float32Array;
+        lineUniformBuffer: {
+            readonly bufferView: Float32Array;
+            stride: number;
+            thickness: number;
+            alphaThreshold: number;
+        };
+        litBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources;
+        wireframeBindGroups: IGPUBindingResources[];
+        model: Model;
+    };
+
+    const objectInfos: ObjectInfo[] = [];
+
+    const numObjects = 200;
+    for (let i = 0; i < numObjects; ++i)
+    {
+        // Make a uniform buffer and type array views
+        // for our uniforms.
+        const uniformValues = new Float32Array(16 + 16 + 4);
+        const uniformBuffer: IGPUBindingResource = {
+            bufferView: uniformValues,
+        };
+        const kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset = 0;
+        const kWorldMatrixOffset = 16;
+        const kColorOffset = 32;
+        const worldViewProjectionMatrixValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+            kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset,
+            kWorldViewProjectionMatrixOffset + 16
+        );
+        const worldMatrixValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+            kWorldMatrixOffset,
+            kWorldMatrixOffset + 15
+        );
+        const colorValue = uniformValues.subarray(kColorOffset, kColorOffset + 4);
+        colorValue.set(randColor());
+
+        const model = randElement(models);
+
+        // Make a bind group for this uniform
+        const litBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+            uni: uniformBuffer,
+        };
+
+        // Note: We're making one lineUniformBuffer per object.
+        // This is only because stride might be different per object.
+        // In this sample stride is the same across all objects so
+        // we could have made just a single shared uniform buffer for
+        // these settings.
+        const lineUniformValues = new Float32Array(3 + 1);
+        const lineUniformValuesAsU32 = new Uint32Array(lineUniformValues.buffer);
+        const lineUniformBuffer = {
+            bufferView: lineUniformValues,
+            stride: undefined as number,
+            thickness: undefined as number,
+            alphaThreshold: undefined as number,
+        };
+        lineUniformValuesAsU32[0] = 6; // the array stride for positions for this model.
+
+        // We're creating 2 bindGroups, one for each pipeline.
+        // We could create just one since they are identical. To do
+        // so we'd have to manually create a bindGroupLayout.
+        const wireframeBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+            uni: uniformBuffer,
+            positions: { bufferView: model.vertices },
+            indices: { bufferView: model.indices },
+            line: lineUniformBuffer,
+        };
+
+        const barycentricCoordinatesBasedWireframeBindGroup: IGPUBindingResources = {
+            uni: uniformBuffer,
+            positions: { bufferView: model.vertices },
+            indices: { bufferView: model.indices },
+            line: lineUniformBuffer,
+        };
+
+        objectInfos.push({
+            worldViewProjectionMatrixValue,
+            worldMatrixValue,
+            uniformValues,
+            uniformBuffer,
+            lineUniformValues,
+            lineUniformBuffer,
+            litBindGroup,
+            wireframeBindGroups: [
+                wireframeBindGroup,
+                barycentricCoordinatesBasedWireframeBindGroup,
+            ],
+            model,
+        });
+    }
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        label: "our basic canvas renderPass",
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context: { canvasId: canvas.id } } }, // <- to be filled out when we render
+                clearValue: [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: undefined, // <- to be filled out when we render
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    gui.add(settings, "barycentricCoordinatesBased").onChange(addRemoveGUI);
+    gui.add(settings, "lines");
+    gui.add(settings, "models");
+    gui.add(settings, "animate");
+
+    const guis = [];
+    function addRemoveGUI()
+    {
+        guis.forEach((g) => g.remove());
+        guis.length = 0;
+        if (settings.barycentricCoordinatesBased)
+        {
+            guis.push(
+                gui.add(settings, "thickness", 0.0, 10).onChange(updateThickness),
+                gui.add(settings, "alphaThreshold", 0, 1).onChange(updateThickness)
+            );
+        }
+ else
+        {
+            guis.push(
+                gui.add(settings, "depthBias", -3, 3, 1).onChange(rebuildLitPipeline),
+                gui
+                    .add(settings, "depthBiasSlopeScale", -1, 1, 0.05)
+                    .onChange(rebuildLitPipeline)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    addRemoveGUI();
+
+    function updateThickness()
+    {
+        objectInfos.forEach(({ lineUniformBuffer, lineUniformValues }) =>
+        {
+            lineUniformBuffer.thickness = settings.thickness;
+            lineUniformBuffer.alphaThreshold = settings.alphaThreshold;
+        });
+    }
+    updateThickness();
+
+    let time = 0.0;
+    function render(ts: number)
+    {
+        if (settings.animate)
+        {
+            time = ts * 0.001; // convert to seconds;
+        }
+
+        const fov = (60 * Math.PI) / 180;
+        const aspect = canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight;
+        const projection = mat4.perspective(fov, aspect, 0.1, 1000);
+
+        const view = mat4.lookAt(
+            [-300, 0, 300], // eye
+            [0, 0, 0], // target
+            [0, 1, 0] // up
+        );
+
+        const viewProjection = mat4.multiply(projection, view);
+
+        const renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[] = [];
+
+        objectInfos.forEach(
+            (
+                {
+                    uniformBuffer,
+                    uniformValues,
+                    worldViewProjectionMatrixValue,
+                    worldMatrixValue,
+                    litBindGroup,
+                    model: { vertexAttributes, indices },
+                },
+                i
+            ) =>
+            {
+                const world = mat4.identity();
+                mat4.translate(
+                    world,
+                    [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 3.721 + time * 0.1) * 200],
+                    world
+                );
+                mat4.rotateX(world, i * 4.567, world);
+                mat4.rotateY(world, i * 2.967, world);
+                mat4.translate(
+                    world,
+                    [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 9.721 + time * 0.1) * 200],
+                    world
+                );
+                mat4.rotateX(world, time * 0.53 + i, world);
+
+                mat4.multiply(viewProjection, world, worldViewProjectionMatrixValue);
+                mat3.fromMat4(world, worldMatrixValue);
+
+                // Upload our uniform values.
+                const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformBuffer.bufferView);
+                const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers || [];
+                writeBuffers.push({
+                    data: uniformValues,
+                });
+                buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+
+                if (settings.models)
+                {
+                    renderObjects.push({
+                        pipeline: litPipeline,
+                        vertices: vertexAttributes,
+                        indices,
+                        bindingResources: litBindGroup,
+                        drawIndexed: { indexCount: indices.length },
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        );
+
+        if (settings.lines)
+        {
+            // Note: If we're using the line-list based pipeline then we need to
+            // multiply the vertex count by 2 since we need to emit 6 vertices
+            // for each triangle (3 edges).
+            const [bindGroupNdx, countMult, pipeline]
+                = settings.barycentricCoordinatesBased
+                    ? [1, 1, barycentricCoordinatesBasedWireframePipeline]
+                    : [0, 2, wireframePipeline];
+            objectInfos.forEach(({ wireframeBindGroups, model: { indices } }) =>
+            {
+                renderObjects.push({
+                    pipeline,
+                    bindingResources: wireframeBindGroups[bindGroupNdx],
+                    draw: { vertexCount: indices.length * countMult },
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+            commandEncoders: [{
+                passEncoders: [{
+                    descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                    renderObjects,
+                }]
+            }]
+        };
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(render);
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(render);
+};
+
+const panel = new GUI({ width: 310 });
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas, panel);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/models.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/models.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1e44fe6761ad8a74ab02970126c326933ff410d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/models.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Ideally all the models would be the same format
+// and we'd determine that format at build time or before
+// but, we want to reuse the model data in this repo
+// so we'll normalize it here
+
+import { vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+import { mesh as teapot } from "../../meshes/teapot";
+import { createSphereMesh } from "../../meshes/sphere";
+
+type Mesh = {
+  positions: [number, number, number][];
+  triangles: [number, number, number][];
+  normals: [number, number, number][];
+};
+
+export function convertMeshToTypedArrays(
+  mesh: Mesh,
+  scale: number,
+  offset = [0, 0, 0]
+)
+{
+  const { positions, normals, triangles } = mesh;
+  const scaledPositions = positions.map((p) =>
+    p.map((v, i) => v * scale + offset[i % 3])
+  );
+  const vertices = new Float32Array(scaledPositions.length * 6);
+  for (let i = 0; i < scaledPositions.length; ++i)
+{
+    vertices.set(scaledPositions[i], 6 * i);
+    vertices.set(normals[i], 6 * i + 3);
+  }
+  const indices = new Uint32Array(triangles.length * 3);
+  for (let i = 0; i < triangles.length; ++i)
+{
+    indices.set(triangles[i], 3 * i);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    vertices,
+    indices,
+  };
+}
+
+function createSphereTypedArrays(
+  radius: number,
+  widthSegments = 32,
+  heightSegments = 16,
+  randomness = 0
+)
+{
+  const { vertices: verticesWithUVs, indices } = createSphereMesh(
+    radius,
+    widthSegments,
+    heightSegments,
+    randomness
+  );
+  const numVertices = verticesWithUVs.length / 8;
+  const vertices = new Float32Array(numVertices * 6);
+  for (let i = 0; i < numVertices; ++i)
+{
+    const srcNdx = i * 8;
+    const dstNdx = i * 6;
+    vertices.set(verticesWithUVs.subarray(srcNdx, srcNdx + 6), dstNdx);
+  }
+
+return {
+    vertices,
+    indices: new Uint32Array(indices),
+  };
+}
+
+function flattenNormals({
+  vertices,
+  indices,
+}: {
+  vertices: Float32Array;
+  indices: Uint32Array;
+})
+{
+  const newVertices = new Float32Array(indices.length * 6);
+  const newIndices = new Uint32Array(indices.length);
+  for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i += 3)
+{
+    const positions = [];
+    for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
+{
+      const ndx = indices[i + j];
+      const srcNdx = ndx * 6;
+      const dstNdx = (i + j) * 6;
+      // copy position
+      const pos = vertices.subarray(srcNdx, srcNdx + 3);
+      newVertices.set(pos, dstNdx);
+      positions.push(pos);
+      newIndices[i + j] = i + j;
+    }
+
+    const normal = vec3.normalize(
+      vec3.cross(
+        vec3.normalize(vec3.subtract(positions[1], positions[0])),
+        vec3.normalize(vec3.subtract(positions[2], positions[1]))
+      )
+    );
+
+    for (let j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
+{
+      const dstNdx = (i + j) * 6;
+      newVertices.set(normal, dstNdx + 3);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    vertices: newVertices,
+    indices: newIndices,
+  };
+}
+
+export const modelData = {
+  teapot: convertMeshToTypedArrays(teapot, 1.5),
+  sphere: createSphereTypedArrays(20),
+  jewel: flattenNormals(createSphereTypedArrays(20, 5, 3)),
+  rock: flattenNormals(createSphereTypedArrays(20, 32, 16, 0.1)),
+};
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/solidColorLit.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/solidColorLit.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c29c3f6c15516148c6b5f57385386ef4b66de3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/solidColorLit.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+  worldViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  worldMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  color: vec4f,
+};
+
+struct Vertex {
+  @location(0) position: vec4f,
+  @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+};
+
+struct VSOut {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) normal: vec3f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+
+@vertex fn vs(vin: Vertex) -> VSOut {
+  var vOut: VSOut;
+  vOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * vin.position;
+  vOut.normal = (uni.worldMatrix * vec4f(vin.normal, 0)).xyz;
+  return vOut;
+}
+
+@fragment fn fs(vin: VSOut) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  let lightDirection = normalize(vec3f(4, 10, 6));
+  let light = dot(normalize(vin.normal), lightDirection) * 0.5 + 0.5;
+  return vec4f(uni.color.rgb * light, uni.color.a);
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/utils.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f8ef8e153cb7da6fc8d68757dc545d0a5fa5649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+export function rand(min?: number, max?: number)
+{
+  if (min === undefined)
+{
+    max = 1;
+    min = 0;
+  }
+ else if (max === undefined)
+{
+    max = min;
+    min = 0;
+  }
+
+return Math.random() * (max - min) + min;
+}
+
+export function randInt(min: number, max?: number)
+{
+  return Math.floor(rand(min, max));
+}
+
+export function randColor()
+{
+  return [rand(), rand(), rand(), 1];
+}
+
+export function randElement(arr: T[]): T
+{
+  return arr[randInt(arr.length)];
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/wireframe.wgsl b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/wireframe.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de62b1e72149872e41e11f66dc4f82ea7d4c31bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/wireframe/wireframe.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+  worldViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  worldMatrix: mat4x4f,
+  color: vec4f,
+};
+
+struct LineUniforms {
+  stride: u32,
+  thickness: f32,
+  alphaThreshold: f32,
+};
+
+struct VSOut {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var uni: Uniforms;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var positions: array;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var indices: array;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var line: LineUniforms;
+
+@vertex fn vsIndexedU32(@builtin(vertex_index) vNdx: u32) -> VSOut {
+  // indices make a triangle so for every 3 indices we need to output
+  // 6 values
+  let triNdx = vNdx / 6;
+  // 0 1 0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1 0 1  vNdx % 2
+  // 0 0 1 1 2 2  3 3 4 4 5 5  vNdx / 2
+  // 0 1 1 2 2 3  3 4 4 5 5 6  vNdx % 2 + vNdx / 2
+  // 0 1 1 2 2 0  0 1 1 2 2 0  (vNdx % 2 + vNdx / 2) % 3
+  let vertNdx = (vNdx % 2 + vNdx / 2) % 3;
+  let index = indices[triNdx * 3 + vertNdx];
+
+  // note:
+  //
+  // * if your indices are U16 you could use this
+  //
+  //    let indexNdx = triNdx * 3 + vertNdx;
+  //    let twoIndices = indices[indexNdx / 2];  // indices is u32 but we want u16
+  //    let index = (twoIndices >> ((indexNdx & 1) * 16)) & 0xFFFF;
+  //
+  // * if you're not using indices you could use this
+  //
+  //    let index = triNdx * 3 + vertNdx;
+
+  let pNdx = index * line.stride;
+  let position = vec4f(positions[pNdx], positions[pNdx + 1], positions[pNdx + 2], 1);
+
+  var vOut: VSOut;
+  vOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * position;
+  return vOut;
+}
+
+@fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  return uni.color + vec4f(0.5);
+}
+
+struct BarycentricCoordinateBasedVSOutput {
+  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+  @location(0) barycenticCoord: vec3f,
+};
+
+@vertex fn vsIndexedU32BarycentricCoordinateBasedLines(
+  @builtin(vertex_index) vNdx: u32
+) -> BarycentricCoordinateBasedVSOutput {
+  let vertNdx = vNdx % 3;
+  let index = indices[vNdx];
+
+  // note:
+  //
+  // * if your indices are U16 you could use this
+  //
+  //    let twoIndices = indices[vNdx / 2];  // indices is u32 but we want u16
+  //    let index = (twoIndices >> ((vNdx & 1) * 16)) & 0xFFFF;
+  //
+  // * if you're not using indices you could use this
+  //
+  //    let index = vNdx;
+
+  let pNdx = index * line.stride;
+  let position = vec4f(positions[pNdx], positions[pNdx + 1], positions[pNdx + 2], 1);
+
+  var vsOut: BarycentricCoordinateBasedVSOutput;
+  vsOut.position = uni.worldViewProjectionMatrix * position;
+
+  // emit a barycentric coordinate
+  vsOut.barycenticCoord = vec3f(0);
+  vsOut.barycenticCoord[vertNdx] = 1.0;
+  return vsOut;
+}
+
+fn edgeFactor(bary: vec3f) -> f32 {
+  let d = fwidth(bary);
+  let a3 = smoothstep(vec3f(0.0), d * line.thickness, bary);
+  return min(min(a3.x, a3.y), a3.z);
+}
+
+@fragment fn fsBarycentricCoordinateBasedLines(
+  v: BarycentricCoordinateBasedVSOutput
+) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+  let a = 1.0 - edgeFactor(v.barycenticCoord);
+  if (a < line.alphaThreshold) {
+    discard;
+  }
+
+  return vec4((uni.color.rgb + 0.5) * a, a);
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.html b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9235e9f66692ac76503ace43428301143a1a1ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+
+
+
+    
+    WebGPU in a Worker
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+
+
+
+    

+        

+          This example shows one method of using WebGPU in a web worker and presenting to
+          the main thread. It uses canvas.transferControlToOffscreen() to produce an offscreen canvas
+          which is then transferred to the worker where all the WebGPU calls are made.
+        

+        
+    

+
+    
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38c242fe172a3b070fb3488efa1aba6669241084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+const init = async (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+{
+  // The web worker is created by passing a path to the worker's source file, which will then be
+  // executed on a separate thread.
+  const worker = new Worker(new URL("./worker.ts", import.meta.url), { type: "module" });
+
+  // The primary way to communicate with the worker is to send and receive messages.
+  worker.addEventListener("message", (ev) =>
+  {
+    // The format of the message can be whatever you'd like, but it's helpful to decide on a
+    // consistent convention so that you can tell the message types apart as your apps grow in
+    // complexity. Here we establish a convention that all messages to and from the worker will
+    // have a `type` field that we can use to determine the content of the message.
+    switch (ev.data.type)
+    {
+      default: {
+        console.error(`Unknown Message Type: ${ev.data.type}`);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // In order for the worker to display anything on the page, an OffscreenCanvas must be used.
+  // Here we can create one from our normal canvas by calling transferControlToOffscreen().
+  // Anything drawn to the OffscreenCanvas that call returns will automatically be displayed on
+  // the source canvas on the page.
+  const offscreenCanvas = canvas.transferControlToOffscreen();
+  const devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio;
+  offscreenCanvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * devicePixelRatio;
+  offscreenCanvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * devicePixelRatio;
+
+  // Send a message to the worker telling it to initialize WebGPU with the OffscreenCanvas. The
+  // array passed as the second argument here indicates that the OffscreenCanvas is to be
+  // transferred to the worker, meaning this main thread will lose access to it and it will be
+  // fully owned by the worker.
+  worker.postMessage({ type: "init", offscreenCanvas }, [offscreenCanvas]);
+};
+
+const webgpuCanvas = document.getElementById("webgpu") as HTMLCanvasElement;
+init(webgpuCanvas);
diff --git a/examples/src/webgpu/worker/worker.ts b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/worker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7bae3b7c0b217aae320c7097328b578a8a8bd011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/webgpu/worker/worker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { mat4, vec3 } from "wgpu-matrix";
+
+import { cubePositionOffset, cubeUVOffset, cubeVertexArray, cubeVertexCount, cubeVertexSize, } from "../../meshes/cube";
+
+import { getOffscreenCanvasId, IGPUCanvasContext, IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSubmit, IGPUVertexAttributes, WebGPU } from "@feng3d/webgpu-renderer";
+
+const basicVertWGSL = `
+struct Uniforms {
+  modelViewProjectionMatrix: mat4x4,
+}
+@binding(0) @group(0) var uniforms : Uniforms;
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+  @builtin(position) Position: vec4,
+  @location(0) fragUV: vec2,
+  @location(1) fragPosition: vec4,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn main(
+    @location(0) position: vec4,
+    @location(1) uv: vec2
+) -> VertexOutput {
+    var output: VertexOutput;
+    output.Position = uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix * position;
+    output.fragUV = uv;
+    output.fragPosition = 0.5 * (position + vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
+    return output;
+}
+`;
+const vertexPositionColorWGSL = `
+@fragment
+fn main(
+    @location(0) fragUV: vec2,
+    @location(1) fragPosition: vec4
+) -> @location(0) vec4 {
+    return fragPosition;
+}
+
+`;
+
+// The worker process can instantiate a WebGPU device immediately, but it still needs an
+// OffscreenCanvas to be able to display anything. Here we listen for an 'init' message from the
+// main thread that will contain an OffscreenCanvas transferred from the page, and use that as the
+// signal to begin WebGPU initialization.
+self.addEventListener("message", (ev) =>
+{
+    switch (ev.data.type)
+    {
+        case "init": {
+            try
+            {
+                init(ev.data.offscreenCanvas);
+            }
+            catch (err)
+            {
+                console.error(
+                    `Error while initializing WebGPU in worker process: ${err.message}`
+                );
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+});
+
+// Once we receive the OffscreenCanvas this init() function is called, which functions similarly
+// to the init() method for all the other samples. The remainder of this file is largely identical
+// to the rotatingCube sample.
+async function init(canvas: OffscreenCanvas)
+{
+    const webgpu = await new WebGPU().init();
+    const context: IGPUCanvasContext = { canvasId: getOffscreenCanvasId(canvas) };
+
+    // Create a vertex buffer from the cube data.
+    const verticesBuffer: IGPUVertexAttributes = {
+        position: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x4", offset: cubePositionOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+        uv: { data: cubeVertexArray, format: "float32x2", offset: cubeUVOffset, arrayStride: cubeVertexSize },
+    };
+
+    const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
+        vertex: {
+            code: basicVertWGSL,
+        },
+        fragment: {
+            code: vertexPositionColorWGSL,
+        },
+        primitive: {
+            topology: "triangle-list",
+
+            // Backface culling since the cube is solid piece of geometry.
+            // Faces pointing away from the camera will be occluded by faces
+            // pointing toward the camera.
+            cullMode: "back",
+        },
+
+        // Enable depth testing so that the fragment closest to the camera
+        // is rendered in front.
+        depthStencil: {
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: "less",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const uniformBindGroup = {
+        uniforms: { modelViewProjectionMatrix: undefined },
+    };
+
+    const renderPassDescriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor = {
+        colorAttachments: [
+            {
+                view: { texture: { context } }, // Assigned later
+
+                clearValue: [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0],
+                loadOp: "clear",
+                storeOp: "store",
+            },
+        ],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+            depthClearValue: 1.0,
+            depthLoadOp: "clear",
+            depthStoreOp: "store",
+        },
+    };
+
+    const aspect = canvas.width / canvas.height;
+    const projectionMatrix = mat4.perspective(
+        (2 * Math.PI) / 5,
+        aspect,
+        1,
+        100.0
+    );
+    const modelViewProjectionMatrix = mat4.create();
+
+    function getTransformationMatrix()
+    {
+        const viewMatrix = mat4.identity();
+        mat4.translate(viewMatrix, vec3.fromValues(0, 0, -4), viewMatrix);
+        const now = Date.now() / 1000;
+        mat4.rotate(
+            viewMatrix,
+            vec3.fromValues(Math.sin(now), Math.cos(now), 0),
+            1,
+            viewMatrix
+        );
+
+        mat4.multiply(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix, modelViewProjectionMatrix);
+
+        return modelViewProjectionMatrix;
+    }
+
+    const submit: IGPUSubmit = {
+        commandEncoders: [{
+            passEncoders: [{
+                descriptor: renderPassDescriptor,
+                renderObjects: [{
+                    pipeline: pipeline,
+                    bindingResources: uniformBindGroup,
+                    vertices: verticesBuffer,
+                    draw: { vertexCount: cubeVertexCount }
+                }]
+            }]
+        }]
+    };
+
+    function frame()
+    {
+        const transformationMatrix = getTransformationMatrix();
+        uniformBindGroup.uniforms.modelViewProjectionMatrix = transformationMatrix.slice();
+
+        webgpu.submit(submit);
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+    }
+
+    // Note: It is important to return control to the browser regularly in order for the worker to
+    // process events. You shouldn't simply loop infinitely with while(true) or similar! Using a
+    // traditional requestAnimationFrame() loop in the worker is one way to ensure that events are
+    // handled correctly by the worker.
+    requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+}
+
+export { };
+
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index bd7dce9783819e6956f751bfa7665bb35fdccaa0..120c9bf847acadcb0d06d3e54c4b245eea0bb4d3 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "webgpu-renderer",
+  "name": "@feng3d/webgpu",
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "description": "webgpu渲染库",
   "main": "src/index.ts",
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
     "test:ui": "vitest --ui",
     "types": "tsc",
     "watch": "tsc -w",
-    "lint": "eslint --ext .js --ext .ts src test examples/src --ignore-path .gitignore --max-warnings 0",
+    "lint": "eslint --ext .js --ext .ts src test --ignore-path .gitignore --max-warnings 0",
     "lintfix": "npm run lint -- --fix",
     "docs": "typedoc && cd examples && vite build --outDir ../public",
     "release": "npm run clean && npm run lint && npm run docs && npm run build && npm run types && npm publish",
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
   },
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
-    "url": "https://gitee.com/feng3d/webgpu-renderer.git"
+    "url": "https://gitee.com/feng3d/webgpu.git"
   },
   "files": [
     "dist/",
@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@feng3d/event": "^0.8.4",
-    "@feng3d/watcher": "^0.8.0",
-    "@webgpu/types": "0.1.38",
-    "wgsl_reflect": "^0.1.1"
+    "@feng3d/watcher": "^0.8.6",
+    "@webgpu/types": "0.1.49",
+    "stats.js": "^0.17.0",
+    "wgsl_reflect": "^1.0.16"
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/WebGPU.ts b/src/WebGPU.ts
index 98e6fa4e9f71490c51ac3c3dedf1ddef909eff12..658232a19c83cf967187b8e527ef0b93df7347ca 100644
--- a/src/WebGPU.ts
+++ b/src/WebGPU.ts
@@ -1,108 +1,81 @@
-import { getIGPUSubmit } from "./caches/getIGPUSubmit";
-import { IComputeObject } from "./data/IComputeObject";
-import { IComputePassEncoder } from "./data/IComputePassEncoder";
-import { ICopyBufferToBuffer } from "./data/ICopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { ICopyTextureToTexture } from "./data/ICopyTextureToTexture";
-import { IRenderObject } from "./data/IRenderObject";
-import { IRenderPass } from "./data/IRenderPass";
-import { IRenderPassEncoder } from "./data/IRenderPassEncoder";
-import { ISubmit } from "./data/ISubmit";
-import { ITexture, ITextureBase } from "./data/ITexture";
-import { getIGPUTexture } from "./internal";
-import { WebGPU as WebGPUBase } from "./webgpu-data-driven/WebGPU";
-import { IGPUSubmit } from "./webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSubmit";
-
+import { getGPUBuffer } from "./caches/getGPUBuffer";
+import { getGPUTexture } from "./caches/getGPUTexture";
+import { getIGPUTextureSize } from "./caches/getIGPUTextureSize";
+import { IGPUBuffer } from "./data/IGPUBuffer";
+import { IGPUReadPixels } from "./data/IGPUReadPixels";
+import { IGPUSubmit } from "./data/IGPUSubmit";
+import { IGPUTexture } from "./data/IGPUTexture";
+import { RunWebGPU } from "./runs/RunWebGPU";
+import { RunWebGPUCommandCache } from "./runs/RunWebGPUCommandCache";
+import { copyDepthTexture } from "./utils/copyDepthTexture";
+import { quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable } from "./utils/quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable";
+import { readPixels } from "./utils/readPixels";
+import { textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha } from "./utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha";
+
+/**
+ * WebGPU 对象。
+ *
+ * 提供 `WebGPU` 操作入口 {@link WebGPU.submit}。
+ */
 export class WebGPU
 {
-    static async init(options?: GPURequestAdapterOptions, descriptor?: GPUDeviceDescriptor)
-    {
-        const webGPUBase = await WebGPUBase.init(options, descriptor);
-
-        const webGPU = new WebGPU(webGPUBase);
-
-        return webGPU;
-    }
-
-    private _webgpu: WebGPUBase;
-    private _currentSubmit: ISubmit;
-    private _currentRenderPassEncoder: IRenderPassEncoder;
-    private _currentComputePassEncoder: IComputePassEncoder;
+    private _runWebGPU: RunWebGPU = new RunWebGPUCommandCache();
 
-    constructor(webGPUBase: WebGPUBase)
-    {
-        this._webgpu = webGPUBase;
-    }
-
-    renderPass(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+    /**
+     * 初始化 WebGPU 获取 GPUDevice 。
+     */
+    async init(options?: GPURequestAdapterOptions, descriptor?: GPUDeviceDescriptor)
     {
-        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
-        //
-        if (this._currentRenderPassEncoder?.renderPass === renderPass) return;
+        const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter(options);
+        // 获取支持的特性
+        const features: GPUFeatureName[] = [];
+        adapter?.features.forEach((v) => { features.push(v as any); });
+        // 默认开启当前本机支持的所有WebGPU特性。
+        descriptor = descriptor || {};
+        descriptor.requiredFeatures = (descriptor.requiredFeatures || features) as any;
         //
-        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = { renderPass, renderObjects: [] };
-        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(this._currentRenderPassEncoder);
-    }
+        const device = await adapter?.requestDevice(descriptor);
+        quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable(adapter, device);
 
-    renderObject(renderObject: IRenderObject)
-    {
-        this._currentRenderPassEncoder.renderObjects.push(renderObject);
-    }
+        device?.lost.then(async (info) =>
+        {
+            console.error(`WebGPU device was lost: ${info.message}`);
+
+            // 'reason' will be 'destroyed' if we intentionally destroy the device.
+            if (info.reason !== "destroyed")
+            {
+                // try again
+                await this.init(options, descriptor);
+            }
+        });
 
-    computePass()
-    {
-        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
-        //
-        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentComputePassEncoder = { computeObjects: [] };
-        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(this._currentComputePassEncoder);
-    }
+        this.device = device;
 
-    computeObject(computeObject: IComputeObject)
-    {
-        this._currentComputePassEncoder.computeObjects.push(computeObject);
+        return this;
     }
 
-    copyTextureToTexture(copyTextureToTexture: ICopyTextureToTexture)
-    {
-        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
+    public device: GPUDevice;
 
-        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(copyTextureToTexture);
-    }
-
-    copyBufferToBuffer(copyBufferToBuffer: ICopyBufferToBuffer)
+    /**
+     * 提交 GPU 。
+     *
+     * @param submit 一次 GPU 提交内容。
+     *
+     * @see GPUQueue.submit
+     */
+    submit(submit: IGPUSubmit)
     {
-        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
-
-        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
-        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(copyBufferToBuffer);
+        this._runWebGPU.runSubmit(this.device, submit);
     }
 
     /**
-     * 提交 GPU 。
+     * 销毁纹理。
      *
-     * @param data 一次 GPU 提交内容。
+     * @param texture 需要被销毁的纹理。
      */
-    submit(data?: ISubmit)
+    destoryTexture(texture: IGPUTexture)
     {
-        let gpuSubmit: IGPUSubmit;
-        if (data)
-        {
-            gpuSubmit = getIGPUSubmit(data);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            if (!this._currentSubmit) return;
-            gpuSubmit = getIGPUSubmit(this._currentSubmit);
-            this._currentSubmit = null;
-            this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
-            this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
-        }
-
-        this._webgpu.submit(gpuSubmit);
+        getGPUTexture(this.device, texture, false)?.destroy();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -112,58 +85,71 @@ export class WebGPU
      * @param invertY 是否Y轴翻转
      * @param premultiplyAlpha 是否预乘Alpha。
      */
-    textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(texture: ITextureBase, options: { invertY?: boolean, premultiplyAlpha?: boolean })
+    textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(texture: IGPUTexture, options: { invertY?: boolean, premultiplyAlpha?: boolean })
+    {
+        const gpuTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, texture);
+
+        textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(this.device, gpuTexture, options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 拷贝 深度纹理到 普通纹理。
+     *
+     * @param device GPU设备。
+     * @param sourceTexture 源纹理。
+     * @param targetTexture 目标纹理。
+     */
+    copyDepthTexture(sourceTexture: IGPUTexture, targetTexture: IGPUTexture)
     {
-        const gTexture = getIGPUTexture(texture);
+        const gpuSourceTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, sourceTexture);
+        const gpuTargetTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, targetTexture);
 
-        this._webgpu.textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(gTexture, options);
+        copyDepthTexture(this.device, gpuSourceTexture, gpuTargetTexture);
     }
 
     /**
      * 从 GPU纹理 上读取数据。
      *
-     * @param texture GPU纹理
-     * @param x 纹理读取X坐标。
-     * @param y 纹理读取Y坐标。
-     * @param width 纹理读取宽度。
-     * @param height 纹理读取高度。
+     * @param gpuReadPixels
      *
      * @returns 读取到的数据。
      */
-    async readPixels(params: { texture: ITexture, origin: GPUOrigin3D, copySize: { width: number, height: number } })
+    async readPixels(gpuReadPixels: IGPUReadPixels)
     {
-        const gTexture = getIGPUTexture(params.texture);
-        const result = await this._webgpu.readPixels({
-            ...params,
-            texture: gTexture,
+        const gpuTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, gpuReadPixels.texture, false);
+
+        const result = await readPixels(this.device, {
+            ...gpuReadPixels,
+            texture: gpuTexture,
         });
 
+        gpuReadPixels.result = result;
+
         return result;
     }
 
     /**
-     * 拷贝 深度纹理到 普通纹理。
+     * 从GPU缓冲区读取数据到CPU。
      *
-     * @param device GPU设备。
-     * @param sourceTexture 源纹理。
-     * @param targetTexture 目标纹理。
+     * @param buffer GPU缓冲区。
+     * @param offset 读取位置。
+     * @param size 读取字节数量。
+     * @returns CPU数据缓冲区。
      */
-    copyDepthTexture(sourceTexture: ITexture, targetTexture: ITexture)
+    async readBuffer(buffer: IGPUBuffer, offset?: GPUSize64, size?: GPUSize64)
     {
-        const gSourceTexture = getIGPUTexture(sourceTexture);
-        const gTargetTexture = getIGPUTexture(targetTexture);
+        const gpuBuffer = getGPUBuffer(this.device, buffer);
+        await gpuBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+
+        const result = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange(offset, size).slice(0);
 
-        this._webgpu.copyDepthTexture(gSourceTexture, gTargetTexture);
+        gpuBuffer.unmap();
+
+        return result;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * 销毁纹理。
-     *
-     * @param texture 需要被销毁的纹理。
-     */
-    destoryTexture(texture: ITexture)
+    getGPUTextureSize(input: IGPUTexture)
     {
-        const gTexture = getIGPUTexture(texture);
-        this._webgpu.destoryTexture(gTexture);
+        return getIGPUTextureSize(input);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/WebGPUStep.ts b/src/WebGPUStep.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f88ece16ef271bee032bc13687727def2ad24e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebGPUStep.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { IGPUComputeObject } from "./data/IGPUComputeObject";
+import { IGPUComputePass } from "./data/IGPUComputePass";
+import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "./data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
+import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture } from "./data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
+import { IGPURenderObject } from "./data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassObject } from "./data/IGPURenderPass";
+import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "./data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+import { IGPUSubmit } from "./data/IGPUSubmit";
+import { WebGPU } from "./WebGPU";
+
+/**
+ * 按步骤来组织 IGPUSubmit 对象。
+ *
+ * 不建议使用。
+ */
+export class WebGPUStep
+{
+    private _currentSubmit: IGPUSubmit;
+    private _currentRenderPassEncoder: IGPURenderPass;
+    private _currentComputePassEncoder: IGPUComputePass;
+
+    readonly webGPU: WebGPU;
+
+    constructor(webGPU: WebGPU)
+    {
+        this.webGPU = webGPU;
+    }
+
+    renderPass(descriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor)
+    {
+        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
+        //
+        if (this._currentRenderPassEncoder?.descriptor === descriptor) return;
+        //
+        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = { descriptor, renderObjects: [] };
+        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(this._currentRenderPassEncoder);
+    }
+
+    renderObject(renderObject: IGPURenderObject)
+    {
+        (this._currentRenderPassEncoder.renderObjects as IGPURenderPassObject[]).push(renderObject);
+    }
+
+    computePass()
+    {
+        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
+        //
+        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentComputePassEncoder = { __type: "IGPUComputePass", computeObjects: [] };
+        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(this._currentComputePassEncoder);
+    }
+
+    computeObject(computeObject: IGPUComputeObject)
+    {
+        this._currentComputePassEncoder.computeObjects.push(computeObject);
+    }
+
+    copyTextureToTexture(copyTextureToTexture: IGPUCopyTextureToTexture)
+    {
+        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
+
+        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(copyTextureToTexture);
+    }
+
+    copyBufferToBuffer(copyBufferToBuffer: IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer)
+    {
+        this._currentSubmit = this._currentSubmit || { commandEncoders: [{ passEncoders: [] }] };
+
+        this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
+        this._currentSubmit.commandEncoders[0].passEncoders.push(copyBufferToBuffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 提交 GPU 。
+     *
+     * @param submit 一次 GPU 提交内容。
+     *
+     * @see GPUQueue.submit
+     */
+    submit(submit?: IGPUSubmit)
+    {
+        if (!submit)
+        {
+            if (!this._currentSubmit) return;
+            submit = this._currentSubmit;
+            this._currentSubmit = null;
+            this._currentRenderPassEncoder = null;
+            this._currentComputePassEncoder = null;
+        }
+
+        this.webGPU.submit(submit);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts b/src/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aab36226b507c6934b99bd83e392f9563c193a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+import { getRealGPUBindGroup } from "../const";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding } from "../data/IGPUBufferBinding";
+import { IGPUExternalTexture } from "../data/IGPUExternalTexture";
+import { IGPUSampler } from "../data/IGPUSampler";
+import { IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "../data/IGPUTextureView";
+import { GPUTextureView_destroy, IGPUSampler_changed } from "../eventnames";
+import { IGPUBindGroupDescriptor } from "../internal/IGPUBindGroupDescriptor";
+import { getGPUBindGroupLayout } from "./getGPUBindGroupLayout";
+import { getGPUBufferBinding } from "./getGPUBufferBinding";
+import { getGPUSampler } from "./getGPUSampler";
+import { getGPUTextureView } from "./getGPUTextureView";
+
+export function getGPUBindGroup(device: GPUDevice, bindGroup: IGPUBindGroupDescriptor)
+{
+    const bindGroupMap: WeakMap = device["_bindGroupMap"] = device["_bindGroupMap"] || new WeakMap();
+
+    let gBindGroup = bindGroupMap.get(bindGroup);
+    if (gBindGroup) return gBindGroup;
+
+    // 总是更新函数列表。
+    const awaysUpdateFuncs: (() => void)[] = [];
+    // 执行一次函数列表
+    const onceUpdateFuncs: (() => void)[] = [];
+
+    const layout = getGPUBindGroupLayout(device, bindGroup.layout);
+
+    const entries = bindGroup.entries.map((v) =>
+    {
+        const entry: GPUBindGroupEntry = { binding: v.binding, resource: null };
+
+        // 更新资源函数。
+        let updateResource: () => void;
+
+        // 资源变化后更新函数。
+        const onResourceChanged = () =>
+        {
+            onceUpdateFuncs.push(updateResource);
+
+            if (gBindGroup[getRealGPUBindGroup] !== getReal)
+            {
+                gBindGroup[getRealGPUBindGroup] = createBindGroup;
+            }
+        };
+
+        //
+        if ((v.resource as IGPUBufferBinding).bufferView)
+        {
+            updateResource = () =>
+            {
+                entry.resource = getGPUBufferBinding(device, v.resource as IGPUBufferBinding);
+            };
+        }
+        else if ((v.resource as IGPUTextureView).texture)
+        {
+            updateResource = () =>
+            {
+                entry.resource = getGPUTextureView(device, v.resource as IGPUTextureView);
+
+                anyEmitter.once(entry.resource, GPUTextureView_destroy, onResourceChanged);
+            };
+
+            if (((v.resource as IGPUTextureView).texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
+            {
+                awaysUpdateFuncs.push(updateResource);
+            }
+        }
+        else if ((v.resource as IGPUExternalTexture).source)
+        {
+            updateResource = () =>
+            {
+                entry.resource = device.importExternalTexture(v.resource as IGPUExternalTexture);
+            };
+
+            awaysUpdateFuncs.push(updateResource);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            updateResource = () =>
+            {
+                entry.resource = getGPUSampler(device, v.resource as IGPUSampler);
+                anyEmitter.once(v.resource as IGPUSampler, IGPUSampler_changed, onResourceChanged);
+            };
+        }
+
+        updateResource();
+
+        // 监听绑定资源发生改变
+        watcher.watch(v, "resource", onResourceChanged);
+
+        return entry;
+    });
+
+    const getReal = () =>
+    {
+        awaysUpdateFuncs.forEach((v) => v());
+        createBindGroup();
+
+        return gBindGroup;
+    };
+
+    const createBindGroup = () =>
+    {
+        onceUpdateFuncs.forEach((v) => v());
+
+        gBindGroup = device.createBindGroup({ layout, entries });
+
+        bindGroupMap.set(bindGroup, gBindGroup);
+
+        // 设置更新外部纹理/画布纹理视图
+        if (awaysUpdateFuncs.length > 0)
+        {
+            gBindGroup[getRealGPUBindGroup] = getReal;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            gBindGroup[getRealGPUBindGroup] = () => gBindGroup;
+        }
+
+        return gBindGroup;
+    };
+
+    createBindGroup();
+
+    return gBindGroup;
+}
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts b/src/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..783017ce9849b94deb07e3bc067b77a1bb53ed2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+export function getGPUBindGroupLayout(device: GPUDevice, layout: GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor)
+{
+    let gpuBindGroupLayout = bindGroupLayoutMap.get(layout);
+
+    if (gpuBindGroupLayout) return gpuBindGroupLayout;
+
+    //
+    gpuBindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout(layout);
+
+    bindGroupLayoutMap.set(layout, gpuBindGroupLayout);
+
+    return gpuBindGroupLayout;
+}
+
+const bindGroupLayoutMap = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts b/src/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts
similarity index 66%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts
index fcb6e83abafe0e22c281ccc3ef7476bc38119ac0..7a9ec24c8ba5105a8cc49492baf35590424fa692 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUBuffer.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,22 @@
 import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
 import { IGPUBuffer } from "../data/IGPUBuffer";
 
+/**
+ * 除了GPU与CPU数据交换的`MAP_READ`与`MAP_WRITE`除外。
+ */
+const defaultGPUBufferUsage = 0
+    // | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ
+    // | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_WRITE
+    | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC
+    | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST
+    | GPUBufferUsage.INDEX
+    | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX
+    | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM
+    | GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE
+    | GPUBufferUsage.INDIRECT
+    | GPUBufferUsage.QUERY_RESOLVE
+    ;
+
 /**
  * 获取 GPU 缓冲。
  *
@@ -10,24 +26,39 @@ import { IGPUBuffer } from "../data/IGPUBuffer";
  */
 export function getGPUBuffer(device: GPUDevice, buffer: IGPUBuffer)
 {
+    const gBufferMap: WeakMap = device["_gBufferMap"] = device["_gBufferMap"] || new WeakMap();
+
     let gBuffer: GPUBuffer = gBufferMap.get(buffer);
     if (gBuffer) return gBuffer;
 
-    const usage = buffer.usage;
+    let size = buffer.size;
+    if (buffer.size === undefined)
+    {
+        const bufferData = buffer.data;
+        console.assert(!!bufferData, `初始化缓冲区时，当尺寸未定义时，必须设置data属性来计算尺寸。`);
+
+        size = bufferData.byteLength;
+    }
+    // GPU缓冲区尺寸应该为4的倍数。
+    size = Math.ceil(buffer.size / 4) * 4;
+    (buffer as any).size = size;
+
+    (buffer as any).usage = buffer.usage ?? defaultGPUBufferUsage;
 
-    const size = Math.ceil(buffer.size / 4) * 4; // GPU缓冲区尺寸应该为4的倍数。
+    const label = buffer.label;
+    const usage = buffer.usage;
 
     // 初始化时存在数据，则使用map方式上传第一次数据。
     const mappedAtCreation = buffer.data !== undefined;
 
-    gBuffer = device.createBuffer({ size, usage, mappedAtCreation });
+    gBuffer = device.createBuffer({ label, size, usage, mappedAtCreation });
 
     if (mappedAtCreation)
     {
         const bufferData = buffer.data;
         if (ArrayBuffer.isView(bufferData))
         {
-            new (bufferData.constructor as any)(gBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(bufferData);
+            new Int8Array(gBuffer.getMappedRange()).set(new Int8Array(bufferData.buffer));
         }
         else
         {
@@ -68,25 +99,13 @@ export function getGPUBuffer(device: GPUDevice, buffer: IGPUBuffer)
                 {
                     arrayBuffer = data;
                     dataOffsetByte = dataOffset ?? 0;
-                    sizeByte = size ?? data.byteLength;
+                    sizeByte = size ?? (data.byteLength - dataOffsetByte);
                 }
 
                 // 防止给出数据不够的情况
-                if (sizeByte > arrayBuffer.byteLength - dataOffsetByte)
-                {
-                    sizeByte = arrayBuffer.byteLength - dataOffsetByte;
-                }
+                console.assert(sizeByte <= arrayBuffer.byteLength - dataOffsetByte, `上传的尺寸超出数据范围！`);
 
-                // 处理写入数据长度不是4的倍数情况
-                if (sizeByte % 4 !== 0)
-                {
-                    const oldUint8Array = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer, dataOffsetByte, sizeByte);
-                    // 创建4的倍数长度的数据
-                    sizeByte = Math.ceil(sizeByte / 4) * 4;
-                    dataOffsetByte = 0;
-                    arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(sizeByte);
-                    new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer).set(oldUint8Array);
-                }
+                console.assert(sizeByte % 4 === 0, `写入数据长度不是4的倍数！`);
 
                 //
                 device.queue.writeBuffer(
@@ -132,5 +151,3 @@ export function getGPUBuffer(device: GPUDevice, buffer: IGPUBuffer)
 
     return gBuffer;
 }
-
-const gBufferMap = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts b/src/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts
similarity index 36%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts
index f059cd7613f024d135db250a202d9d6a3241a077..5fd9092d10ab94cca8dbdc4d9bc3a15837ed50b9 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUBufferBinding.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-import { IGPUBindingResource, IGPUBufferBinding } from "../data/IGPUBindGroup";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding } from "../data/IGPUBufferBinding";
 import { getGPUBuffer } from "./getGPUBuffer";
+import { getIGPUBuffer } from "./getIGPUBuffer";
 
 export function getGPUBufferBinding(device: GPUDevice, resource: IGPUBufferBinding): GPUBufferBinding
 {
-    const buffer = getGPUBuffer(device, resource.buffer);
+    const b = getIGPUBuffer(resource.bufferView);
+    const buffer = getGPUBuffer(device, b);
+
+    const offset = resource.bufferView.byteOffset;
+    const size = resource.bufferView.byteLength;
 
     return {
-        ...resource,
         buffer,
+        offset,
+        size,
     };
 }
-
-export function isBufferBinding(arg: IGPUBindingResource): arg is IGPUBufferBinding
-{
-    const a = arg as IGPUBufferBinding;
-
-    return !!a.buffer;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts b/src/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6bf5514865c7496fabc5bc19d685593962f57dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+import { IGPUCanvasContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+
+export function getGPUCanvasContext(device: GPUDevice, context: IGPUCanvasContext)
+{
+    let gpuCanvasContext = canvasContextMap[context.canvasId];
+    if (gpuCanvasContext) return gpuCanvasContext;
+
+    const canvas = document.getElementById(context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
+
+    gpuCanvasContext = canvas.getContext("webgpu");
+
+    canvasContextMap[context.canvasId] = gpuCanvasContext;
+
+    const updateConfigure = () =>
+    {
+        //
+        context.configuration = context.configuration || {};
+        const format = (context.configuration as any).format = context.configuration.format || navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
+
+        let usage = 0;
+
+        if (context.configuration.usage)
+        {
+            usage = context.configuration.usage;
+        }
+
+        // 附加上 GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT
+        usage = usage | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
+
+        //
+        gpuCanvasContext.configure({
+            ...context.configuration,
+            device,
+            usage,
+            format,
+        });
+    };
+
+    updateConfigure();
+
+    watcher.watchobject(context, { configuration: { usage: undefined, format: undefined, colorSpace: undefined, toneMapping: { mode: undefined }, alphaMode: undefined } }, updateConfigure);
+
+    return gpuCanvasContext;
+}
+
+const canvasContextMap: { [canvasId: string]: GPUCanvasContext } = {};
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts b/src/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts
similarity index 61%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts
index 837dc5c705374379788a5bce880c60780497c33d..fe4db86851d865504cb7faf813bbf3ad2760b2b3 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUComputePipeline.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../data/IGPUComputeObject";
 import { getGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getGPUPipelineLayout";
 import { getGPUShaderModule } from "./getGPUShaderModule";
+import { getIGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getIGPUPipelineLayout";
 
 export function getGPUComputePipeline(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPUComputePipeline)
 {
+    const computePipelineMap: WeakMap = device["_computePipelineMap"] = device["_computePipelineMap"] || new WeakMap();
+
     let pipeline = computePipelineMap.get(descriptor);
     if (pipeline) return pipeline;
 
-    let layout: "auto" | GPUPipelineLayout = "auto";
+    // 从GPU管线中获取管线布局。
+    const gpuPipelineLayout = getIGPUPipelineLayout(descriptor);
 
-    if (descriptor.layout && descriptor.layout !== "auto")
-    {
-        layout = getGPUPipelineLayout(device, descriptor.layout);
-    }
+    const layout = getGPUPipelineLayout(device, gpuPipelineLayout);
 
     pipeline = device.createComputePipeline({
         layout,
@@ -26,4 +27,3 @@ export function getGPUComputePipeline(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPUCompute
     return pipeline;
 }
 
-const computePipelineMap = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts b/src/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts
similarity index 78%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts
index 963bcbab1b91011f7724b74cae8121009bc2d26c..5157124be6adbb4eb4c82ab56d5a48c6999bb50a 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUPipelineLayout.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { IGPUPipelineLayout } from "../data/IGPUPipelineLayout";
+import { IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor } from "../internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor";
 import { getGPUBindGroupLayout } from "./getGPUBindGroupLayout";
 
-export function getGPUPipelineLayout(device: GPUDevice, layout: IGPUPipelineLayout)
+export function getGPUPipelineLayout(device: GPUDevice, layout: IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor)
 {
     const bindGroupLayouts = layout.bindGroupLayouts.map((v) =>
     {
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPURenderOcclusionQuery.ts b/src/caches/getGPURenderOcclusionQuery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af28c847f263b4a4c5c9af30b3f7af8895eca832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPURenderOcclusionQuery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { IGPUOcclusionQuery } from "../data/IGPUOcclusionQuery";
+import { IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassObject } from "../data/IGPURenderPass";
+import { GPUQueue_submit } from "../eventnames";
+
+export function getGPURenderOcclusionQuery(renderObjects?: readonly IGPURenderPassObject[]): GPURenderOcclusionQuery
+{
+    if (!renderObjects) return defautRenderOcclusionQuery;
+    let renderOcclusionQuery: GPURenderOcclusionQuery = renderObjects["_GPURenderOcclusionQuery"];
+    if (renderOcclusionQuery) return renderOcclusionQuery;
+
+    const occlusionQueryObjects: IGPUOcclusionQuery[] = renderObjects.filter((cv) => cv.__type === "IGPUOcclusionQuery") as any;
+    if (occlusionQueryObjects.length === 0)
+    {
+        renderObjects["_GPURenderOcclusionQuery"] = defautRenderOcclusionQuery;
+
+        return defautRenderOcclusionQuery;
+    }
+
+    occlusionQueryObjects.forEach((v, i) => { v._queryIndex = i; });
+
+    let occlusionQuerySet: GPUQuerySet;
+    let resolveBuf: GPUBuffer;
+    let resultBuf: GPUBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化。
+     *
+     * 在渲染通道描述上设置 occlusionQuerySet 。
+     *
+     * @param device
+     * @param renderPassDescriptor
+     */
+    const init = (device: GPUDevice, renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor) =>
+    {
+        occlusionQuerySet = renderPassDescriptor.occlusionQuerySet = device.createQuerySet({ type: "occlusion", count: occlusionQueryObjects.length });
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * 查询结果。
+     *
+     * @param device
+     * @param commandEncoder
+     * @param renderPass
+     */
+    const resolve = (device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, renderPass: IGPURenderPass) =>
+    {
+        resolveBuf = resolveBuf || device.createBuffer({
+            label: "resolveBuffer",
+            // Query results are 64bit unsigned integers.
+            size: occlusionQueryObjects.length * BigUint64Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+            usage: GPUBufferUsage.QUERY_RESOLVE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
+        });
+
+        commandEncoder.resolveQuerySet(occlusionQuerySet, 0, occlusionQueryObjects.length, resolveBuf, 0);
+
+        resultBuf = resultBuf || device.createBuffer({
+            label: "resultBuffer",
+            size: resolveBuf.size,
+            usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,
+        });
+
+        if (resultBuf.mapState === "unmapped")
+        {
+            commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(resolveBuf, 0, resultBuf, 0, resultBuf.size);
+        }
+
+        const getOcclusionQueryResult = () =>
+        {
+            if (resultBuf.mapState === "unmapped")
+            {
+                resultBuf.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ).then(() =>
+                {
+                    const results = new BigUint64Array(resultBuf.getMappedRange());
+
+                    occlusionQueryObjects.forEach((v, i) =>
+                    {
+                        v.result = results[i] as any;
+                    });
+
+                    resultBuf.unmap();
+
+                    renderPass.occlusionQueryResults = occlusionQueryObjects.concat();
+
+                    //
+                    anyEmitter.off(device.queue, GPUQueue_submit, getOcclusionQueryResult);
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        // 监听提交WebGPU事件
+        anyEmitter.on(device.queue, GPUQueue_submit, getOcclusionQueryResult);
+    };
+
+    renderObjects["_GPURenderOcclusionQuery"] = renderOcclusionQuery = { init, resolve };
+
+    return renderOcclusionQuery;
+}
+
+interface GPURenderOcclusionQuery
+{
+    init: (device: GPUDevice, renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor) => void
+    resolve: (device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, renderPass: IGPURenderPass) => void
+}
+
+const defautRenderOcclusionQuery = { init: () => { }, resolve: () => { } };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPass.ts b/src/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
similarity index 31%
rename from src/caches/getIGPURenderPass.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
index 0755e976c5e3be6f8381f50d54698b17285bd804..816ebc58cf0b1657820ceaecf879522b69b8bb4f 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPass.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
@@ -1,59 +1,125 @@
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
 import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
-import { IAttachmentSize, IRenderPass, IRenderPassColorAttachment, IRenderPassDepthStencilAttachment } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { ITexture } from "../data/ITexture";
-import { updateIGPURenderPassAttachmentSize } from "../webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor";
-import { getGPUTextureFormat } from "../webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTexture";
-import { IGPURenderPassColorAttachment, IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment, IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPUTexture } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture";
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView";
-import { getIGPUTextureSize, setITextureSize } from "./getIGPUTexture";
-import { getIGPUTextureView } from "./getIGPUTextureView";
+import { IGPURenderPassColorAttachment } from "../data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment";
+import { IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment } from "../data/IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment";
+import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "../data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureBase, IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "../data/IGPUTextureView";
+import { IGPUTexture_resize } from "../eventnames";
+import { NGPURenderPassColorAttachment } from "../internal/internal";
+import { getGPUTextureFormat } from "./getGPUTextureFormat";
+import { getGPUTextureView } from "./getGPUTextureView";
+import { getIGPUTextureSize } from "./getIGPUTextureSize";
 
 /**
- * 获取完整的渲染通道描述。
+ * 获取GPU渲染通道描述。
  *
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道描述。
- * @returns 完整的渲染通道描述。
+ * @param device GPU设备。
+ * @param descriptor 渲染通道描述。
+ * @returns GPU渲染通道描述。
  */
-export function getIGPURenderPass(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+export function getGPURenderPassDescriptor(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor): GPURenderPassDescriptor
 {
-    let iGPURenderPass = renderPassMap.get(renderPass);
-    if (!iGPURenderPass)
+    const renderPassDescriptorMap: Map = device["_RenderPassDescriptorMap"] = device["_RenderPassDescriptorMap"] || new Map();
+    let renderPassDescriptor = renderPassDescriptorMap.get(descriptor);
+    if (renderPassDescriptor)
+    {
+        // 执行更新函数。
+        (renderPassDescriptor["_updates"] as Function[]).forEach((v) => v());
+
+        return renderPassDescriptor;
+    }
+
+    renderPassDescriptor = { colorAttachments: [] };
+    renderPassDescriptorMap.set(descriptor, renderPassDescriptor);
+
+    const _updates: Function[] = renderPassDescriptor["_updates"] = [];
+
+    // 更新渲染通道附件尺寸，使得附件上纹理尺寸一致。
+    updateAttachmentSize(descriptor);
+
+    // 获取颜色附件完整描述列表。
+    const colorAttachments = getIGPURenderPassColorAttachments(descriptor.colorAttachments, descriptor.multisample);
+
+    // 获取深度模板附件
+    const depthStencilAttachment = getIGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment(descriptor.depthStencilAttachment, descriptor.attachmentSize, descriptor.multisample);
+
+    // 附件尺寸变化时，渲染通道描述失效。
+    const watchProperty = { attachmentSize: { width: 0, height: 0 } }; // 被监听的属性
+    watcher.watchobject(descriptor, watchProperty, () =>
     {
-        // 更新渲染通道附件尺寸，使得附件上纹理尺寸一致。
-        updateAttachmentSize(renderPass);
+        // 由于深度纹理与多重采样纹理可能是引擎自动生成的，这部分纹理需要更新。
+        setIGPURenderPassAttachmentSize(colorAttachments, depthStencilAttachment, descriptor.attachmentSize);
+    });
 
-        // 获取颜色附件完整描述列表。
-        const colorAttachments = getIGPURenderPassColorAttachments(renderPass.colorAttachments, renderPass.multisample);
+    colorAttachments?.forEach((v, i) =>
+    {
+        if (!v) return;
 
-        // 获取深度模板附件
-        const depthStencilAttachment = getIGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment(renderPass.depthStencilAttachment, renderPass.attachmentSize, renderPass.multisample);
+        const { clearValue, loadOp, storeOp } = v;
 
-        // 附件尺寸变化时，渲染通道描述失效。
-        const watchProperty = { attachmentSize: { width: 0, height: 0 } }; // 被监听的属性
-        watcher.watchobject(renderPass, watchProperty, () =>
+        const attachment: GPURenderPassColorAttachment = {
+            ...v,
+            view: undefined,
+            resolveTarget: undefined,
+            clearValue,
+            loadOp,
+            storeOp,
+        };
+
+        const updateView = () =>
+        {
+            attachment.view = getGPUTextureView(device, v.view);
+        };
+        updateView();
+
+        //
+        if ((v.view.texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
         {
-            // 更新所有纹理描述中的尺寸
-            updateAttachmentSize(renderPass);
-            // 更新所有纹理尺寸
-            const iGPURenderPass = renderPassMap.get(renderPass);
-            // 由于深度纹理与多重采样纹理可能是引擎自动生成的，这部分纹理需要更新。
-            updateIGPURenderPassAttachmentSize(iGPURenderPass, renderPass.attachmentSize);
-        });
+            _updates.push(updateView);
+        }
+        anyEmitter.on(v.view.texture, IGPUTexture_resize, updateView);
+
+        //
+        if (v.resolveTarget)
+        {
+            const updateResolveTarget = () =>
+            {
+                attachment.resolveTarget = getGPUTextureView(device, v.resolveTarget);
+            };
+            updateResolveTarget();
+            //
+            if ((v.resolveTarget?.texture as IGPUTextureFromContext)?.context)
+            {
+                _updates.push(updateResolveTarget);
+            }
+            anyEmitter.on(v.resolveTarget.texture, IGPUTexture_resize, updateResolveTarget);
+        }
 
         //
-        iGPURenderPass = {
-            ...renderPass,
-            colorAttachments,
-            depthStencilAttachment,
+        renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments[i] = attachment;
+    });
+
+    if (depthStencilAttachment)
+    {
+        const v = depthStencilAttachment;
+
+        renderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment = {
+            ...v,
+            view: undefined,
         };
 
-        renderPassMap.set(renderPass, iGPURenderPass);
+        const updateView = () =>
+        {
+            renderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.view = getGPUTextureView(device, v.view);
+        };
+        updateView();
+
+        anyEmitter.on(v.view.texture, IGPUTexture_resize, updateView);
     }
 
-    return iGPURenderPass;
+    return renderPassDescriptor;
 }
-const renderPassMap = new Map();
 
 /**
  * 获取渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
@@ -63,9 +129,9 @@ const renderPassMap = new Map();
  *
  * @returns 渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
  */
-function getAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAttachment[], depthStencilAttachment?: IRenderPassDepthStencilAttachment)
+function getAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: readonly IGPURenderPassColorAttachment[], depthStencilAttachment?: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment)
 {
-    const textures: ITexture[] = [];
+    const textures: IGPUTexture[] = [];
 
     for (let i = 0; i < colorAttachments.length; i++)
     {
@@ -75,10 +141,6 @@ function getAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAttachment[], d
         {
             textures.push(element.view.texture);
         }
-        if (element.resolveTarget)
-        {
-            textures.push(element.resolveTarget.texture);
-        }
     }
 
     if (depthStencilAttachment)
@@ -87,67 +149,85 @@ function getAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAttachment[], d
         {
             textures.push(depthStencilAttachment.view.texture);
         }
-        if (depthStencilAttachment.resolveTarget)
-        {
-            textures.push(depthStencilAttachment.resolveTarget.texture);
-        }
     }
 
     return textures;
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取渲染通道附件纹理格式。
+ * 更新渲染通道附件尺寸，使得附件上纹理尺寸一致。
  *
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道。
- * @returns 渲染通道附件纹理格式。
+ * @param renderPass 渲染通道描述。
+ * @param attachmentSize 附件尺寸。
  */
-export function getIRenderPassFormats(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+function setIGPURenderPassAttachmentSize(colorAttachments: NGPURenderPassColorAttachment[], depthStencilAttachment: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment, attachmentSize: { width: number; height: number; })
 {
-    const colorAttachmentTextureFormats = getIRenderPassColorAttachmentFormats(renderPass);
-
-    const depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat = getIRenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentFormats(renderPass);
-
-    return { colorAttachmentTextureFormats, depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat };
+    const attachmentTextures = getIGPURenderPassAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments, depthStencilAttachment);
+    attachmentTextures.forEach((v) => setIGPUTextureSize(v, attachmentSize));
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取渲染通道深度模板附件纹理格式。
+ * 设置纹理与附件相同尺寸。
  *
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道。
- * @returns 渲染通道深度模板附件纹理格式。
+ * @param texture 纹理描述。
+ * @param attachmentSize 附件尺寸。
  */
-export function getIRenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentFormats(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+function setIGPUTextureSize(texture: IGPUTexture, attachmentSize: { width: number, height: number })
 {
-    const gpuRenderPass = getIGPURenderPass(renderPass);
-
-    let depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat: GPUTextureFormat;
-    if (gpuRenderPass.depthStencilAttachment)
+    if ((texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
     {
-        depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat = getGPUTextureFormat(gpuRenderPass.depthStencilAttachment.view.texture);
+        texture = texture as IGPUTextureFromContext;
+        const element = document.getElementById(texture.context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
+        if (element.width !== attachmentSize.width) element.width = attachmentSize.width;
+        if (element.height !== attachmentSize.height) element.height = attachmentSize.height;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        texture = texture as IGPUTextureBase;
+        if (texture.size[2])
+        {
+            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height, texture.size[2]];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height];
+        }
     }
-
-    return depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat;
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取渲染通道颜色附件纹理格式。
+ * 获取渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
  *
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道。
- * @returns 渲染通道颜色附件纹理格式。
+ * @param colorAttachments 颜色附件列表。
+ * @param depthStencilAttachment 深度模板附件。
+ * @returns 渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
  */
-export function getIRenderPassColorAttachmentFormats(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+function getIGPURenderPassAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: NGPURenderPassColorAttachment[], depthStencilAttachment?: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment)
 {
-    const gpuRenderPass = getIGPURenderPass(renderPass);
+    const textures: IGPUTexture[] = [];
 
-    const colorAttachmentTextureFormats = gpuRenderPass.colorAttachments.map((v) =>
+    for (let i = 0; i < colorAttachments.length; i++)
     {
-        if (!v) return undefined;
+        const element = colorAttachments[i];
+        if (element.view)
+        {
+            textures.push(element.view.texture);
+        }
+        if (element.resolveTarget)
+        {
+            textures.push(element.resolveTarget.texture);
+        }
+    }
 
-        return getGPUTextureFormat(v.view.texture);
-    });
+    if (depthStencilAttachment)
+    {
+        if (depthStencilAttachment.view)
+        {
+            textures.push(depthStencilAttachment.view.texture);
+        }
+    }
 
-    return colorAttachmentTextureFormats;
+    return textures;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -189,46 +269,36 @@ const multisampleTextureMap = new WeakMap();
  * @param multisample 多重采样次数。
  * @returns 深度模板附件完整描述。
  */
-function getIGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment(depthStencilAttachment: IRenderPassDepthStencilAttachment, attachmentSize: IAttachmentSize, multisample: number)
+function getIGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment(depthStencilAttachment: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment, attachmentSize: { width: number, height: number }, multisample: number)
 {
-    let gpuDepthStencilAttachment: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment;
-    if (depthStencilAttachment)
-    {
-        let view = getIGPUTextureView(depthStencilAttachment.view);
-        if (!view)
-        {
-            view = {
-                texture: {
-                    label: `自动生成的深度纹理`,
-                    size: [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height],
-                    format: "depth24plus",
-                    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-                }
-            };
-        }
-
-        let resolveTarget = getIGPUTextureView(depthStencilAttachment.resolveTarget);
-        if (multisample && !resolveTarget)
-        {
-            resolveTarget = view;
-            view = getMultisampleTextureView(view.texture, multisample);
-        }
+    if (!depthStencilAttachment) return undefined;
 
-        const depthClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue;
-        const depthLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp;
-        const depthStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp;
-
-        //
-        gpuDepthStencilAttachment = {
-            ...depthStencilAttachment,
-            view,
-            resolveTarget,
-            depthClearValue,
-            depthLoadOp,
-            depthStoreOp,
+    let view = depthStencilAttachment.view;
+    if (!view)
+    {
+        view = {
+            texture: {
+                label: `自动生成的深度纹理`,
+                size: [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height],
+                format: "depth24plus",
+                usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+            }
         };
     }
 
+    const depthClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue;
+    const depthLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp;
+    const depthStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp;
+
+    //
+    const gpuDepthStencilAttachment: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment = {
+        ...depthStencilAttachment,
+        view,
+        depthClearValue,
+        depthLoadOp,
+        depthStoreOp,
+    };
+
     return gpuDepthStencilAttachment;
 }
 
@@ -239,16 +309,16 @@ function getIGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment(depthStencilAttachment: IRender
  * @param multisample 多重采样次数。
  * @returns 颜色附件完整描述列表。
  */
-function getIGPURenderPassColorAttachments(colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAttachment[], multisample: number)
+function getIGPURenderPassColorAttachments(colorAttachments: readonly IGPURenderPassColorAttachment[], multisample: number)
 {
-    const gpuColorAttachments: IGPURenderPassColorAttachment[] = colorAttachments.map((v) =>
+    const gpuColorAttachments: NGPURenderPassColorAttachment[] = colorAttachments.map((v) =>
     {
         if (!v) return undefined;
 
-        let view = getIGPUTextureView(v.view);
-        let resolveTarget = getIGPUTextureView(v.resolveTarget);
+        let view = v.view;
+        let resolveTarget: IGPUTextureView;
 
-        if (multisample && !resolveTarget)
+        if (multisample)
         {
             resolveTarget = view;
             view = getMultisampleTextureView(view.texture, multisample);
@@ -271,7 +341,7 @@ function getIGPURenderPassColorAttachments(colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAtt
  *
  * @param renderPass 渲染通道描述。
  */
-function updateAttachmentSize(renderPass: IRenderPass)
+function updateAttachmentSize(renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor)
 {
     const attachmentTextures = getAttachmentTextures(renderPass.colorAttachments, renderPass.depthStencilAttachment);
     if (!renderPass.attachmentSize)
@@ -279,5 +349,6 @@ function updateAttachmentSize(renderPass: IRenderPass)
         const textureSize = getIGPUTextureSize(attachmentTextures[0]);
         renderPass.attachmentSize = { width: textureSize[0], height: textureSize[1] };
     }
-    attachmentTextures.forEach((v) => setITextureSize(v, renderPass.attachmentSize));
+    attachmentTextures.forEach((v) => setIGPUTextureSize(v, renderPass.attachmentSize));
 }
+
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPURenderPassFormat.ts b/src/caches/getGPURenderPassFormat.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa6881d15a5f61a106909bde0fafb9c771e4035f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPURenderPassFormat.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { getGPUTextureFormat } from "../caches/getGPUTextureFormat";
+import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "../data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+import { IGPURenderPassFormat } from "../internal/IGPURenderPassFormat";
+
+/**
+ * 获取渲染通道格式。
+ *
+ * @param descriptor 渲染通道描述。
+ * @returns
+ */
+export function getGPURenderPassFormat(descriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor): IGPURenderPassFormat
+{
+    let gpuRenderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat = descriptor[_RenderPassFormat];
+    if (gpuRenderPassFormat) return gpuRenderPassFormat;
+
+    const colorAttachmentTextureFormats = descriptor.colorAttachments.map((v) => getGPUTextureFormat(v.view.texture));
+
+    let depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat: GPUTextureFormat;
+    if (descriptor.depthStencilAttachment)
+    {
+        depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat = getGPUTextureFormat(descriptor.depthStencilAttachment.view?.texture) || "depth24plus";
+    }
+
+    const _key = `${colorAttachmentTextureFormats.toString()}|${depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat}|${descriptor.multisample}`;
+
+    descriptor[_RenderPassFormat] = gpuRenderPassFormat = {
+        attachmentSize: descriptor.attachmentSize,
+        colorFormats: colorAttachmentTextureFormats,
+        depthStencilFormat: depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat,
+        multisample: descriptor.multisample,
+        _key,
+    };
+
+    return gpuRenderPassFormat;
+}
+
+const _RenderPassFormat = "_RenderPassFormat";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts b/src/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts
similarity index 72%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts
index 204ffe5d3109fc8e917a34569efc3dc31d445ae2..d446c74ca76b9610520895c61dd58c6300c756c5 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPURenderPipeline.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 import { IGPURenderPipeline } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
 import { getGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getGPUPipelineLayout";
 import { getGPUShaderModule } from "./getGPUShaderModule";
+import { getIGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getIGPUPipelineLayout";
 
 export function getGPURenderPipeline(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPURenderPipeline)
 {
     let pipeline = pipelineMap.get(descriptor);
     if (pipeline) return pipeline;
 
-    let layout: "auto" | GPUPipelineLayout = "auto";
-    if (descriptor.layout && descriptor.layout !== "auto")
-    {
-        layout = getGPUPipelineLayout(device, descriptor.layout);
-    }
+    // 从GPU管线中获取管线布局。
+    const gpuPipelineLayout = getIGPUPipelineLayout(descriptor);
+    const layout = getGPUPipelineLayout(device, gpuPipelineLayout);
 
     const gpuRenderPipelineDescriptor: GPURenderPipelineDescriptor = {
         layout,
@@ -20,14 +19,14 @@ export function getGPURenderPipeline(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPURenderPi
             module: getGPUShaderModule(device, descriptor.vertex.code),
         },
         primitive: descriptor.primitive,
-        depthStencil: descriptor.depthStencil,
+        depthStencil: descriptor.depthStencil as any,
         multisample: descriptor.multisample,
     };
 
     if (descriptor.fragment)
     {
         gpuRenderPipelineDescriptor.fragment = {
-            ...descriptor.fragment,
+            ...descriptor.fragment as any,
             module: getGPUShaderModule(device, descriptor.fragment.code),
         };
     }
@@ -40,8 +39,3 @@ export function getGPURenderPipeline(device: GPUDevice, descriptor: IGPURenderPi
 }
 
 const pipelineMap = new Map();
-
-export function isRenderPipeline(arg: any): arg is IGPURenderPipeline
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPURenderPipeline).vertex;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPURenderTimestampQuery.ts b/src/caches/getGPURenderTimestampQuery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa4d3e0e832adbc00d692f232f3ec1b4d6e2a945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPURenderTimestampQuery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { IGPUComputePass } from "../data/IGPUComputePass";
+import { IGPURenderPass } from "../data/IGPURenderPass";
+import { IGPUTimestampQuery } from "../data/IGPUTimestampQuery";
+import { GPUQueue_submit } from "../eventnames";
+
+export function getGPURenderTimestampQuery(device: GPUDevice, timestampQuery?: IGPUTimestampQuery): GPURenderTimestampQuery
+{
+    if (!timestampQuery) return defautGPURenderTimestampQuery;
+    let renderTimestampQuery: GPURenderTimestampQuery = timestampQuery["_GPURenderTimestampQuery"];
+    if (renderTimestampQuery) return renderTimestampQuery;
+
+    // 判断是否支持 `timestamp-query`
+    timestampQuery.isSupports = device.features.has(`timestamp-query`);
+    if (!timestampQuery.isSupports)
+    {
+        console.warn(`WebGPU未开启或者不支持 timestamp-query 特性，请确认 WebGPU.init 初始化参数是否正确！`);
+
+        return defautGPURenderTimestampQuery;
+    }
+
+    let querySet: GPUQuerySet;
+
+    // Create a buffer where to store the result of GPU queries
+    const timestampByteSize = 8; // timestamps are uint64
+    let resolveBuf: GPUBuffer;
+
+    // Create a buffer to map the result back to the CPU
+    let resultBuf: GPUBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化。
+     *
+     * 在渲染通道描述上设置 occlusionQuerySet 。
+     *
+     * @param device
+     * @param passDescriptor
+     */
+    const init = (device: GPUDevice, passDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor | GPUComputePassDescriptor) =>
+    {
+        querySet = querySet || device.createQuerySet({ type: "timestamp", count: 2 });
+
+        passDescriptor.timestampWrites = {
+            querySet,
+            beginningOfPassWriteIndex: 0,
+            endOfPassWriteIndex: 1,
+        };
+    };
+
+    const resolve = (device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder) =>
+    {
+        resolveBuf = resolveBuf || device.createBuffer({
+            size: 2 * timestampByteSize,
+            usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.QUERY_RESOLVE,
+        });
+
+        // After the end of the measured render pass, we resolve queries into a
+        // dedicated buffer.
+        commandEncoder.resolveQuerySet(
+            querySet,
+            0 /* firstQuery */,
+            querySet.count /* queryCount */,
+            resolveBuf,
+            0 /* destinationOffset */
+        );
+
+        // Create a buffer to map the result back to the CPU
+        resultBuf = resultBuf || device.createBuffer({
+            size: resolveBuf.size,
+            usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,
+        });
+
+        if (resultBuf.mapState === "unmapped")
+        {
+            // Copy values to the mappable buffer
+            commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+                resolveBuf,
+                0,
+                resultBuf,
+                0,
+                resultBuf.size
+            );
+        }
+
+        const getQueryResult = () =>
+        {
+            if (resultBuf.mapState === "unmapped")
+            {
+                resultBuf.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ).then(() =>
+                {
+                    const timestamps = new BigUint64Array(resultBuf.getMappedRange());
+
+                    // Subtract the begin time from the end time.
+                    // Cast into number. Number can be 9007199254740991 as max integer
+                    // which is 109 days of nano seconds.
+                    const elapsedNs = Number(timestamps[1] - timestamps[0]);
+                    // It's possible elapsedNs is negative which means it's invalid
+                    // (see spec https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/#timestamp)
+                    if (elapsedNs >= 0)
+                    {
+                        timestampQuery.elapsedNs = elapsedNs;
+                    }
+
+                    resultBuf.unmap();
+
+                    //
+                    anyEmitter.off(device.queue, GPUQueue_submit, getQueryResult);
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        // 监听提交WebGPU事件
+        anyEmitter.on(device.queue, GPUQueue_submit, getQueryResult);
+    };
+
+    timestampQuery["_GPURenderTimestampQuery"] = renderTimestampQuery = { init, resolve };
+
+    return renderTimestampQuery;
+}
+
+interface GPURenderTimestampQuery
+{
+    init: (device: GPUDevice, passDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor | GPUComputePassDescriptor) => void
+    resolve: (device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, renderPass: IGPURenderPass | IGPUComputePass) => void
+}
+
+const defautGPURenderTimestampQuery = { init: () => { }, resolve: () => { } };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUSampler.ts b/src/caches/getGPUSampler.ts
similarity index 83%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUSampler.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUSampler.ts
index 412c0b7e04a6392981b7917dc6e6e9ff9d386f07..d04ea280634178424475cf3575933a26c72276b0 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUSampler.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUSampler.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
 import { IGPUSampler } from "../data/IGPUSampler";
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { IGPUSampler_changed } from "../eventnames";
 
 /**
  * GPU采样器默认值。
@@ -31,18 +33,10 @@ export function getGPUSampler(device: GPUDevice, sampler: IGPUSampler)
         // 移除监听，删除缓存
         watcher.unwatchobject(sampler, defaultSampler);
         samplerMap.delete(sampler);
+        //
+        anyEmitter.emit(sampler, IGPUSampler_changed);
     });
 
     return gSampler;
 }
 const samplerMap = new WeakMap();
-
-export function deleteGPUSampler(device: GPUDevice, sampler: IGPUSampler)
-{
-    samplerMap.delete(sampler);
-}
-
-export function isSampler(arg: any): arg is IGPUSampler
-{
-    return true;
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUShaderModule.ts b/src/caches/getGPUShaderModule.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUShaderModule.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUShaderModule.ts
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTexture.ts b/src/caches/getGPUTexture.ts
similarity index 46%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTexture.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUTexture.ts
index 62f9aa26f91580e2e6a9eaffbc907e6ddee5ef44..2291c90d5bdcc0b4c0b78ab6065c77f2162219fe 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTexture.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUTexture.ts
@@ -1,59 +1,56 @@
-import { AnyEmitter, anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
 import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
-import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureBase, IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+import { GPUTexture_destroy, IGPUTexture_resize } from "../eventnames";
 import { generateMipmap } from "../utils/generate-mipmap";
 import { getGPUCanvasContext } from "./getGPUCanvasContext";
 
-/**
- * GPUTexture 相关事件。
- */
-interface IGPUTextureEvent
-{
-    /**
-     * 销毁事件。
-     */
-    "destroy": undefined;
-}
-/**
- * GPUTexture 事件派发器。
- */
-export const gpuTextureEventEmitter: AnyEmitter = anyEmitter;
-
 /**
  * 获取GPU纹理 {@link GPUTexture} 。
  *
  * @param device GPU设备。
- * @param texture 纹理描述。
+ * @param iGPUTextureBase 纹理描述。
  * @returns GPU纹理。
  */
 export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreate = true)
 {
-    if (isFromContext(texture))
+    const textureMap: Map = device[_GPUTextureMap] = device[_GPUTextureMap] || new Map();
+    let gpuTexture = textureMap.get(texture);
+    if (gpuTexture) return gpuTexture;
+
+    if ((texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
     {
+        texture = texture as IGPUTextureFromContext;
         const context = getGPUCanvasContext(device, texture.context);
 
-        return context.getCurrentTexture();
-    }
+        gpuTexture = context.getCurrentTexture();
 
-    let gpuTexture = textureMap.get(texture);
-    if (gpuTexture) return gpuTexture;
+        return gpuTexture;
+    }
 
     if (!autoCreate) return null;
 
-    const usage = texture.usage;
+    const iGPUTextureBase = texture as IGPUTextureBase;
 
-    let mipLevelCount = texture.mipLevelCount;
+    const { usage } = iGPUTextureBase;
+    let { label, mipLevelCount } = iGPUTextureBase;
 
     // 当需要生成 mipmap 并且 mipLevelCount 并未赋值时，将自动计算 可生成的 mipmap 数量。
-    if (texture.generateMipmap && mipLevelCount === undefined)
+    if (iGPUTextureBase.generateMipmap && mipLevelCount === undefined)
     {
         //
-        const maxSize = Math.max(texture.size[0], texture.size[1]);
+        const maxSize = Math.max(iGPUTextureBase.size[0], iGPUTextureBase.size[1]);
         mipLevelCount = 1 + Math.log2(maxSize) | 0;
     }
 
+    if (label === undefined)
+    {
+        label = `GPUTexture ${autoIndex++}`;
+    }
+
     gpuTexture = device.createTexture({
-        ...texture,
+        ...iGPUTextureBase,
+        label,
         mipLevelCount,
         usage,
     });
@@ -61,9 +58,9 @@ export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreat
     // 初始化纹理数据
     const updateSource = () =>
     {
-        if (texture.source)
+        if (iGPUTextureBase.source)
         {
-            texture.source.forEach((v) =>
+            iGPUTextureBase.source.forEach((v) =>
             {
                 device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(
                     v.source,
@@ -74,21 +71,21 @@ export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreat
                     v.copySize
                 );
             });
-            texture.source = null;
+            iGPUTextureBase.source = null;
         }
     };
     updateSource();
-    watcher.watch(texture, "source", updateSource);
+    watcher.watch(iGPUTextureBase, "source", updateSource);
 
     // 监听写纹理操作
     const writeTexture = () =>
     {
         // 处理数据写入GPU缓冲
-        if (texture.writeTextures)
+        if (iGPUTextureBase.writeTextures)
         {
-            texture.writeTextures.forEach((v) =>
+            iGPUTextureBase.writeTextures.forEach((v) =>
             {
-                const [destination, data, dataLayout, size] = v;
+                const { destination, data, dataLayout, size } = v;
 
                 device.queue.writeTexture(
                     {
@@ -100,11 +97,11 @@ export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreat
                     size,
                 );
             });
-            texture.writeTextures = null;
+            iGPUTextureBase.writeTextures = null;
         }
     };
     writeTexture();
-    watcher.watch(texture, "writeTextures", writeTexture);
+    watcher.watch(iGPUTextureBase, "writeTextures", writeTexture);
 
     // 监听纹理尺寸发生变化
     const resize = (newValue: GPUExtent3DStrict, oldValue: GPUExtent3DStrict) =>
@@ -121,11 +118,13 @@ export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreat
         }
 
         gpuTexture.destroy();
+        //
+        anyEmitter.emit(texture, IGPUTexture_resize);
     };
-    watcher.watch(texture, "size", resize);
+    watcher.watch(iGPUTextureBase, "size", resize);
 
     // 自动生成 mipmap。
-    if (texture.generateMipmap)
+    if (iGPUTextureBase.generateMipmap)
     {
         generateMipmap(device, gpuTexture);
     }
@@ -137,73 +136,20 @@ export function getGPUTexture(device: GPUDevice, texture: IGPUTexture, autoCreat
         {
             oldDestroy.apply(gpuTexture);
             //
-            textureMap.delete(texture);
+            textureMap.delete(iGPUTextureBase);
             // 派发销毁事件
-            gpuTextureEventEmitter.emit(gpuTexture, "destroy");
+            anyEmitter.emit(gpuTexture, GPUTexture_destroy);
             //
-            watcher.unwatch(texture, "source", updateSource);
-            watcher.unwatch(texture, "writeTextures", writeTexture);
-            watcher.unwatch(texture, "size", resize);
+            watcher.unwatch(iGPUTextureBase, "source", updateSource);
+            watcher.unwatch(iGPUTextureBase, "writeTextures", writeTexture);
+            watcher.unwatch(iGPUTextureBase, "size", resize);
         };
     })(gpuTexture.destroy);
 
-    textureMap.set(texture, gpuTexture);
+    textureMap.set(iGPUTextureBase, gpuTexture);
 
     return gpuTexture;
 }
+let autoIndex = 0;
 
-const textureMap = new Map();
-
-export function isFromContext(arg: IGPUTexture): arg is IGPUTextureFromContext
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUTextureFromContext).context;
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取纹理格式。
- *
- * @param texture 纹理。
- * @returns 纹理格式。
- */
-export function getGPUTextureFormat(texture: IGPUTexture)
-{
-    if (isFromContext(texture))
-    {
-        return texture.context.configuration.format;
-    }
-
-    return texture.format;
-}
-
-/**
- * 设置纹理与附件相同尺寸。
- *
- * @param texture 纹理描述。
- * @param attachmentSize 附件尺寸。
- */
-export function setIGPUTextureSize(texture: IGPUTexture, attachmentSize: { width: number, height: number })
-{
-    if (isFromContext(texture))
-    {
-        const element = document.getElementById(texture.context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
-        element.width = attachmentSize.width;
-        element.height = attachmentSize.height;
-    }
-    else
-    if (texture.size[2])
-        {
-            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height, texture.size[2]];
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height];
-        }
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取 {@link GPUTexture} 数量。
- */
-export function getGPUTextureNum()
-{
-    return textureMap.size;
-}
+const _GPUTextureMap = "_GPUTextureMap";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/caches/getGPUTextureFormat.ts b/src/caches/getGPUTextureFormat.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8644e18174d550fe7d3d9d111682eaefc8334c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUTextureFormat.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureBase, IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+
+/**
+ * 获取纹理格式。
+ *
+ * @param texture 纹理。
+ * @returns 纹理格式。
+ */
+export function getGPUTextureFormat(texture: IGPUTexture)
+{
+    if (!texture) return undefined;
+
+    if ((texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
+    {
+        const format = (texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context?.configuration?.format || navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
+
+        return format;
+    }
+
+    return (texture as IGPUTextureBase).format;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts b/src/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts
similarity index 49%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts
rename to src/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts
index 6ea0e7e321142729b600a7fbe36dc06728b82043..1906c23da472fe1edb5cfe873981e46c36a998b8 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getGPUTextureView.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
-import { IGPUBindingResource } from "../data/IGPUBindGroup";
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+import { IGPUTextureFromContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
 import { IGPUTextureView } from "../data/IGPUTextureView";
-import { getGPUTexture, gpuTextureEventEmitter, isFromContext } from "./getGPUTexture";
+import { GPUTexture_destroy, GPUTextureView_destroy } from "../eventnames";
+import { getGPUTexture } from "./getGPUTexture";
 
 export function getGPUTextureView(device: GPUDevice, view: IGPUTextureView)
 {
-    if (isFromContext(view.texture))
+    const textureViewMap: WeakMap = device["_textureViewMap"] = device["_textureViewMap"] || new WeakMap();
+
+    if ((view.texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
     {
         const texture = getGPUTexture(device, view.texture);
 
-        const textureView = texture.createView({ dimension: view.dimension });
+        const textureView = texture.createView(view);
 
         return textureView;
     }
@@ -22,17 +26,12 @@ export function getGPUTextureView(device: GPUDevice, view: IGPUTextureView)
     textureView = gpuTexture.createView(view);
     textureViewMap.set(view, textureView);
     // 销毁纹理时清除对应的纹理视图。
-    gpuTextureEventEmitter.once(gpuTexture, "destroy", () =>
+    anyEmitter.once(gpuTexture, GPUTexture_destroy, () =>
     {
         textureViewMap.delete(view);
+        anyEmitter.emit(textureView, GPUTextureView_destroy);
     });
 
     return textureView;
 }
 
-const textureViewMap = new WeakMap();
-
-export function isTextureView(arg: IGPUBindingResource): arg is IGPUTextureView
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUTextureView)?.texture;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIComputePassEncoder.ts b/src/caches/getIComputePassEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ca4066ffa12ac6e72fbc045fe1eda6bb071e4d4..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIComputePassEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-import { IComputePassEncoder } from "../data/IComputePassEncoder";
-import { IGPUComputePassEncoder } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputePassEncoder";
-import { getIGPUComputeObject } from "./getIGPUComputeObject";
-
-export function getIComputePassEncoder(computePassEncoder: IComputePassEncoder)
-{
-    const computePass = computePassEncoder.computePass;
-
-    const computeObjects = computePassEncoder.computeObjects.map((v) => getIGPUComputeObject(v));
-
-    const gpuComputePassEncoder: IGPUComputePassEncoder = {
-        computePass,
-        computeObjects,
-    };
-
-    return gpuComputePassEncoder;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUBuffer.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUBuffer.ts
index 1dd708cb51e44707e30349e2f9f35551e9735e45..1be27035df3c850b282e423c82a106c7834435a4 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUBuffer.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPUBuffer.ts
@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
-import { IBuffer } from "../data/IBuffer";
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBuffer";
+import { IGPUBuffer } from "../data/IGPUBuffer";
 
-const defaultGPUBufferUsage = (GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.INDEX);
-
-/**
- * 获取GPU缓冲区描述。
- *
- * @param buffer 缓冲区描述。
- * @returns GPU缓冲区描述。
- */
-export function getIGPUBuffer(buffer: IBuffer)
+export function getIGPUBuffer(bufferSource: BufferSource)
 {
-    if (buffer.size === undefined)
+    let arrayBuffer = bufferSource as ArrayBuffer;
+    if ((bufferSource as ArrayBufferView).buffer)
     {
-        const bufferData = buffer.data;
-        console.assert(!!bufferData, `初始化缓冲区时，当尺寸未定义时，必须设置data属性来计算尺寸。`);
-        buffer.size = bufferData.byteLength;
-        // 调整为 4 的倍数，在 mapped 时必须为 4 的倍数。
-        buffer.size = Math.ceil(buffer.size / 4) * 4;
+        arrayBuffer = (bufferSource as ArrayBufferView).buffer;
     }
 
-    buffer.usage = buffer.usage ?? defaultGPUBufferUsage;
+    const gpuBuffer: IGPUBuffer = arrayBuffer["_IGPUBuffer"] = arrayBuffer["_IGPUBuffer"] || {
+        size: arrayBuffer.byteLength,
+        data: arrayBuffer,
+    };
 
-    return buffer as IGPUBuffer;
-}
+    return gpuBuffer;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUCanvasContext.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUCanvasContext.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d1aa85774f1dec931e8e8fcb36db9d32f4c0addc..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUCanvasContext.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { ICanvasContext } from "../data/ICanvasContext";
-import { IGPUCanvasConfiguration } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration";
-import { IGPUCanvasContext } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture";
-
-let defaultConfiguration: IGPUCanvasConfiguration;
-
-export function getIGPUCanvasContext(canvasContext: ICanvasContext)
-{
-    let gpuCanvasContext = canvasContextMap.get(canvasContext);
-    if (!gpuCanvasContext)
-    {
-        defaultConfiguration ||= {
-            format: navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat(),
-            alphaMode: "premultiplied"
-        };
-
-        gpuCanvasContext = {
-            canvasId: canvasContext.canvasId,
-            configuration: {
-                ...defaultConfiguration,
-                ...canvasContext.configuration,
-            }
-        };
-        canvasContextMap.set(canvasContext, gpuCanvasContext);
-    }
-
-    return gpuCanvasContext;
-}
-
-const canvasContextMap = new WeakMap();
-
-export function isICanvasContext(arg: any): arg is ICanvasContext
-{
-    return !!(arg as ICanvasContext).canvasId;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUCommandEncoder.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUCommandEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d2f64e97645e80f2bd6efa0206587297ec63db..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUCommandEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-import { ICommandEncoder } from "../data/ICommandEncoder";
-import { IComputePassEncoder } from "../data/IComputePassEncoder";
-import { ICopyBufferToBuffer } from "../data/ICopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { ICopyTextureToTexture } from "../data/ICopyTextureToTexture";
-import { IRenderPassEncoder } from "../data/IRenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPUCommandEncoder, IGPUPassEncoder } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCommandEncoder";
-import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
-import { getIComputePassEncoder } from "./getIComputePassEncoder";
-import { getIGPUBuffer } from "./getIGPUBuffer";
-import { getIGPURenderPassEncoder } from "./getIGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { getIGPUTexture } from "./getIGPUTexture";
-
-export function getIGPUCommandEncoder(v: ICommandEncoder)
-{
-    const passEncoders = v.passEncoders.map((v) =>
-    {
-        let gpuPassEncoder: IGPUPassEncoder;
-        if (isIRenderPassEncoder(v))
-        {
-            gpuPassEncoder = getIGPURenderPassEncoder(v);
-        }
-        else if (isIComputePassEncoder(v))
-        {
-            gpuPassEncoder = getIComputePassEncoder(v);
-        }
-        else if (isICopyTextureToTexture(v))
-        {
-            gpuPassEncoder = getIGPUCopyTextureToTexture(v);
-        }
-        else if (isICopyBufferToBuffer(v))
-        {
-            gpuPassEncoder = getIGPUCopyBufferToBuffer(v);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            throw `未处理通道编码器 ${v}`;
-        }
-
-        return gpuPassEncoder;
-    });
-
-    const gpuCommandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder = {
-        passEncoders,
-    };
-
-    return gpuCommandEncoder;
-}
-
-function isIComputePassEncoder(arg: any): arg is IComputePassEncoder
-{
-    return !!(arg as IComputePassEncoder).computeObjects;
-}
-
-function isIRenderPassEncoder(arg: any): arg is IRenderPassEncoder
-{
-    return !!(arg as IRenderPassEncoder).renderPass;
-}
-
-function isICopyTextureToTexture(arg: any): arg is ICopyTextureToTexture
-{
-    return !!(arg as ICopyTextureToTexture).source?.texture;
-}
-
-function isICopyBufferToBuffer(arg: any): arg is ICopyBufferToBuffer
-{
-    const source = (arg as ICopyBufferToBuffer).source;
-    const destination = (arg as ICopyBufferToBuffer).destination;
-
-    // 缓冲区必定给出尺寸 或者 数据。
-    if (!(source.size || source.data)) return false;
-    if (!(destination.size || destination.data)) return false;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-function getIGPUCopyTextureToTexture(v: ICopyTextureToTexture)
-{
-    const sourceTexture = getIGPUTexture(v.source.texture);
-    const destinationTexture = getIGPUTexture(v.destination.texture);
-
-    const gpuCopyTextureToTexture: IGPUCopyTextureToTexture = {
-        ...v,
-        source: { texture: sourceTexture },
-        destination: { texture: destinationTexture },
-    };
-
-    return gpuCopyTextureToTexture;
-}
-
-function getIGPUCopyBufferToBuffer(v: ICopyBufferToBuffer)
-{
-    const source = getIGPUBuffer(v.source);
-    const destination = getIGPUBuffer(v.destination);
-
-    let { sourceOffset, destinationOffset, size } = v;
-
-    if (sourceOffset === undefined) sourceOffset = 0;
-    if (destinationOffset === undefined) destinationOffset = 0;
-    if (size === undefined) size = source.size;
-
-    const gpuCopyTextureToTexture: IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer = {
-        source,
-        sourceOffset,
-        destination,
-        destinationOffset,
-        size,
-    };
-
-    return gpuCopyTextureToTexture;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUComputeObject.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUComputeObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f08d27bc43ea8ea1a2fd9a2384dc8b45c3f9ecac..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUComputeObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import { IComputeObject } from "../data/IComputeObject";
-import { IGPUComputeObject } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { getIGPUComputePipeline } from "./getIGPUComputePipeline";
-import { getIGPUSetBindGroups } from "./getIGPUSetBindGroups";
-
-export function getIGPUComputeObject(renderObject: IComputeObject)
-{
-    const { gpuComputePipeline, bindingResourceInfoMap } = getIGPUComputePipeline(renderObject.pipeline);
-
-    const gpuComputeObject: IGPUComputeObject = {
-        ...renderObject,
-        pipeline: gpuComputePipeline,
-    };
-
-    // 计算 bindGroups
-    const bindGroups = getIGPUSetBindGroups(gpuComputePipeline, renderObject.bindingResources, bindingResourceInfoMap);
-
-    gpuComputeObject.bindGroups = bindGroups;
-
-    return gpuComputeObject;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUComputePipeline.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUComputePipeline.ts
index 2f959c32f48933564d784bad08a4f0c2eef5fc8d..c95d817c03b4dbd95e3ecd9cfaf57f658213aa67 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUComputePipeline.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPUComputePipeline.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-import { IComputePipeline } from "../data/IComputeObject";
-import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { getIGPUComputeStage } from "./getIGPUComputeStage";
-import { getIGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getIGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
+import { FunctionInfo } from "wgsl_reflect";
+import { IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUComputeStage } from "../data/IGPUComputeObject";
+import { getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
 /**
  * 从渲染管线描述、渲染通道描述以及完整的顶点属性数据映射获得完整的渲染管线描述以及顶点缓冲区数组。
@@ -11,30 +9,47 @@ import { WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
  * @param computePipeline 计算管线描述。
  * @returns 完整的计算管线描述。
  */
-export function getIGPUComputePipeline(computePipeline: IComputePipeline)
+export function getIGPUComputePipeline(computePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline): IGPUComputePipeline
 {
-    let result = computePipelineMap.get(computePipeline);
-    if (result)
-    {
-        return result;
-    }
+    let gpuComputePipeline = computePipelineMap.get(computePipeline);
+    if (gpuComputePipeline) return gpuComputePipeline;
 
     const gpuComputeStage = getIGPUComputeStage(computePipeline.compute);
 
-    // 从GPU管线中获取管线布局。
-    const { gpuPipelineLayout, bindingResourceInfoMap } = getIGPUPipelineLayout(computePipeline);
-
-    const gpuComputePipeline: IGPUComputePipeline = {
+    gpuComputePipeline = {
         ...computePipeline,
-        layout: gpuPipelineLayout,
         compute: gpuComputeStage,
     };
 
-    result = { gpuComputePipeline, bindingResourceInfoMap };
-
-    computePipelineMap.set(computePipeline, result);
+    computePipelineMap.set(computePipeline, gpuComputePipeline);
 
-    return result;
+    return gpuComputePipeline;
 }
 
-const computePipelineMap = new Map();
+const computePipelineMap = new Map();
+
+/**
+* 获取计算阶段完整描述。
+*
+* @param computeStage 计算阶段描述。
+* @returns 计算阶段完整描述。
+*/
+function getIGPUComputeStage(computeStage: IGPUComputeStage)
+{
+    const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(computeStage.code);
+    let compute: FunctionInfo;
+    if (!computeStage.entryPoint)
+    {
+        compute = reflect.entry.compute[0];
+        console.assert(!!compute, `WGSL着色器 ${computeStage.code} 中不存在计算入口点。`);
+        (computeStage as any).entryPoint = compute.name;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // 验证着色器中包含指定片段入口函数。
+        compute = reflect.entry.compute.filter((v) => v.name === computeStage.entryPoint)[0];
+        console.assert(!!compute, `WGSL着色器 ${computeStage.code} 中不存在指定的计算入口点 ${computeStage.entryPoint}`);
+    }
+
+    return computeStage;
+}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUComputeStage.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUComputeStage.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 473b2626662c20f607219b71bbd3f0e28d162b06..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUComputeStage.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-import { IProgrammableStage } from "../data/IComputeObject";
-import { IGPUComputeStage } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
-
-/**
- * 获取计算阶段完整描述。
- *
- * @param computeStage 计算阶段描述。
- * @returns 计算阶段完整描述。
- */
-export function getIGPUComputeStage(computeStage: IProgrammableStage)
-{
-    let gpuComputeState = computeStateMap.get(computeStage);
-    if (!gpuComputeState)
-    {
-        const code = computeStage.code;
-        let entryPoint = computeStage.entryPoint;
-        if (!entryPoint)
-        {
-            const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
-            console.assert(reflect.computeEntryList.length > 0, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在计算入口点。`);
-            entryPoint = reflect.computeEntryList[0].entryPoint;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // 验证着色器中包含指定片段入口函数。
-            const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
-            console.assert(!!reflect.computeEntryMap[entryPoint], `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在指定的计算入口点 ${entryPoint}`);
-        }
-
-        gpuComputeState = {
-            code,
-            entryPoint,
-        };
-
-        if (computeStage.constants)
-        {
-            gpuComputeState.constants = computeStage.constants;
-        }
-
-        computeStateMap.set(computeStage, gpuComputeState);
-    }
-
-    return gpuComputeState;
-}
-
-const computeStateMap = new Map();
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUFragmentState.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUFragmentState.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 93dd2bc7e5c79e7a26143cf26c0cddbd00e4c094..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUFragmentState.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-import { IFragmentState } from "../data/IFragmentState";
-import { IRenderPass } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
-import { IGPUFragmentState } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { getIRenderPassColorAttachmentFormats } from "./getIGPURenderPass";
-import { getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
-
-/**
- * 获取片段阶段完整描述。
- *
- * @param fragmentState 片段简单阶段。
- * @param colorAttachmentTextureFormats 颜色附件格式。
- * @returns 片段阶段完整描述。
- */
-export function getIGPUFragmentState(fragmentState: IFragmentState, renderPass: IRenderPass)
-{
-    if (!fragmentState)
-    {
-        return undefined;
-    }
-
-    let gpuFragmentState = fragmentStateMap.get([fragmentState, renderPass]);
-    if (!gpuFragmentState)
-    {
-        // 获取渲染通道附件纹理格式。
-        const colorAttachmentTextureFormats = getIRenderPassColorAttachmentFormats(renderPass);
-
-        const code = fragmentState.code;
-        let entryPoint = fragmentState.entryPoint;
-        if (!entryPoint)
-        {
-            const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
-            console.assert(reflect.fragmentEntryList.length > 0, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在片元入口点。`);
-            entryPoint = reflect.fragmentEntryList[0].entryPoint;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // 验证着色器中包含指定片段入口函数。
-            const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
-            console.assert(!!reflect.fragmentEntryMap[entryPoint], `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在指定的片元入口点 ${entryPoint} 。`);
-        }
-
-        const targets = colorAttachmentTextureFormats.map((v, i) =>
-        {
-            if (!v) return undefined;
-
-            const gpuColorTargetState: GPUColorTargetState = { format: v };
-
-            const colorTargetState = fragmentState.targets?.[i];
-            if (colorTargetState)
-            {
-                Object.assign(gpuColorTargetState, colorTargetState);
-            }
-
-            return gpuColorTargetState;
-        });
-
-        gpuFragmentState = {
-            code,
-            entryPoint,
-            targets,
-        };
-
-        if (fragmentState.constants)
-        {
-            gpuFragmentState.constants = fragmentState.constants;
-        }
-
-        fragmentStateMap.set([fragmentState, renderPass], gpuFragmentState);
-    }
-
-    return gpuFragmentState;
-}
-
-const fragmentStateMap = new ChainMap<[IFragmentState, IRenderPass], IGPUFragmentState>();
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUPipelineLayout.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUPipelineLayout.ts
index a90616aa594c9a2d9df0639d2b675b5174576d37..298ea644b50ea8a5e0a974c8c8a807c8f5b55022 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUPipelineLayout.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPUPipelineLayout.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import { IComputePipeline } from "../data/IComputeObject";
-import { IRenderPipeline } from "../data/IRenderPipeline";
-import { IGPUShaderStageFlags, IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup";
-import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { IGPUPipelineLayout } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { WGSLBindingResourceInfo, WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap, getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
+import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../data/IGPUComputeObject";
+import { IGPURenderPipeline } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor } from "../internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor";
+import { getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap, IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
 /**
  * 从GPU管线中获取管线布局。
@@ -11,120 +9,97 @@ import { WGSLBindingResourceInfo, WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap, getWGSLReflectInfo
  * @param pipeline GPU管线。
  * @returns 管线布局。
  */
-export function getIGPUPipelineLayout(pipeline: IRenderPipeline | IComputePipeline)
+export function getIGPUPipelineLayout(pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline | IGPUComputePipeline): IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor
 {
-    const vertexCode = (pipeline as IRenderPipeline).vertex?.code;
-    const fragmentCode = (pipeline as IRenderPipeline).fragment?.code;
+    const vertexCode = (pipeline as IGPURenderPipeline).vertex?.code;
+    const fragmentCode = (pipeline as IGPURenderPipeline).fragment?.code;
     const computeCode = (pipeline as IGPUComputePipeline).compute?.code;
     //
     const code = vertexCode + fragmentCode + computeCode;
     //
-    let result = gpuPipelineLayoutMap.get(code);
-    if (result)
-    {
-        return result;
-    }
+    let gpuPipelineLayout = gpuPipelineLayoutMap[code];
+    if (gpuPipelineLayout) return gpuPipelineLayout;
 
-    const bindingResourceInfoMap = {};
-    const visibility: IGPUShaderStageFlags[] = [];
+    let entryMap: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap = {};
     if (vertexCode)
     {
-        visibility.push("VERTEX");
-        const vertexResourceInfoMap = getWGSLReflectInfo(vertexCode).bindingResourceLayoutMap;
-        Object.assign(bindingResourceInfoMap, vertexResourceInfoMap);
+        const vertexEntryMap = getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap(vertexCode);
+        entryMap = mergeBindGroupLayouts(entryMap, vertexEntryMap);
     }
-    if (fragmentCode)
+    if (fragmentCode && fragmentCode !== vertexCode)
     {
-        const fragmentResourceInfoMap = getWGSLReflectInfo(fragmentCode).bindingResourceLayoutMap;
-        visibility.push("FRAGMENT");
-        Object.assign(bindingResourceInfoMap, fragmentResourceInfoMap);
+        const fragmentEntryMap = getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap(fragmentCode);
+        entryMap = mergeBindGroupLayouts(entryMap, fragmentEntryMap);
     }
-    if (computeCode)
+    if (computeCode && computeCode !== vertexCode && computeCode !== fragmentCode)
     {
-        visibility.push("COMPUTE");
-        const computeResourceInfoMap = getWGSLReflectInfo(computeCode).bindingResourceLayoutMap;
-        Object.assign(bindingResourceInfoMap, computeResourceInfoMap);
+        const computeEntryMap = getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap(computeCode);
+        entryMap = mergeBindGroupLayouts(entryMap, computeEntryMap);
     }
 
-    // 用于判断是否重复
-    const tempMap: { [group: string]: { [binding: string]: WGSLBindingResourceInfo } } = {};
     //
     const bindGroupLayouts: IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor[] = [];
-    for (const resourceName in bindingResourceInfoMap)
+    for (const resourceName in entryMap)
     {
-        const bindingResourceInfo = bindingResourceInfoMap[resourceName];
-        const { group, binding } = bindingResourceInfo;
+        const bindGroupLayoutEntry = entryMap[resourceName];
+        const { group, binding } = bindGroupLayoutEntry.variableInfo;
+        //
+        const bindGroupLayout = bindGroupLayouts[group] = bindGroupLayouts[group] || { entries: [], entryNames: [] };
 
         // 检测相同位置是否存在多个定义
-        const groupMap = tempMap[group] = tempMap[group] || {};
-        if (groupMap[binding])
+        if (bindGroupLayout.entries[binding])
         {
             // 存在重复定义时，判断是否兼容
-            const preEntry = groupMap[binding];
-            console.error(`在管线中 @group(${group}) @binding(${binding}) 处存在多个定义 ${preEntry.name} ${resourceName} 。`);
+            const preEntry = bindGroupLayout.entries[binding];
+            console.error(`在管线中 @group(${group}) @binding(${binding}) 处存在多个定义 ${preEntry.variableInfo.name} ${resourceName} 。`);
         }
-        groupMap[binding] = bindingResourceInfo;
 
         //
-        const entry = getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry(bindingResourceInfo, visibility);
-        //
-        const bindGroupLayout = bindGroupLayouts[group] = bindGroupLayouts[group] || { entries: [] };
-        bindGroupLayout.entries.push(entry);
+        bindGroupLayout.entries[binding] = bindGroupLayoutEntry;
+        bindGroupLayout.entryNames.push(resourceName);
     }
 
-    result = {
-        gpuPipelineLayout: { bindGroupLayouts },
-        bindingResourceInfoMap
-    };
+    // 排除 undefined 元素。
+    for (let i = 0; i < bindGroupLayouts.length; i++)
+    {
+        const entries = bindGroupLayouts[i].entries as GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry[];
+        for (let i = entries.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            if (!entries[i])
+            {
+                entries.splice(i, 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-    gpuPipelineLayoutMap.set(code, result);
+    //
+    gpuPipelineLayout = gpuPipelineLayoutMap[code] = { bindGroupLayouts };
 
-    return result;
+    return gpuPipelineLayout;
 }
 
-const gpuPipelineLayoutMap = new Map();
-
-function getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry(bindingResourceInfo: WGSLBindingResourceInfo, visibility: IGPUShaderStageFlags[])
+function mergeBindGroupLayouts(entryMap: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap, entryMap1: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap): IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap
 {
-    const { binding, buffer, texture, storageTexture, externalTexture, sampler } = bindingResourceInfo;
-
-    const entry: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry = {
-        binding, visibility,
-    };
-
-    if (buffer)
-    {
-        entry.buffer = buffer.layout;
-    }
-    else if (sampler)
-    {
-        entry.sampler = sampler.layout;
-    }
-    else if (texture)
-    {
-        entry.texture = texture.layout;
-    }
-    else if (storageTexture)
-    {
-        entry.storageTexture = storageTexture.layout;
-    }
-    else if (externalTexture)
+    for (const resourceName in entryMap1)
     {
-        entry.externalTexture = externalTexture.layout;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        throw ``;
+        // 检测相同名称是否被定义在多个地方
+        if (entryMap[resourceName])
+        {
+            const preEntry = entryMap[resourceName].variableInfo;
+            const currentEntry = entryMap1[resourceName].variableInfo;
+
+            if (preEntry.group !== currentEntry.group
+                || preEntry.binding !== currentEntry.binding
+                || preEntry.resourceType !== currentEntry.resourceType
+            )
+            {
+                console.warn(`分别在 着色器 @group(${preEntry.group}) @binding(${preEntry.binding}) 与 @group(${currentEntry.group}) @binding(${currentEntry.binding}) 处存在相同名称的变量 ${currentEntry.name} 。`);
+            }
+        }
+        entryMap[resourceName] = entryMap1[resourceName];
     }
 
-    return entry;
+    return entryMap;
 }
+
+const gpuPipelineLayoutMap: { [key: string]: IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor } = {};
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPURenderBundle.ts b/src/caches/getIGPURenderBundle.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e1e25469ece6bcbd347d1173b9c15124680218c7..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPURenderBundle.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import { IRenderBundleObject } from "../data/IRenderBundleObject";
-import { IRenderPass } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { IGPURenderBundleObject, IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderBundleObject";
-import { getIGPURenderObject } from "./getIGPURenderObject";
-import { getIRenderPassFormats } from "./getIGPURenderPass";
-
-export function getIGPURenderBundle(renderBundleObject: IRenderBundleObject, renderPass: IRenderPass)
-{
-    let gpuRenderBundleObject: IGPURenderBundleObject = gpuRenderBundleObjectMap.get(renderBundleObject);
-    if (gpuRenderBundleObject)
-    {
-        return gpuRenderBundleObject;
-    }
-
-    // 获取渲染通道附件纹理格式。
-    const { colorAttachmentTextureFormats, depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat } = getIRenderPassFormats(renderPass);
-
-    const renderBundle: IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor = {
-        ...renderBundleObject.renderBundle,
-        colorFormats: colorAttachmentTextureFormats,
-        depthStencilFormat: depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat,
-        sampleCount: renderPass.multisample,
-    };
-
-    const renderObjects = renderBundleObject.renderObjects.map((v) => getIGPURenderObject(v, renderPass));
-
-    gpuRenderBundleObject = {
-        renderBundle,
-        renderObjects,
-    };
-
-    gpuRenderBundleObjectMap.set(renderBundleObject, gpuRenderBundleObject);
-
-    return gpuRenderBundleObject;
-}
-const gpuRenderBundleObjectMap = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPURenderObject.ts b/src/caches/getIGPURenderObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 68d5dc505de9e0288fe8c03fefa818b0287951b2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPURenderObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import { IRenderObject } from "../data/IRenderObject";
-import { IRenderPass } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
-import { IGPURenderObject } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { getIGPUBuffer } from "./getIGPUBuffer";
-import { getIGPURenderPipeline } from "./getIGPURenderPipeline";
-import { getIGPUSetBindGroups } from "./getIGPUSetBindGroups";
-
-export function getIGPURenderObject(renderObject: IRenderObject, renderPass: IRenderPass)
-{
-    let iGPURenderObject = renderObjectMap.get([renderObject, renderPass]);
-    if (iGPURenderObject)
-    {
-        return iGPURenderObject;
-    }
-
-    const { pipeline, vertexBuffers, bindingResourceInfoMap } = getIGPURenderPipeline(renderObject.pipeline, renderPass, renderObject.vertices);
-
-    iGPURenderObject = {
-        ...renderObject,
-        pipeline,
-    };
-
-    iGPURenderObject.vertexBuffers = vertexBuffers;
-
-    if (renderObject.index)
-    {
-        const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(renderObject.index.buffer);
-
-        iGPURenderObject.indexBuffer = { ...renderObject.index, buffer };
-    }
-
-    // 计算 bindGroups
-    const bindGroups = getIGPUSetBindGroups(pipeline, renderObject.bindingResources, bindingResourceInfoMap);
-
-    iGPURenderObject.bindGroups = bindGroups;
-
-    renderObjectMap.set([renderObject, renderPass], iGPURenderObject);
-
-    return iGPURenderObject;
-}
-const renderObjectMap = new ChainMap<[IRenderObject, IRenderPass], IGPURenderObject>();
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPassEncoder.ts b/src/caches/getIGPURenderPassEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 354f2b5b148f42d81b7da430100fb3895f4d0697..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPassEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-import { IRenderBundleObject } from "../data/IRenderBundleObject";
-import { IRenderObject } from "../data/IRenderObject";
-import { IRenderPassEncoder } from "../data/IRenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPURenderPassEncoder } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { getIGPURenderBundle } from "./getIGPURenderBundle";
-import { getIGPURenderObject } from "./getIGPURenderObject";
-import { getIGPURenderPass } from "./getIGPURenderPass";
-
-export function getIGPURenderPassEncoder(renderPassEncoder: IRenderPassEncoder)
-{
-    const renderPass = getIGPURenderPass(renderPassEncoder.renderPass);
-
-    const renderObjects = renderPassEncoder.renderObjects.map((v) =>
-    {
-        if (isRenderBundle(v))
-        {
-            const gpuRenderObject = getIGPURenderBundle(v, renderPassEncoder.renderPass);
-
-            return gpuRenderObject;
-        }
-
-        const gpuRenderObject = getIGPURenderObject(v, renderPassEncoder.renderPass);
-
-        return gpuRenderObject;
-    });
-
-    const gpuRenderPassEncoder: IGPURenderPassEncoder = {
-        renderPass,
-        renderObjects,
-    };
-
-    return gpuRenderPassEncoder;
-}
-
-function isRenderBundle(arg: IRenderObject | IRenderBundleObject): arg is IRenderBundleObject
-{
-    return !!(arg as IRenderBundleObject).renderObjects;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPipeline.ts b/src/caches/getIGPURenderPipeline.ts
index fd98fb86fa2e3c58675031263fa330fc8da23f95..de54904baa07d6f59bf1739bbd65d17f382d4ece 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPURenderPipeline.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPURenderPipeline.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-import { IRenderPass } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { IDepthStencilState, IRenderPipeline } from "../data/IRenderPipeline";
-import { IVertexAttributes } from "../data/IVertexAttributes";
+import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+
+import { FunctionInfo, TemplateInfo, TypeInfo } from "wgsl_reflect";
+import { IGPUDepthStencilState, IGPUFragmentState, IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUVertexState } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPUVertexAttributes } from "../data/IGPUVertexAttributes";
+import { IGPURenderPassFormat } from "../internal/IGPURenderPassFormat";
+import { IGPUVertexBuffer } from "../internal/IGPUVertexBuffer";
+import { NGPUVertexState } from "../internal/NGPUVertexState";
+import { gpuVertexFormatMap, WGSLVertexType } from "../types/VertexFormat";
 import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
-import { IGPURenderPipeline } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPUVertexBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUVertexBuffer";
-import { getIGPUFragmentState } from "./getIGPUFragmentState";
-import { getIGPUPipelineLayout } from "./getIGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { getIRenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentFormats } from "./getIGPURenderPass";
-import { getIGPUVertexState } from "./getIGPUVertexState";
-import { WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
+import { getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
 /**
  * 从渲染管线描述、渲染通道描述以及完整的顶点属性数据映射获得完整的渲染管线描述以及顶点缓冲区数组。
@@ -18,48 +18,44 @@ import { WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
  * @param vertices 顶点属性数据映射。
  * @returns 完整的渲染管线描述以及顶点缓冲区数组。
  */
-export function getIGPURenderPipeline(renderPipeline: IRenderPipeline, renderPass: IRenderPass, vertices: IVertexAttributes)
+export function getIGPURenderPipeline(renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes)
 {
-    let result = renderPipelineMap.get([renderPipeline, renderPass, vertices]);
+    let result = renderPipelineMap.get([renderPipeline, renderPassFormat._key, vertices]);
     if (!result)
     {
         // 获取完整的顶点阶段描述与顶点缓冲区列表。
         const { gpuVertexState, vertexBuffers } = getIGPUVertexState(renderPipeline.vertex, vertices);
 
         // 获取片段阶段完整描述。
-        const gpuFragmentState = getIGPUFragmentState(renderPipeline.fragment, renderPass);
+        const gpuFragmentState = getIGPUFragmentState(renderPipeline.fragment, renderPassFormat.colorFormats);
 
         // 获取深度模板阶段完整描述。
-        const gpuDepthStencilState = getGPUDepthStencilState(renderPipeline.depthStencil, renderPass);
-
-        // 从GPU管线中获取管线布局。
-        const { gpuPipelineLayout, bindingResourceInfoMap } = getIGPUPipelineLayout(renderPipeline);
+        const gpuDepthStencilState = getGPUDepthStencilState(renderPipeline.depthStencil, renderPassFormat.depthStencilFormat);
 
         // 从渲染通道上获取多重采样数量
         const multisample: GPUMultisampleState = {
             ...renderPipeline.multisample,
-            count: renderPass.multisample,
+            count: renderPassFormat.multisample,
         };
 
         //
         const pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline = {
             ...renderPipeline,
-            layout: gpuPipelineLayout,
             vertex: gpuVertexState,
             fragment: gpuFragmentState,
             depthStencil: gpuDepthStencilState,
             multisample,
         };
 
-        result = { pipeline, vertexBuffers, bindingResourceInfoMap };
-        renderPipelineMap.set([renderPipeline, renderPass, vertices], result);
+        result = { pipeline, vertexBuffers };
+        renderPipelineMap.set([renderPipeline, renderPassFormat._key, vertices], result);
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 const renderPipelineMap = new ChainMap<
-    [IRenderPipeline, IRenderPass, IVertexAttributes],
+    [IGPURenderPipeline, string, IGPUVertexAttributes],
     {
         /**
          * GPU渲染管线描述。
@@ -69,10 +65,6 @@ const renderPipelineMap = new ChainMap<
          * GPU渲染时使用的顶点缓冲区列表。
          */
         vertexBuffers: IGPUVertexBuffer[];
-        /**
-         * WebGPU着色器中绑定资源映射。
-         */
-        bindingResourceInfoMap: WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap;
     }
 >();
 
@@ -80,27 +72,254 @@ const renderPipelineMap = new ChainMap<
  * 获取深度模板阶段完整描述。
  *
  * @param depthStencil 深度模板阶段描述。
- * @param depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat 深度模板附件纹理格式。
+ * @param depthStencilFormat 深度模板附件纹理格式。
  * @returns 深度模板阶段完整描述。
  */
-function getGPUDepthStencilState(depthStencil: IDepthStencilState, renderPass: IRenderPass)
+function getGPUDepthStencilState(depthStencil: IGPUDepthStencilState, depthStencilFormat?: GPUTextureFormat)
 {
-    // 获取渲染通道附件纹理格式。
-    const depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat = getIRenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentFormats(renderPass);
+    if (!depthStencilFormat) return undefined;
+    //
+    const depthWriteEnabled = depthStencil?.depthWriteEnabled ?? true;
+    const depthCompare = depthStencil?.depthCompare ?? "less";
+
+    const gpuDepthStencilState = {
+        ...depthStencil,
+        depthWriteEnabled,
+        depthCompare,
+        format: depthStencilFormat,
+    };
 
-    let gpuDepthStencilState: GPUDepthStencilState;
-    if (depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat)
+    return gpuDepthStencilState;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取完整的顶点阶段描述与顶点缓冲区列表。
+ *
+ * @param vertexState 顶点阶段信息。
+ * @param vertices 顶点数据。
+ * @returns 完整的顶点阶段描述与顶点缓冲区列表。
+ */
+function getIGPUVertexState(vertexState: IGPUVertexState, vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes)
+{
+    let result = vertexStateMap.get([vertexState, vertices]);
+    if (!result)
     {
-        const depthWriteEnabled = depthStencil?.depthWriteEnabled ?? true;
-        const depthCompare = depthStencil?.depthCompare ?? "less";
-        const format = depthStencilAttachmentTextureFormat;
-
-        gpuDepthStencilState = {
-            depthWriteEnabled,
-            depthCompare,
-            format,
+        const code = vertexState.code;
+
+        // 解析顶点着色器
+        const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
+        let vertex: FunctionInfo;
+        //
+        let entryPoint = vertexState.entryPoint;
+        if (!entryPoint)
+        {
+            vertex = reflect.entry.vertex[0];
+            console.assert(!!vertex, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在顶点入口点。`);
+            entryPoint = vertex.name;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            vertex = reflect.entry.vertex.filter((v) => v.name === entryPoint)[0];
+            console.assert(!!vertex, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在指定顶点入口点 ${entryPoint} 。`);
+        }
+
+        const { vertexBufferLayouts, vertexBuffers } = getVertexBuffers(vertex, vertices);
+
+        const gpuVertexState: NGPUVertexState = {
+            code,
+            entryPoint,
+            buffers: vertexBufferLayouts,
+            constants: vertexState.constants,
         };
+
+        result = { gpuVertexState, vertexBuffers };
+        vertexStateMap.set([vertexState, vertices], result);
     }
 
-    return gpuDepthStencilState;
+    return result;
+}
+
+const vertexStateMap = new ChainMap<[IGPUVertexState, IGPUVertexAttributes], {
+    gpuVertexState: NGPUVertexState;
+    vertexBuffers: IGPUVertexBuffer[];
+}>();
+
+/**
+ * 从顶点属性信息与顶点数据中获取顶点缓冲区布局数组以及顶点缓冲区数组。
+ *
+ * @param vertex 顶点着色器函数信息。
+ * @param vertices 顶点数据。
+ * @returns 顶点缓冲区布局数组以及顶点缓冲区数组。
+ */
+function getVertexBuffers(vertex: FunctionInfo, vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes)
+{
+    const vertexBufferLayouts: GPUVertexBufferLayout[] = [];
+
+    const vertexBuffers: IGPUVertexBuffer[] = [];
+
+    const map: WeakMap = new WeakMap();
+
+    vertex.inputs.forEach((v) =>
+    {
+        // 跳过内置属性。
+        if (v.locationType === "builtin") return;
+
+        const shaderLocation = v.location as number;
+        const attributeName = v.name;
+
+        const vertexAttribute = vertices[attributeName];
+        console.assert(!!vertexAttribute, `在提供的顶点属性数据中未找到 ${attributeName} 。`);
+        //
+        const data = vertexAttribute.data;
+        const attributeOffset = vertexAttribute.offset || 0;
+        let arrayStride = vertexAttribute.arrayStride;
+        const stepMode = vertexAttribute.stepMode;
+        const format = vertexAttribute.format;
+        // 检查提供的顶点数据格式是否与着色器匹配
+        // const wgslType = getWGSLType(v.type);
+        // let possibleFormats = wgslVertexTypeMap[wgslType].possibleFormats;
+        // console.assert(possibleFormats.indexOf(format) !== -1, `顶点${attributeName} 提供的数据格式 ${format} 与着色器中类型 ${wgslType} 不匹配！`);
+        console.assert(data.constructor.name === gpuVertexFormatMap[format].typedArrayConstructor.name,
+            `顶点${attributeName} 提供的数据类型 ${data.constructor.name} 与格式 ${format} 不匹配！请使用 ${data.constructor.name} 来组织数据或者更改数据格式。`);
+
+        // 如果 偏移值大于 单个顶点尺寸，则该值被放入 IGPUVertexBuffer.offset。
+        const vertexByteSize = gpuVertexFormatMap[format].byteSize;
+        //
+        if (!arrayStride)
+        {
+            arrayStride = vertexByteSize;
+        }
+        console.assert(attributeOffset + vertexByteSize <= arrayStride, `offset(${attributeOffset}) + vertexByteSize(${vertexByteSize}) 必须不超出 arrayStride(${arrayStride})。`);
+
+        watcher.watch(vertexAttribute, "data", () =>
+        {
+            const index = map.get(data);
+            const attributeData = vertexAttribute.data;
+
+            vertexBuffers[index].data = attributeData;
+            vertexBuffers[index].offset = attributeData.byteOffset;
+            vertexBuffers[index].size = attributeData.byteLength;
+        });
+
+        let index = map.get(data);
+        if (index === undefined)
+        {
+            index = vertexBufferLayouts.length;
+            map.set(data, index);
+
+            vertexBuffers[index] = { data, offset: data.byteOffset, size: data.byteLength };
+
+            //
+            vertexBufferLayouts[index] = { stepMode, arrayStride, attributes: [] };
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // 要求同一顶点缓冲区中 arrayStride 与 stepMode 必须相同。
+            const gpuVertexBufferLayout = vertexBufferLayouts[index];
+            console.assert(gpuVertexBufferLayout.arrayStride === arrayStride);
+            console.assert(gpuVertexBufferLayout.stepMode === stepMode);
+        }
+
+        (vertexBufferLayouts[index].attributes as Array).push({ shaderLocation, offset: attributeOffset, format });
+    });
+
+    return { vertexBufferLayouts, vertexBuffers };
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取片段阶段完整描述。
+ *
+ * @param fragmentState 片段简单阶段。
+ * @param colorAttachmentTextureFormats 颜色附件格式。
+ * @returns 片段阶段完整描述。
+ */
+function getIGPUFragmentState(fragmentState: IGPUFragmentState, colorAttachments: readonly GPUTextureFormat[])
+{
+    if (!fragmentState) return undefined;
+
+    const colorAttachmentsKey = colorAttachments.toString();
+
+    let gpuFragmentState = fragmentStateMap.get([fragmentState, colorAttachmentsKey]);
+    if (!gpuFragmentState)
+    {
+        const code = fragmentState.code;
+        let entryPoint = fragmentState.entryPoint;
+        let fragment: FunctionInfo;
+        const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
+        if (!entryPoint)
+        {
+            fragment = reflect.entry.fragment[0];
+            console.assert(!!fragment, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在片元入口点。`);
+            entryPoint = fragment.name;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // 验证着色器中包含指定片段入口函数。
+            fragment = reflect.entry.fragment.filter((v) => v.name === entryPoint)[0];
+            console.assert(!!fragment, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在指定的片元入口点 ${entryPoint} 。`);
+        }
+
+        const targets = colorAttachments.map((v, i) =>
+        {
+            if (!v) return undefined;
+
+            const gpuColorTargetState: GPUColorTargetState = { format: v };
+
+            const colorTargetState = fragmentState.targets?.[i];
+            if (colorTargetState)
+            {
+                Object.assign(gpuColorTargetState, colorTargetState);
+            }
+
+            return gpuColorTargetState;
+        });
+
+        gpuFragmentState = {
+            code,
+            entryPoint,
+            targets,
+            constants: fragmentState.constants
+        };
+
+        fragmentStateMap.set([fragmentState, colorAttachmentsKey], gpuFragmentState);
+    }
+
+    return gpuFragmentState;
+}
+
+const fragmentStateMap = new ChainMap<[IGPUFragmentState, string], IGPUFragmentState>();
+
+function getWGSLType(type: TypeInfo)
+{
+    let wgslType = type.name;
+    if (isTemplateType(type))
+    {
+        wgslType += `<${type.format.name}>`;
+    }
+    if (wgslTypeMap[wgslType])
+    {
+        wgslType = wgslTypeMap[wgslType];
+    }
+
+    return wgslType as WGSLVertexType;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 别名
+ */
+const wgslTypeMap = {
+    vec2u: "vec2",
+    vec3u: "vec3",
+    vec4u: "vec4",
+    vec2i: "vec2",
+    vec3i: "vec3",
+    vec4i: "vec4",
+    vec2f: "vec2",
+    vec3f: "vec3",
+    vec4f: "vec4",
+};
+
+function isTemplateType(type: TypeInfo): type is TemplateInfo
+{
+    return !!(type as TemplateInfo).format;
 }
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUSetBindGroups.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUSetBindGroups.ts
index c875625826630682cb9940e952342dfb98fc6bca..a7ee84cd198370b13021d735d490142aaa4f2c7d 100644
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUSetBindGroups.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPUSetBindGroups.ts
@@ -1,249 +1,202 @@
 import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
+
 import { TemplateInfo, VariableInfo } from "wgsl_reflect";
-import { IBindingResources, IBufferBinding } from "../data/IBindingResources";
-import { ITextureBase } from "../data/ITexture";
-import { ITextureView } from "../data/ITextureView";
+import { getIGPUPipelineLayout } from "../caches/getIGPUPipelineLayout";
+import { IGPUBindingResources } from "../data/IGPUBindingResources";
+import { IGPUBufferBinding } from "../data/IGPUBufferBinding";
+import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../data/IGPUComputeObject";
+import { IGPURenderPipeline } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPUBindGroupEntry } from "../internal/IGPUBindGroupDescriptor";
+import { IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor } from "../internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor";
+import { IGPUSetBindGroup } from "../internal/IGPUSetBindGroup";
 import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
-import { IGPUBindGroupEntry, IGPUBindingResource, IGPUExternalTexture } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup";
-import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { IGPUPipelineLayout } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUSetBindGroup } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPUSampler } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSampler";
 import { getIGPUBuffer } from "./getIGPUBuffer";
-import { WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
-export function getIGPUSetBindGroups(pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline | IGPUComputePipeline, bindingResources: IBindingResources, bindingResourceInfoMap: WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap)
+export function getIGPUSetBindGroups(pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline | IGPURenderPipeline, bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources)
 {
     //
     let gpuSetBindGroups = bindGroupsMap.get([pipeline, bindingResources]);
-    if (!gpuSetBindGroups)
-    {
-        gpuSetBindGroups = [];
+    if (gpuSetBindGroups) return gpuSetBindGroups;
 
-        const pipelineLayout = pipeline.layout as IGPUPipelineLayout;
+    gpuSetBindGroups = [];
+    bindGroupsMap.set([pipeline, bindingResources], gpuSetBindGroups);
 
-        for (const resourceName in bindingResourceInfoMap)
-        {
-            const bindingResourceInfo = bindingResourceInfoMap[resourceName];
+    //
+    const layout = getIGPUPipelineLayout(pipeline);
+    layout.bindGroupLayouts.forEach((bindGroupLayout, group) =>
+    {
+        gpuSetBindGroups[group] = getIGPUSetBindGroup(bindGroupLayout, bindingResources);
+    });
 
-            const { group, binding, type } = bindingResourceInfo;
+    return gpuSetBindGroups;
+}
 
-            gpuSetBindGroups[group] = gpuSetBindGroups[group] || {
-                bindGroup: {
-                    layout: { ...pipelineLayout.bindGroupLayouts[group] },
-                    entries: [],
-                }
-            };
+const bindGroupsMap = new ChainMap<[IGPUComputePipeline | IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUBindingResources], IGPUSetBindGroup[]>();
 
-            const entry: IGPUBindGroupEntry = { binding, resource: null };
-            gpuSetBindGroups[group].bindGroup.entries.push(entry);
+function getIGPUSetBindGroup(bindGroupLayout: IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor, bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources): IGPUSetBindGroup
+{
+    const map: ChainMap, IGPUSetBindGroup> = bindGroupLayout["_bindingResources"] = bindGroupLayout["_bindingResources"] || new ChainMap();
+    const subBindingResources = bindGroupLayout.entryNames.map((v) => bindingResources[v]);
+    let setBindGroup: IGPUSetBindGroup = map.get(subBindingResources);
+    if (setBindGroup) return setBindGroup;
 
-            // eslint-disable-next-line no-loop-func
-            const getResource = () =>
-            {
-                const bindingResource = bindingResources[resourceName];
-                console.assert(!!bindingResource, `在绑定资源中没有找到 ${resourceName} 。`);
+    const entries: IGPUBindGroupEntry[] = [];
+    setBindGroup = { bindGroup: { layout: bindGroupLayout, entries } };
+    map.set(subBindingResources, setBindGroup);
 
-                let resource: IGPUBindingResource;
-                //
-                if (type === "buffer")
-                {
-                    const variableInfo = bindingResourceInfo.buffer.variableInfo;
-                    const layoutType = bindingResourceInfo.buffer.layout.type;
-
-                    //
-                    const size = variableInfo.size;
-
-                    const uniformData = bindingResource as IBufferBinding;
-
-                    if (!uniformData.buffer)
-                    {
-                        uniformData.buffer = {
-                            size,
-                            usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-                        };
-                    }
-
-                    const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformData.buffer);
-                    const offset = uniformData.offset ?? 0; // 默认值为0
-
-                    if (layoutType === "uniform")
-                    {
-                        resource = {
-                            buffer,
-                            offset,
-                            size,
-                        };
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // 无法确定 storage 中数据的尺寸，不设置 size 属性。
-                        resource = {
-                            buffer,
-                            offset,
-                        };
-                    }
-
-                    // 更新缓冲区绑定的数据。
-                    updateBufferBinding(variableInfo, uniformData);
-                }
-                else if (type === "sampler")
-                {
-                    const uniformData = bindingResource as IGPUSampler;
+    //
+    bindGroupLayout.entries.forEach((entry1) =>
+    {
+        const { variableInfo, binding } = entry1;
+        //
+        const entry: IGPUBindGroupEntry = { binding, resource: null };
 
-                    resource = uniformData;
-                }
-                else if (type === "texture")
-                {
-                    const uniformData = bindingResource as ITextureView;
+        entries.push(entry);
 
-                    // 设置纹理资源布局上的采样类型。
-                    if ((uniformData.texture as ITextureBase).sampleType === "unfilterable-float")
-                    {
-                        bindingResourceInfo.texture.layout.sampleType = "unfilterable-float";
-                    }
+        const resourceName = variableInfo.name;
 
-                    resource = uniformData;
-                }
-                else if (type === "externalTexture")
-                {
-                    const uniformData = bindingResource as IGPUExternalTexture;
+        const getResource = () =>
+        {
+            const bindingResource = bindingResources[resourceName];
+            console.assert(!!bindingResource, `在绑定资源中没有找到 ${resourceName} 。`);
 
-                    resource = uniformData;
-                }
-                else if (type === "storageTexture")
-                {
-                    const uniformData = bindingResource as ITextureView;
+            //
+            if (entry1.buffer)
+            {
+                //
+                const size = variableInfo.size;
 
-                    resource = uniformData;
-                }
-                else
+                const uniformData = bindingResource as IGPUBufferBinding;
+
+                // 是否存在默认值。
+                const hasDefautValue = !!uniformData.bufferView;
+                if (!uniformData.bufferView)
                 {
-                    throw `未解析 ${type}`;
+                    (uniformData as any).bufferView = new Uint8Array(size);
                 }
 
-                return resource;
-            };
+                // 更新缓冲区绑定的数据。
+                updateBufferBinding(variableInfo, uniformData, hasDefautValue);
+            }
 
-            entry.resource = getResource();
+            return bindingResource;
+        };
 
-            //
-            watcher.watch(bindingResources, resourceName, () =>
-            {
-                entry.resource = getResource();
-            });
-        }
+        entry.resource = getResource();
 
-        bindGroupsMap.set([pipeline, bindingResources], gpuSetBindGroups);
-    }
+        //
+        watcher.watch(bindingResources, resourceName, () =>
+        {
+            entry.resource = getResource();
+        });
+    });
 
-    return gpuSetBindGroups;
+    return setBindGroup;
 }
 
-const bindGroupsMap = new ChainMap<[IGPURenderPipeline | IGPUComputePipeline, IBindingResources], IGPUSetBindGroup[]>();
-
-function updateBufferBinding(variableInfo: VariableInfo, uniformData: IBufferBinding)
+/**
+ *
+ * @param variableInfo
+ * @param uniformData
+ * @param hasDefautValue 是否存在默认值。
+ * @returns
+ */
+function updateBufferBinding(variableInfo: VariableInfo, uniformData: IGPUBufferBinding, hasDefautValue: boolean)
 {
     if (!variableInfo.members)
     {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!uniformData.map)
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (uniformData["_variableInfo"] === variableInfo)
-    {
-        // 已经做好数据映射。
-        return;
-    }
-
     if (uniformData["_variableInfo"] !== undefined)
     {
-        console.error(`updateBufferBinding 出现一份数据对应多个 variableInfo`);
+        const preVariableInfo = uniformData["_variableInfo"] as any as VariableInfo;
+        if (preVariableInfo.resourceType !== variableInfo.resourceType
+            || preVariableInfo.size !== variableInfo.size
+        )
+        {
+            console.warn(`updateBufferBinding 出现一份数据对应多个 variableInfo`, { uniformData, variableInfo, preVariableInfo });
+        }
 
-        return;
+        // return;
     }
-    uniformData["_variableInfo"] = variableInfo;
+    uniformData["_variableInfo"] = variableInfo as any;
 
-    const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformData.buffer);
-    const offset = uniformData.offset ?? 0; // 默认值为0
+    const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(uniformData.bufferView);
+    (buffer as any).label = buffer.label || (`BufferBinding ${variableInfo.name}`);
+    const offset = uniformData.bufferView.byteOffset;
 
     variableInfo.members.forEach((member) =>
     {
-        let update: () => void;
         const subTypeName = (member.type as TemplateInfo).format?.name;
         const subsubTypeName = (member.type as any).format?.format?.name;
 
-        if (member.type.name === "f32" || subTypeName === "f32" || subsubTypeName === "f32")
-        {
-            update = () =>
-            {
-                let data: Float32Array;
-                const memberData = uniformData.map[member.name];
-                if (memberData === undefined)
-                {
-                    console.warn(`没有找到 binding ${member.name} 值！`);
-
-                    return;
-                }
-                if (typeof memberData === "number")
-                {
-                    data = new Float32Array([memberData]);
-                }
-                else if (memberData.constructor !== Float32Array)
-                {
-                    data = new Float32Array(memberData);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    data = memberData;
-                }
-                const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers ?? [];
-                writeBuffers.push({ data: data.buffer, bufferOffset: offset + member.offset, size: member.size });
-                buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
-            };
-        }
-        else if (member.type.name === "i32" || subTypeName === "i32" || subsubTypeName === "i32")
+        let Cls: Float32ArrayConstructor | Int32ArrayConstructor | Uint32ArrayConstructor;
+        type Type = Float32Array | Int32Array | Uint32Array;
+        let ClsName: "Float32Array" | "Int32Array" | "Uint32Array";
+        const update = () =>
         {
-            update = () =>
+            let data: Type;
+            const memberData = uniformData[member.name];
+            if (memberData === undefined)
             {
-                let data: Int32Array;
-                const memberData = uniformData.map[member.name];
-                if (memberData === undefined)
+                if (!hasDefautValue)
                 {
                     console.warn(`没有找到 binding ${member.name} 值！`);
-
-                    return;
-                }
-                if (typeof memberData === "number")
-                {
-                    data = new Int32Array([memberData]);
                 }
-                else if (memberData.constructor !== Int32Array)
-                {
-                    data = new Int32Array(memberData);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    data = memberData;
-                }
-                const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers ?? [];
-                writeBuffers.push({ data: data.buffer, bufferOffset: offset + member.offset, size: member.size });
-                buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
-            };
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            console.error(`未处理缓冲区绑定类型为 ${member.type.name} 的成员！`);
-        }
-        if (update && uniformData.map)
-        {
-            update();
 
-            watcher.watch(uniformData.map, member.name, update);
-        }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (
+                member.type.name === "f32"
+                || member.type.name === "mat4x4f"
+                || member.type.name === "vec2f"
+                || member.type.name === "vec3f"
+                || member.type.name === "vec4f"
+                //
+                || subTypeName === "f32"
+                || subsubTypeName === "f32"
+            )
+            {
+                Cls = Float32Array;
+                ClsName = "Float32Array";
+            }
+            else if (member.type.name === "i32" || subTypeName === "i32" || subsubTypeName === "i32")
+            {
+                Cls = Int32Array;
+                ClsName = "Int32Array";
+            }
+            else if (member.type.name === "u32" || subTypeName === "u32" || subsubTypeName === "u32")
+            {
+                Cls = Uint32Array;
+                ClsName = "Uint32Array";
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                console.error(`未处理缓冲区绑定类型为 ${member.type.name} 的 ${member.name} 成员！`);
+            }
+            if (typeof memberData === "number")
+            {
+                data = new Cls([memberData]);
+            }
+            else if ((memberData as ArrayBufferView).buffer)
+            {
+                data = new Cls((memberData as ArrayBufferView).buffer);
+            }
+            else if (memberData.constructor.name !== ClsName)
+            {
+                data = new Cls(memberData as ArrayLike);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                data = memberData as any;
+            }
+            const writeBuffers = buffer.writeBuffers ?? [];
+            writeBuffers.push({ data: data.buffer, bufferOffset: offset + member.offset, size: member.size });
+            buffer.writeBuffers = writeBuffers;
+        };
+
+        update();
+        watcher.watch(uniformData, member.name as any, update);
     });
 }
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUSubmit.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUSubmit.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e3ede4369f1fa5481846328314a56ab850651bc7..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUSubmit.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import { ISubmit } from "../data/ISubmit";
-import { IGPUSubmit } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSubmit";
-import { getIGPUCommandEncoder } from "./getIGPUCommandEncoder";
-
-export function getIGPUSubmit(data: ISubmit)
-{
-    const commandEncoders = data.commandEncoders.map((v) => getIGPUCommandEncoder(v));
-
-    const gpuSubmit: IGPUSubmit = {
-        commandEncoders,
-    };
-
-    return gpuSubmit;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUTexture.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUTexture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 39c7c4710b561dec5030b9ebf041b4de4e5c927a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUTexture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-import { IAttachmentSize } from "../data/IRenderPass";
-import { ITexture, ITextureFromContext } from "../data/ITexture";
-import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureSize } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture";
-import { getIGPUCanvasContext } from "./getIGPUCanvasContext";
-
-export function getIGPUTexture(texture: ITexture)
-{
-    let gpuTexture: IGPUTexture;
-
-    if (isITextureFromContext(texture))
-    {
-        const gpuCanvasContext = getIGPUCanvasContext(texture.context);
-
-        gpuCanvasContext["_gpuTexture"] = gpuCanvasContext["_gpuTexture"] || {
-            ...texture,
-            context: gpuCanvasContext
-        };
-        gpuTexture = gpuCanvasContext["_gpuTexture"];
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        gpuTexture = texture;
-    }
-
-    return gpuTexture;
-}
-
-function isITextureFromContext(arg: any): arg is ITextureFromContext
-{
-    return !!(arg as ITextureFromContext).context;
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取纹理尺寸。
- *
- * @param texture 纹理。
- * @returns 纹理尺寸。
- */
-export function getIGPUTextureSize(texture: ITexture)
-{
-    let size: IGPUTextureSize;
-    if (isITextureFromContext(texture))
-    {
-        const element = document.getElementById(texture.context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
-        console.assert(!!element, `在 document 上没有找到 canvasId 为 ${texture.context.canvasId} 的画布。`);
-        size = [element.width, element.height];
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        size = texture.size.concat() as any;
-    }
-
-    return size;
-}
-
-/**
- * 设置纹理与附件相同尺寸。
- *
- * @param texture 纹理描述。
- * @param attachmentSize 附件尺寸。
- */
-export function setITextureSize(texture: ITexture, attachmentSize: IAttachmentSize)
-{
-    if (isITextureFromContext(texture))
-    {
-        const element = document.getElementById(texture.context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
-        console.assert(!!element, `在 document 上没有找到 canvasId 为 ${texture.context.canvasId} 的画布。`);
-        element.width = attachmentSize.width;
-        element.height = attachmentSize.height;
-    }
-    else
-    if (texture.size[2])
-        {
-            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height, texture.size[2]];
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            texture.size = [attachmentSize.width, attachmentSize.height];
-        }
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUTextureSize.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUTextureSize.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c26ea053a813a4ce74b6848878067fa6b8175f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/caches/getIGPUTextureSize.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { IGPUTexture, IGPUTextureBase, IGPUTextureFromContext, IGPUTextureSize } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
+
+/**
+ * 获取纹理尺寸。
+ *
+ * @param texture 纹理。
+ * @returns 纹理尺寸。
+ */
+export function getIGPUTextureSize(texture: IGPUTexture)
+{
+    if ((texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context)
+    {
+        const element = document.getElementById((texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
+        console.assert(!!element, `在 document 上没有找到 canvasId 为 ${(texture as IGPUTextureFromContext).context.canvasId} 的画布。`);
+
+        return [element.width, element.height, 1] as IGPUTextureSize;
+    }
+
+    return (texture as IGPUTextureBase).size;
+}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUTextureView.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUTextureView.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 94bc9563930ef218b92b2d73e0c467ff469a1a63..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUTextureView.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-import { ITextureView } from "../data/ITextureView";
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView";
-import { getIGPUTexture } from "./getIGPUTexture";
-
-export function getIGPUTextureView(view: ITextureView)
-{
-    if (!view) return undefined;
-
-    const gpuTexture = getIGPUTexture(view.texture);
-
-    const gpuTextureView: IGPUTextureView = {
-        ...view,
-        texture: gpuTexture
-    };
-
-    return gpuTextureView;
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getIGPUVertexState.ts b/src/caches/getIGPUVertexState.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 595bb41f019a2e1b91b9c68038a75c886706c58c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/caches/getIGPUVertexState.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
-import { IVertexAttributes } from "../data/IVertexAttributes";
-import { IVertexState } from "../data/IVertexState";
-import { gpuVertexFormatMap } from "../types/VertexFormat";
-import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
-import { IGPUVertexState } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPUVertexBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUVertexBuffer";
-import { getIGPUBuffer } from "./getIGPUBuffer";
-import { WGSLVertexAttributeInfo, getWGSLReflectInfo } from "./getWGSLReflectInfo";
-
-/**
- * 获取完整的顶点阶段描述与顶点缓冲区列表。
- *
- * @param vertexState 顶点阶段信息。
- * @param vertices 顶点数据。
- * @returns 完整的顶点阶段描述与顶点缓冲区列表。
- */
-export function getIGPUVertexState(vertexState: IVertexState, vertices: IVertexAttributes)
-{
-    let result = vertexStateMap.get([vertexState, vertices]);
-    if (!result)
-    {
-        const code = vertexState.code;
-
-        // 解析顶点着色器
-        const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
-        //
-        let entryPoint = vertexState.entryPoint;
-        if (!entryPoint)
-        {
-            console.assert(reflect.vertexEntryList.length > 0, `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在顶点入口点。`);
-            entryPoint = reflect.vertexEntryList[0].entryPoint;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            console.assert(!!reflect.vertexEntryMap[entryPoint], `WGSL着色器 ${code} 中不存在指定顶点入口点 ${entryPoint} 。`);
-        }
-        //
-        const attributeInfos = reflect.vertexEntryMap[entryPoint].attributeInfos;
-
-        const { vertexBufferLayouts, vertexBuffers } = getVertexBuffers(attributeInfos, vertices);
-
-        const gpuVertexState: IGPUVertexState = {
-            code,
-            entryPoint,
-            buffers: vertexBufferLayouts,
-        };
-        if (vertexState.constants)
-        {
-            gpuVertexState.constants = vertexState.constants;
-        }
-
-        result = { gpuVertexState, vertexBuffers };
-        vertexStateMap.set([vertexState, vertices], result);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-const vertexStateMap = new ChainMap<[IVertexState, IVertexAttributes], {
-    gpuVertexState: IGPUVertexState;
-    vertexBuffers: IGPUVertexBuffer[];
-}>();
-
-/**
- * 从顶点属性信息与顶点数据中获取顶点缓冲区布局数组以及顶点缓冲区数组。
- *
- * @param attributeInfos 顶点属性信息。
- * @param vertices 顶点数据。
- * @returns 顶点缓冲区布局数组以及顶点缓冲区数组。
- */
-function getVertexBuffers(attributeInfos: WGSLVertexAttributeInfo[], vertices: IVertexAttributes)
-{
-    const vertexBufferLayouts: GPUVertexBufferLayout[] = [];
-
-    const vertexBuffers: IGPUVertexBuffer[] = [];
-
-    const map: WeakMap = new WeakMap();
-
-    attributeInfos.forEach((v) =>
-    {
-        let format: GPUVertexFormat = v.format;
-        const shaderLocation = v.shaderLocation;
-        const attributeName = v.name;
-
-        const vertexAttribute = vertices[attributeName];
-        console.assert(!!vertexAttribute, `在提供的顶点属性数据中未找到 ${attributeName} 。`);
-        let isIGPUVertexBufferOffset = false;
-        //
-        const data = vertexAttribute.buffer;
-        let attributeOffset = vertexAttribute.offset;
-        let arrayStride = vertexAttribute.vertexSize;
-        const stepMode = vertexAttribute.stepMode;
-        //
-        if (vertexAttribute.format)
-        {
-            format = vertexAttribute.format;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // 根据顶点数据调整 布局中的数据格式。
-            if (vertexAttribute.numComponents !== undefined)
-            {
-                const formats = format.split("x");
-                if (vertexAttribute.numComponents > 1)
-                {
-                    format = [formats[0], vertexAttribute.numComponents].join("x") as any;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    format = formats[0] as any;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 如果 偏移值大于 单个顶点尺寸，则该值被放入 IGPUVertexBuffer.offset。
-        const vertexByteSize = gpuVertexFormatMap[format].byteSize;
-        if (attributeOffset + vertexByteSize > arrayStride)
-        {
-            isIGPUVertexBufferOffset = true;
-        }
-
-        watcher.watch(vertexAttribute, "buffer", () =>
-        {
-            const index = map.get(data);
-            const buffer = vertexAttribute.buffer;
-
-            vertexBuffers[index].buffer = getIGPUBuffer(buffer);
-        });
-
-        //
-        if (!attributeOffset)
-        {
-            attributeOffset = 0;
-        }
-
-        //
-        if (!arrayStride)
-        {
-            arrayStride = gpuVertexFormatMap[format].byteSize;
-        }
-
-        let index = map.get(data);
-        if (index === undefined)
-        {
-            index = vertexBufferLayouts.length;
-            map.set(data, index);
-
-            const gpuBuffer = getIGPUBuffer(data);
-
-            vertexBuffers[index] = { buffer: gpuBuffer, offset: isIGPUVertexBufferOffset ? attributeOffset : 0 };
-
-            //
-            vertexBufferLayouts[index] = { stepMode, arrayStride, attributes: [] };
-        }
-        else if (isIGPUVertexBufferOffset)
-        {
-            const gpuBuffer = vertexBuffers[index].buffer;
-
-            // 使用相同 data 共用 gpuBuffer。
-            index = vertexBufferLayouts.length;
-
-            vertexBuffers[index] = { buffer: gpuBuffer, offset: isIGPUVertexBufferOffset ? attributeOffset : 0 };
-
-            //
-            vertexBufferLayouts[index] = { stepMode, arrayStride, attributes: [] };
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // 要求同一顶点缓冲区中 arrayStride 与 stepMode 必须相同。
-            const gpuVertexBufferLayout = vertexBufferLayouts[index];
-            console.assert(gpuVertexBufferLayout.arrayStride === arrayStride);
-            console.assert(gpuVertexBufferLayout.stepMode === stepMode);
-        }
-
-        (vertexBufferLayouts[index].attributes as Array).push({ shaderLocation, offset: isIGPUVertexBufferOffset ? 0 : attributeOffset, format });
-    });
-
-    return { vertexBufferLayouts, vertexBuffers };
-}
diff --git a/src/caches/getWGSLReflectInfo.ts b/src/caches/getWGSLReflectInfo.ts
index 2eaa8bb5a06a03729246b2533d601179f4eb7ad6..55814ec56c68b4d3d419ac652f06231b965f32b7 100644
--- a/src/caches/getWGSLReflectInfo.ts
+++ b/src/caches/getWGSLReflectInfo.ts
@@ -1,131 +1,6 @@
-import { FunctionInfo, ResourceType, TemplateInfo, TypeInfo, VariableInfo, WgslReflect } from "wgsl_reflect";
-import { DepthTextureType, ExternalSampledTextureType, MultisampledTextureType, StorageTextureType, TextureType } from "../types/TextureType";
-import { WGSLVertexType, wgslVertexTypeMap } from "../types/VertexFormat";
-
-/**
- * WGSL着色器反射信息。
- */
-export interface WGSLReflectInfo
-{
-    /**
-     * 入口函数映射。
-     */
-    entryMap: { [entryName: string]: WGSLEntryInfo };
-
-    /**
-     * 顶点入口信息。当存在多个时取第一个。
-     */
-    vertexEntryList: WGSLVertexEntryInfo[];
-
-    /**
-     * 顶点入口信息映射。
-     */
-    vertexEntryMap: { [entryPoint: string]: WGSLVertexEntryInfo };
-
-    /**
-     * 片元入口函数。当存在多个时取第一个。
-     */
-    fragmentEntryList: WGSLEntryInfo[];
-
-    /**
-     * 计算入口信息映射。
-     */
-    fragmentEntryMap: { [entryPoint: string]: WGSLEntryInfo };
-
-    /**
-     * 计算入口函数。当存在多个时取第一个。
-     */
-    computeEntryList: WGSLEntryInfo[];
-
-    /**
-     * 计算入口信息映射。
-     */
-    computeEntryMap: { [entryPoint: string]: WGSLEntryInfo };
-
-    /**
-     * 从WebGPU着色器代码获取的绑定资源信息表。
-     */
-    bindingResourceLayoutMap: WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap;
-}
-
-/**
- * WGSL着色器入口信息。
- */
-export interface WGSLEntryInfo
-{
-    /**
-     * 入口点名称
-     */
-    entryPoint: string;
-}
-
-/**
- * 顶点入口点信息。
- */
-export interface WGSLVertexEntryInfo extends WGSLEntryInfo
-{
-    /**
-     * 入口点名称
-     */
-    entryPoint: string;
-
-    /**
-     * 属性信息列表。
-     */
-    attributeInfos: WGSLVertexAttributeInfo[];
-}
-
-/**
- * WGSL中顶点属性信息。
- */
-export interface WGSLVertexAttributeInfo
-{
-    /**
-     * 属性名称
-     */
-    name: string;
-
-    /**
-     * 所在着色器位置。
-     */
-    shaderLocation: number;
-
-    /**
-     * GPU顶点数据格式。
-     */
-    format: GPUVertexFormat;
-
-    /**
-     * 顶点数据在WGSL中的类型。
-     */
-    wgslType: WGSLVertexType;
-
-    /**
-     * 可能对应的GPU顶点数据格式列表。
-     */
-    possibleFormats: GPUVertexFormat[];
-}
-
-/**
- * WebGPU着色器代码中获取的绑定资源信息。
- */
-export interface WGSLBindingResourceInfo
-{
-    name: string,
-    group: number,
-    binding: number,
-    type: "buffer" | "texture" | "storageTexture" | "externalTexture" | "sampler";
-    buffer?: { layout: GPUBufferBindingLayout, variableInfo: VariableInfo }
-    texture?: { layout: GPUTextureBindingLayout }
-    storageTexture?: { layout: GPUStorageTextureBindingLayout }
-    externalTexture?: { layout: GPUExternalTextureBindingLayout }
-    sampler?: { layout: GPUSamplerBindingLayout },
-}
-
-/**
- * 从WebGPU着色器代码获取的绑定资源信息表。
- */
-export type WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap = { [name: string]: WGSLBindingResourceInfo };
+import { ResourceType, TemplateInfo, WgslReflect } from "wgsl_reflect";
+import { IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry } from "../internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor";
+import { DepthTextureType, ExternalSampledTextureType, MultisampledTextureType, TextureType } from "../types/TextureType";
 
 /**
  * 从WebGPU着色器代码中获取反射信息。
@@ -133,89 +8,40 @@ export type WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap = { [name: string]: WGSLBindingResourceIn
  * @param code WebGPU着色器代码。
  * @returns 从WebGPU着色器代码中获取的反射信息。
  */
-export function getWGSLReflectInfo(code: string)
+export function getWGSLReflectInfo(code: string): WgslReflect
 {
-    let reflectInfo = reflectMap.get(code);
-    if (reflectInfo)
-    {
-        return reflectInfo;
-    }
-
-    const reflect = new WgslReflect(code);
-
-    //
-    reflectInfo = {
-        entryMap: {},
-        vertexEntryList: [],
-        vertexEntryMap: {},
-        fragmentEntryList: [],
-        fragmentEntryMap: {},
-        computeEntryList: [],
-        computeEntryMap: {},
-        bindingResourceLayoutMap: {},
-    };
-
-    //
-    reflect.entry.vertex.forEach((v) =>
-    {
-        const name = v.name;
-        const attributeInfos = getAttributeInfos(v);
+    let reflect = reflectMap[code];
+    if (reflect) return reflect;
 
-        const vertexEntry: WGSLVertexEntryInfo = { entryPoint: name, attributeInfos };
+    reflect = reflectMap[code] = new WgslReflect(code);
 
-        reflectInfo.entryMap[vertexEntry.entryPoint] = vertexEntry;
-        reflectInfo.vertexEntryMap[vertexEntry.entryPoint] = vertexEntry;
-        reflectInfo.vertexEntryList.push(vertexEntry);
-    });
-    reflect.entry.fragment.forEach((v) =>
-    {
-        const name = v.name;
-        const entryInfo: WGSLEntryInfo = { entryPoint: name };
-
-        reflectInfo.entryMap[entryInfo.entryPoint] = entryInfo;
-        reflectInfo.fragmentEntryMap[entryInfo.entryPoint] = entryInfo;
-        reflectInfo.fragmentEntryList.push(entryInfo);
-    });
-    reflect.entry.compute.forEach((v) =>
-    {
-        const name = v.name;
-        const entryInfo: WGSLEntryInfo = { entryPoint: name };
-
-        reflectInfo.entryMap[entryInfo.entryPoint] = entryInfo;
-        reflectInfo.computeEntryMap[entryInfo.entryPoint] = entryInfo;
-        reflectInfo.computeEntryList.push(entryInfo);
-    });
+    return reflect;
+}
+const reflectMap: { [code: string]: WgslReflect } = {};
 
-    //
-    reflectInfo.bindingResourceLayoutMap = getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect);
+export type IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap = { [name: string]: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry; };
 
-    //
-    reflectMap.set(code, reflectInfo);
+export function getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap(code: string): IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap
+{
+    if (shaderLayoutMap[code]) return shaderLayoutMap[code];
 
-    return reflectInfo;
-}
-const reflectMap = new Map();
+    const reflect = getWGSLReflectInfo(code);
 
-/**
- * 从WebGPU着色器代码获取绑定资源信息表。
- *
- * @param code WebGPU着色器代码。
- * @returns 从WebGPU着色器代码获取的绑定资源信息表。
- */
-function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
-{
-    const bindingResourceLayoutMap: WGSLBindingResourceInfoMap = {};
+    const entryMap: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap = shaderLayoutMap[code] = {};
 
     for (const uniform of reflect.uniforms)
     {
-        const { group, binding, name } = uniform;
+        const { binding, name } = uniform;
 
         const layout: GPUBufferBindingLayout = {
             type: "uniform",
             minBindingSize: uniform.size,
         };
 
-        bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, buffer: { layout, variableInfo: uniform }, type: "buffer" };
+        entryMap[name] = {
+            variableInfo: uniform,
+            visibility: Visibility_ALL, binding, buffer: layout,
+        };
     }
 
     for (const storage of reflect.storage)
@@ -232,7 +58,10 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
                 type,
             };
 
-            bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, buffer: { layout, variableInfo: storage }, type: "buffer" };
+            entryMap[name] = {
+                variableInfo: storage,
+                visibility: type === "storage" ? Visibility_FRAGMENT_COMPUTE : Visibility_ALL, binding, buffer: layout
+            };
         }
         else if (storage.resourceType === ResourceType.StorageTexture)
         {
@@ -251,7 +80,10 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
                 viewDimension,
             };
 
-            bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, storageTexture: { layout }, type: "storageTexture" };
+            entryMap[name] = {
+                variableInfo: storage,
+                visibility: Visibility_FRAGMENT_COMPUTE, binding, storageTexture: layout
+            };
         }
         else
         {
@@ -269,22 +101,10 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
 
         if (ExternalSampledTextureType[textureType])
         {
-            bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, externalTexture: { layout: {} }, type: "externalTexture" };
-        }
-        else if (StorageTextureType[textureType])
-        {
-            const textureSecondType = (texture.type as TemplateInfo)?.format?.name as GPUTextureFormat;
-
-            const access = (texture.type as TemplateInfo).access;
-            console.assert(access === "write");
-
-            const layout: GPUStorageTextureBindingLayout = {
-                access: "write-only",
-                format: textureSecondType as any,
-                viewDimension,
+            entryMap[name] = {
+                variableInfo: texture,
+                visibility: Visibility_ALL, binding, externalTexture: {}
             };
-
-            bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, storageTexture: { layout }, type: "storageTexture" };
         }
         else
         {
@@ -298,6 +118,12 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
             else if (textureSecondType === "f32")
             {
                 sampleType = "float";
+                // 判断是否使用 `textureLoad` 函数 对当前纹理进行非过滤采样。
+                const result = new RegExp(`\\s*textureLoad\\s*\\(\\s*${name}`).exec(code);
+                if (result)
+                {
+                    sampleType = "unfilterable-float";
+                }
             }
             else if (textureSecondType === "u32")
             {
@@ -323,7 +149,10 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
                 layout.multisampled = true;
             }
 
-            bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, texture: { layout }, type: "texture" };
+            entryMap[name] = {
+                variableInfo: texture,
+                visibility: Visibility_ALL, binding, texture: layout
+            };
         }
     }
 
@@ -338,56 +167,22 @@ function getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(reflect: WgslReflect)
             layout.type = "comparison";
         }
 
-        bindingResourceLayoutMap[name] = { name, group, binding, sampler: { layout }, type: "sampler" };
+        entryMap[name] = {
+            variableInfo: sampler,
+            visibility: Visibility_ALL, binding, sampler: layout
+        };
     }
 
-    return bindingResourceLayoutMap;
+    return entryMap;
 }
 
+const shaderLayoutMap: { [code: string]: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap } = {};
+
 /**
- * 从顶点入口函数信息中获取顶点属性信息。
- *
- * @param vertexFunctionInfo 顶点入口函数信息。
- * @returns 顶点属性信息。
+ * 片段与计算着色器可见。
  */
-function getAttributeInfos(vertexFunctionInfo: FunctionInfo)
-{
-    const attributeInfos: WGSLVertexAttributeInfo[] = [];
-
-    vertexFunctionInfo.inputs.forEach((v) =>
-    {
-        // 跳过内置属性。
-        if (v.locationType === "builtin")
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const shaderLocation = v.location as number;
-        const attributeName = v.name;
-
-        const wgslType = getWGSLType(v.type);
-
-        const format = wgslVertexTypeMap[wgslType].format;
-        const possibleFormats = wgslVertexTypeMap[wgslType].possibleFormats;
-
-        attributeInfos.push({ name: attributeName, shaderLocation, format, wgslType, possibleFormats });
-    });
-
-    return attributeInfos;
-}
-
-function getWGSLType(type: TypeInfo)
-{
-    let wgslType = type.name;
-    if (isTemplateType(type))
-    {
-        wgslType += `<${type.format.name}>`;
-    }
-
-    return wgslType as WGSLVertexType;
-}
-
-function isTemplateType(type: TypeInfo): type is TemplateInfo
-{
-    return !!(type as TemplateInfo).format;
-}
+const Visibility_FRAGMENT_COMPUTE = 6; // GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT | GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE;
+/**
+ * 全部着色器可见。
+ */
+const Visibility_ALL = 7; //GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT | GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE;
diff --git a/src/const.ts b/src/const.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38e90d35cf2e78014295518d37008ea8921f55f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/const.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export const getRealGPUBindGroup = "getRealGPUBindGroup";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IBindingResources.ts b/src/data/IBindingResources.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0960c118a68558f9c239c6690ad4805df2dfdd1c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IBindingResources.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBufferBinding, IGPUExternalTexture } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup";
-import { IGPUSampler } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSampler";
-import { IBuffer } from "./IBuffer";
-import { ITextureView } from "./ITextureView";
-
-/**
- * GPU绑定的资源映射。
- */
-export interface IBindingResources
-{
-    [name: string]: IBindingResource
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU绑定的资源。
- *
- * @see GPUBindingResource
- */
-export type IBindingResource =
-    | ISampler
-    | ITextureView
-    | IBufferBinding
-    | IGPUExternalTexture
-    ;
-
-/**
- * 采样器资源。
- */
-export interface ISampler extends IGPUSampler
-{
-
-}
-
-/**
- * 缓冲区绑定资源。
- */
-export interface IBufferBinding extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 如果未设置将通过反射信息自动生成。
-     */
-    buffer?: IBuffer;
-
-    /**
-     * 缓冲区数据映射。
-     */
-    map?: { [name: string]: ArrayLike | number; }
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IBuffer.ts b/src/data/IBuffer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index aaf8c7fd42caf7b8cd0871e96eb9cee4085116ab..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IBuffer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBuffer";
-
-/**
- * {@link IBuffer.size} 可以不赋值，将由 {@link IBuffer.data} 计算得出。
- */
-export interface IBuffer extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The size of the buffer in bytes.
-     */
-    size?: GPUSize64;
-
-    /**
-     * The allowed usages for the buffer.
-     */
-    usage?: GPUBufferUsageFlags;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ICanvasConfiguration.ts b/src/data/ICanvasConfiguration.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b05a7fafa8af6841c562ddc7147e6a1c92ad7d39..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ICanvasConfiguration.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUCanvasConfiguration } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration";
-
-/**
- * @see IGPUCanvasConfiguration
- */
-export interface ICanvasConfiguration extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The format that textures returned by {@link GPUCanvasContext#getCurrentTexture} will have.
-     * Must be one of the Supported context formats.
-     *
-     * 默认 `navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()` 。
-     */
-    format?: GPUTextureFormat;
-
-    /**
-     * Determines the effect that alpha values will have on the content of textures returned by
-     * {@link GPUCanvasContext#getCurrentTexture} when read, displayed, or used as an image source.
-     *
-     * 默认 'premultiplied' 。
-     */
-    alphaMode?: GPUCanvasAlphaMode;
-}
-
diff --git a/src/data/ICanvasContext.ts b/src/data/ICanvasContext.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4176e362e048d505c7c800bac22d25e05ee5d070..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ICanvasContext.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUCanvasContext } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture";
-import { ICanvasConfiguration } from "./ICanvasConfiguration";
-
-/**
- * @see IGPUCanvasContext
- */
-export interface ICanvasContext extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 画布配置。
-     */
-    configuration?: ICanvasConfiguration;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ICommandEncoder.ts b/src/data/ICommandEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 47cb8357b619034cca650ba53d1dec56d3023428..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ICommandEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { IComputePassEncoder } from "./IComputePassEncoder";
-import { ICopyTextureToTexture } from "./ICopyTextureToTexture";
-import { IRenderPassEncoder } from "./IRenderPassEncoder";
-import { ICopyBufferToBuffer } from "./ICopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { IGPUCommandEncoder } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCommandEncoder";
-
-/**
- * 命令编码器。
- *
- * @see GPUCommandEncoder
- * @see GPUDevice.createCommandEncoder
- */
-export interface ICommandEncoder extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 通道编码器列表。
-     *
-     * 包括计算通道编码器、渲染通道编码器 以及 GPU中缓存与纹理之间拷贝。
-     */
-    passEncoders: IPassEncoder[];
-}
-
-/**
- * 通道编码器。
- *
- * 包括计算通道编码器、渲染通道编码器 以及 GPU中缓存与纹理之间拷贝。
- *
- * 通道可以理解为源数据通过某种操作到目标数据的映射，该操作可以是计算模块、也可以是渲染模块、也可以是简单的拷贝或者转换。
- */
-export type IPassEncoder =
-    | IComputePassEncoder
-    | IRenderPassEncoder
-    | ICopyTextureToTexture
-    | ICopyBufferToBuffer
-    ;
diff --git a/src/data/IComputeObject.ts b/src/data/IComputeObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d3b86cb1a0b542fccb302da1bee57edf5c0f520..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IComputeObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUComputeObject, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUProgrammableStage } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { IBindingResources } from "./IBindingResources";
-
-export interface IComputeObject extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 计算管线。
-     */
-    pipeline: IComputePipeline;
-
-    /**
-     * 绑定资源。包含数值、纹理、采样、外部纹理。
-     */
-    bindingResources?: IBindingResources;
-}
-
-export interface IComputePipeline extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 计算程序。
-     */
-    compute: IProgrammableStage;
-}
-
-/**
- *
- */
-export interface IProgrammableStage extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
-     * perform its work.
-     *
-     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
-     */
-    entryPoint?: string;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IComputePassEncoder.ts b/src/data/IComputePassEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 49e838f08bb13592f89627cf1c720ec605fd54be..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IComputePassEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUComputePassEncoder } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputePassEncoder";
-import { IComputeObject } from "./IComputeObject";
-
-export interface IComputePassEncoder extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 计算对象列表。
-     */
-    computeObjects: IComputeObject[];
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ICopyTextureToTexture.ts b/src/data/ICopyTextureToTexture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ce628c832c37b87217a03b52ea329199de8c05e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ICopyTextureToTexture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture, IGPUImageCopyTexture } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
-import { ITexture } from "./ITexture";
-
-export interface ICopyTextureToTexture extends Omit
-{
-    source: IImageCopyTexture,
-    destination: IImageCopyTexture,
-}
-
-export interface IImageCopyTexture extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * Texture to copy to/from.
-     */
-    texture: ITexture;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IFragmentState.ts b/src/data/IFragmentState.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 39745f86144b848be9f6e0fffa7071626bd57b85..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IFragmentState.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUFragmentState } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-
-/**
- * 片段着色器阶段描述。
- *
- * {@link IGPUFragmentState}
- */
-export interface IFragmentState extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
-     * perform its work.
-     *
-     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
-     */
-    entryPoint?: string;
-
-    /**
-     * A list of {@link GPUColorTargetState} defining the formats and behaviors of the color targets
-     * this pipeline writes to.
-     */
-    targets?: IColorTargetState[];
-}
-
-/**
- * 属性 `format` 将由渲染通道中附件给出。
- */
-export interface IColorTargetState extends Omit
-{
-
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUBindingResources.ts b/src/data/IGPUBindingResources.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e13f16d8912c47dc1d2029802cd505b1f761178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUBindingResources.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { IGPUBufferBinding } from "./IGPUBufferBinding";
+import { IGPUExternalTexture } from "./IGPUExternalTexture";
+import { IGPUSampler } from "./IGPUSampler";
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "./IGPUTextureView";
+
+/**
+ * GPU绑定的资源映射。
+ */
+export interface IGPUBindingResources
+{
+    [name: string]: IGPUBindingResource
+}
+
+/**
+ * 绑定资源。
+ *
+ * @see GPUBindingResource
+ */
+export type IGPUBindingResource =
+    | IGPUSampler
+    | IGPUTextureView
+    | IGPUBufferBinding
+    | IGPUExternalTexture
+    ;
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUBlendConstant.ts b/src/data/IGPUBlendConstant.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f7d596bde6767267899f314abe76710eaad5706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUBlendConstant.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/**
+ * Sets the constant blend color and alpha values used with {@link GPUBlendFactor#"constant"}
+ * and {@link GPUBlendFactor#"one-minus-constant"} {@link GPUBlendFactor}s.
+ *
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setBlendConstant}
+ */
+export interface IGPUBlendConstant
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type?: "IGPUBlendConstant";
+
+    readonly color: [r: number, g: number, b: number, a: number];
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBuffer.ts b/src/data/IGPUBuffer.ts
similarity index 61%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBuffer.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUBuffer.ts
index c2d4e6fb3aa9c0dccf7df5b0bce7705afe1bc3ef..e5d9a2513e165df8210b89c150376918b483fa6a 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBuffer.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUBuffer.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,20 @@
  * {@link GPUBufferDescriptor}
  * {@link GPUBuffer}
  */
-export interface IGPUBuffer extends Omit
+export interface IGPUBuffer
 {
+    /**
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
+     */
+    readonly label?: string;
+
+    /**
+     * The size of the buffer in bytes.
+     *
+     * 如果没有设置，引擎将设置为 data 的字节长度。
+     */
+    readonly size?: GPUSize64;
+
     /**
      * 缓冲初始数据，只上传一次GPU。
      *
@@ -13,6 +25,20 @@ export interface IGPUBuffer extends Omit | number;
+
+    /**
+     * 如果未设置引擎将自动生成。
+     */
+    readonly bufferView?: ArrayBufferView;
+}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts b/src/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts
similarity index 33%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts
index ba8307032b3980c61f0b3d7d1ef9dab828905540..55b0627d053e13161e7baa2dc5567da483c188e0 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUCanvasConfiguration.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * @see GPUCanvasConfiguration
  * @see GPUCanvasContext.configure
  */
-export interface IGPUCanvasConfiguration extends Omit
+export interface IGPUCanvasConfiguration
 {
     /**
      * The usage that textures returned by {@link GPUCanvasContext#getCurrentTexture} will have.
@@ -14,4 +14,36 @@ export interface IGPUCanvasConfiguration extends Omit;
+    /**
+     * The color space that values written into textures returned by
+     * {@link GPUCanvasContext#getCurrentTexture} should be displayed with.
+     */
+    colorSpace?: PredefinedColorSpace;
+    /**
+     * The tone mapping determines how the content of textures returned by
+     * {@link GPUCanvasContext#getCurrentTexture} are to be displayed.
+     */
+    toneMapping?: GPUCanvasToneMapping;
 }
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts b/src/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts
similarity index 71%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts
index c9da7ce7bc7c09ce0a0d138ec6759039ebf2cf33..254b995ecd8e99f5cd0a6bca8953c43101715191 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUCommandEncoder.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-import { IGPUComputePassEncoder } from "./IGPUComputePassEncoder";
+import { IGPUComputePass } from "./IGPUComputePass";
 import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "./IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
 import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture } from "./IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
-import { IGPURenderPassEncoder } from "./IGPURenderPassEncoder";
+import { IGPURenderPass } from "./IGPURenderPass";
 
 /**
  * 命令编码器。
  *
  * @see GPUCommandEncoder
- * @see GPUDevice.createCommandEncoder
  */
 export interface IGPUCommandEncoder
 {
@@ -26,4 +25,4 @@ export interface IGPUCommandEncoder
  *
  * 通道可以理解为源数据通过某种操作到目标数据的映射，该操作可以是计算模块、也可以是渲染模块、也可以是简单的拷贝或者转换。
  */
-export type IGPUPassEncoder = IGPUComputePassEncoder | IGPURenderPassEncoder | IGPUCopyTextureToTexture | IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer;
+export type IGPUPassEncoder = IGPUComputePass | IGPURenderPass | IGPUCopyTextureToTexture | IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer;
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts b/src/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts
similarity index 34%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts
index aef219412ba0d1ff091b88e7f7436ac0430ad294..e5274a79461a95b92c3f522e538ab1c7fdad100a 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUComputeObject.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import { IGPUPipelineLayout } from "./IGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { IGPUSetBindGroup } from "./IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPUBindingResources } from "./IGPUBindingResources";
 
 /**
  * GPU计算对象，包含GPU一次计算所有数据。
@@ -15,21 +14,19 @@ export interface IGPUComputeObject
     /**
      * 计算管线。
      */
-    pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline;
+    readonly pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline;
 
     /**
-     * 绑定组列表。
-     *
-     * {@link GPUBindingCommandsMixin.setBindGroup}
+     * 绑定资源。包含数值、纹理、采样、外部纹理。
      */
-    bindGroups?: IGPUSetBindGroup[];
+    readonly bindingResources?: IGPUBindingResources;
 
     /**
      * {@link GPUComputePassEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups}
      *
      * 分配的工作组。
      */
-    workgroups?: IGPUWorkgroups;
+    readonly workgroups?: IGPUWorkgroups;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -42,17 +39,17 @@ export interface IGPUWorkgroups
     /**
      * X的维度工作组数量。
      */
-    workgroupCountX: GPUSize32;
+    readonly workgroupCountX: GPUSize32;
 
     /**
      * Y的维度工作组数量。
      */
-    workgroupCountY?: GPUSize32;
+    readonly workgroupCountY?: GPUSize32;
 
     /**
      * Z的维度工作组数量。
      */
-    workgroupCountZ?: GPUSize32;
+    readonly workgroupCountZ?: GPUSize32;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -61,36 +58,55 @@ export interface IGPUWorkgroups
  * {@link GPUDevice.createComputePipeline}
  * {@link GPUComputePipelineDescriptor}
  */
-export interface IGPUComputePipeline extends Omit
+export interface IGPUComputePipeline
 {
     /**
-     * 默认 `'auto'` 。
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
      */
-    layout?: "auto" | IGPUPipelineLayout;
+    readonly label?: string;
 
     /**
      * 计算程序。
      */
-    compute: IGPUComputeStage;
+    readonly compute: IGPUComputeStage;
 }
 
 /**
  * GPU计算阶段。
  */
-export interface IGPUComputeStage extends IGPUProgrammableStage
+export interface IGPUComputeStage
 {
+    /**
+     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
+     */
+    readonly code: string;
 
-}
+    /**
+     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
+     * perform its work.
+     *
+     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
+     */
+    readonly entryPoint?: string;
 
-/**
- * GPU可编程阶段。
- *
- * @see GPUProgrammableStage
- */
-export interface IGPUProgrammableStage extends Omit
-{
     /**
-     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
+     * Specifies the values of pipeline-overridable constants in the shader module
+     * {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module}.
+     * Each such pipeline-overridable constant is uniquely identified by a single
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string, representing the pipeline
+     * constant ID of the constant if its declaration specifies one, and otherwise the
+     * constant's identifier name.
+     * The key of each key-value pair must equal the
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string|identifier string
+     * of one such constant, with the comparison performed
+     * according to the rules for WGSL identifier comparison.
+     * When the pipeline is executed, that constant will have the specified value.
+     * Values are specified as GPUPipelineConstantValue, which is a {@link double}.
+     * They are converted [$to WGSL type$] of the pipeline-overridable constant (`bool`/`i32`/`u32`/`f32`/`f16`).
+     * If conversion fails, a validation error is generated.
      */
-    code: string;
+    readonly constants?: Readonly>;
 }
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputePassEncoder.ts b/src/data/IGPUComputePass.ts
similarity index 32%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputePassEncoder.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUComputePass.ts
index e52c931e96c6588cce5b55749bcec8390ee938a0..17c4bfd4d7b3dd48abcc4a04483568f75ff3c303 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUComputePassEncoder.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUComputePass.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { IGPUComputeObject } from "./IGPUComputeObject";
+import { IGPUTimestampQuery } from "./IGPUTimestampQuery";
 
 /**
  * GPU计算通道编码器。
@@ -6,23 +7,22 @@ import { IGPUComputeObject } from "./IGPUComputeObject";
  * @see GPUCommandEncoder.beginComputePass
  * @see GPUComputePassEncoder
  */
-export interface IGPUComputePassEncoder
+export interface IGPUComputePass
 {
     /**
-     * GPU计算通道描述。
+     * 数据类型。
      */
-    computePass?: IGPUComputePass;
+    readonly __type: "IGPUComputePass";
 
     /**
      * 计算对象列表。
      */
-    computeObjects: IGPUComputeObject[]
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU计算通道描述。
- */
-export interface IGPUComputePass extends GPUComputePassDescriptor
-{
+    computeObjects: IGPUComputeObject[];
 
+    /**
+     * 查询通道运行消耗时长（单位为纳秒）。
+     *
+     * 如果需要查询通道运行消耗时长，需要为该属性赋值，如 `pass.timestampQuery = {};`。WebGPU渲染完成后引擎自动填充结果到属性`elapsedNs`。
+     */
+    timestampQuery?: IGPUTimestampQuery;
 }
diff --git a/src/data/ICopyBufferToBuffer.ts b/src/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts
similarity index 46%
rename from src/data/ICopyBufferToBuffer.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts
index 9e6774a78d2758bbadaaaca29feec5fb557f8aa5..12ceb77227e20f7c2484d60a0cef56c0d62958cf 100644
--- a/src/data/ICopyBufferToBuffer.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
-import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { IBuffer } from "./IBuffer";
+import { IGPUBuffer } from "./IGPUBuffer";
 
 /**
- * 拷贝GPU缓冲区。
+ * GPU缓冲区之间拷贝。
+ *
+ * {@link GPUCommandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer}
  */
-export interface ICopyBufferToBuffer extends Omit
+export interface IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer
 {
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
+
     /**
      * 源缓冲区。
      */
-    source: IBuffer,
+    source: IGPUBuffer,
     /**
      * 默认为0。
      */
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@ export interface ICopyBufferToBuffer extends Omit
+export interface IGPUImageCopyTexture
 {
     /**
      * Texture to copy to/from.
      */
     texture: IGPUTexture;
-}
+    /**
+     * Mip-map level of the {@link GPUImageCopyTexture#texture} to copy to/from.
+     */
+    mipLevel?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;
+    /**
+     * Defines the origin of the copy - the minimum corner of the texture sub-region to copy to/from.
+     * Together with `copySize`, defines the full copy sub-region.
+     */
+    origin?: GPUOrigin3D;
+    /**
+     * Defines which aspects of the {@link GPUImageCopyTexture#texture} to copy to/from.
+     */
+    aspect?: GPUTextureAspect;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUExternalTexture.ts b/src/data/IGPUExternalTexture.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..234bc6d82a6f5b9c2e093d3bada32e628ca17666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUExternalTexture.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * 外部纹理。
+ *
+ * @see GPUExternalTexture
+ * @see GPUExternalTextureDescriptor
+ * @see GPUDevice.importExternalTexture
+ */
+export interface IGPUExternalTexture
+{
+    /**
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
+     */
+    readonly label?: string;
+
+    /**
+     * The video source to import the external texture from. Source size is determined as described
+     * by the external source dimensions table.
+     */
+    readonly source:
+    | HTMLVideoElement
+    | VideoFrame;
+
+    /**
+     * The color space the image contents of {@link GPUExternalTextureDescriptor#source} will be
+     * converted into when reading.
+     */
+    readonly colorSpace?: PredefinedColorSpace;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUOcclusionQuery.ts b/src/data/IGPUOcclusionQuery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1282b3335763ba2e23be4a7268fd8e36a0fe0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUOcclusionQuery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { IGPURenderObject } from "./IGPURenderObject";
+
+/**
+ * 被查询的渲染对象列表
+ */
+export interface IGPUOcclusionQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPUOcclusionQuery";
+
+    /**
+     * GPU渲染对象列表。
+     */
+    renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[];
+
+    /**
+     * 执行过程中由引擎自动填充
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    _queryIndex?: GPUSize32;
+
+    /**
+     * 渲染完成后由引擎自动填充。
+     */
+    result?: boolean;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUReadPixels.ts b/src/data/IGPUReadPixels.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01d3b45ac73c4a2f8a6cfda2512e2a9204d7a7cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUReadPixels.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { IGPUTexture } from "./IGPUTexture";
+
+/**
+ * 读取GPU纹理像素
+ */
+export interface IGPUReadPixels
+{
+    /**
+     * GPU纹理
+     */
+    texture: IGPUTexture,
+
+    /**
+     * 读取位置。
+     */
+    origin: GPUOrigin3D,
+
+    /**
+     * 读取尺寸
+     */
+    copySize: { width: number, height: number }
+
+    /**
+     * 用于保存最后结果。
+     */
+    result?: Uint8Array;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IGPURenderBundle.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderBundle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c1224dc784791862d4696398340a6caa3b745b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderBundle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { IGPURenderObject } from "./IGPURenderObject";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染捆绑对象。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderBundleEncoder}
+ *
+ * {@link GPUDevice.createRenderBundleEncoder}
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderBundle
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPURenderBundle";
+
+    /**
+     * GPU渲染捆绑编码器描述。
+     */
+    readonly descriptor?: IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor
+
+    /**
+     * GPU渲染对象列表。
+     */
+    renderObjects: readonly IGPURenderObject[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染捆绑编码器描述。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor}
+ *
+ * 'colorFormats' | 'depthStencilFormat' | 'sampleCount' 都将从GPU渲染通道中自动获取。
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor
+{
+    /**
+     * If `true`, indicates that the render bundle does not modify the depth component of the
+     * {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment} of any render pass the render bundle is executed
+     * in.
+     * See read-only depth-stencil.
+     */
+    readonly depthReadOnly?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * If `true`, indicates that the render bundle does not modify the stencil component of the
+     * {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment} of any render pass the render bundle is executed
+     * in.
+     * See read-only depth-stencil.
+     */
+    readonly stencilReadOnly?: boolean;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPURenderObject.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderObject.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bfada1a010aa3b10b90103f544972e80d00126d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderObject.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+import { IGPUBindingResources } from "./IGPUBindingResources";
+import { IGPUVertexAttributes } from "./IGPUVertexAttributes";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染对象，包含一次渲染时包含的所有数据。
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderObject
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type?: "IGPURenderObject";
+
+    /**
+     * GPU渲染管线描述。
+     */
+    readonly pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline;
+
+    /**
+     * 顶点属性数据映射。
+     */
+    readonly vertices?: IGPUVertexAttributes;
+
+    /**
+     * 索引数据。
+     */
+    readonly indices?: Uint16Array | Uint32Array,
+
+    /**
+     * 绑定资源。包含数值、纹理、采样、外部纹理。
+     */
+    readonly bindingResources?: IGPUBindingResources;
+
+    /**
+     * 绘制图元相关参数。
+     */
+    readonly draw?: IGPUDraw;
+
+    /**
+     * 根据索引数据绘制图元相关参数。
+     */
+    readonly drawIndexed?: IGPUDrawIndexed;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 根据索引数据绘制图元相关参数。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin.drawIndexed}
+ */
+export interface IGPUDrawIndexed
+{
+    /**
+     * The number of indices to draw.
+     */
+    readonly indexCount: number;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of instances to draw.
+     */
+    readonly instanceCount?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Offset into the index buffer, in indices, begin drawing from.
+     */
+    readonly firstIndex?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Added to each index value before indexing into the vertex buffers.
+     */
+    readonly baseVertex?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * First instance to draw.
+     */
+    readonly firstInstance?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Draws primitives.
+ *
+ * 绘制图元相关参数。
+ *
+ * @see GPURenderCommandsMixin.draw
+ */
+export interface IGPUDraw
+{
+    /**
+     * The number of vertices to draw.
+     */
+    readonly vertexCount: number;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of instances to draw.
+     */
+    readonly instanceCount?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Offset into the vertex buffers, in vertices, to begin drawing from.
+     */
+    readonly firstVertex?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * First instance to draw.
+     */
+    readonly firstInstance?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染管线描述。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPipelineDescriptor}
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderPipeline
+{
+    /**
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
+     */
+    readonly label?: string;
+
+    /**
+     * Describes the primitive-related properties of the pipeline.
+     */
+    readonly primitive?: IGPUPrimitiveState;
+
+    /**
+     * 描述顶点着色器源码入口点以及顶点属性缓冲区布局。
+     */
+    readonly vertex: IGPUVertexState;
+
+    /**
+     * 片段着色器阶段描述。
+     */
+    readonly fragment?: IGPUFragmentState;
+
+    /**
+     * 深度模板阶段描述。
+     */
+    readonly depthStencil?: IGPUDepthStencilState;
+
+    /**
+     * 多重采样阶段描述。
+     */
+    readonly multisample?: IGPUMultisampleState;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 深度模板阶段描述。
+ *
+ * `format` 将从深度附件 {@link IGPURenderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment} 纹理上获取。
+ *
+ * {@link GPUDepthStencilState}
+ */
+export interface IGPUDepthStencilState
+{
+    /**
+     * Indicates if this {@link GPURenderPipeline} can modify
+     * {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} depth values.
+     *
+     * 默认为 `true` 。
+     */
+    readonly depthWriteEnabled?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * The comparison operation used to test fragment depths against
+     * {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} depth values.
+     *
+     * 默认 `'less'` 。
+     */
+    readonly depthCompare?: GPUCompareFunction;
+
+    /**
+     * Defines how stencil comparisons and operations are performed for front-facing primitives.
+     */
+    readonly stencilFront?: IGPUStencilFaceState;
+    /**
+     * Defines how stencil comparisons and operations are performed for back-facing primitives.
+     */
+    readonly stencilBack?: IGPUStencilFaceState;
+    /**
+     * Bitmask controlling which {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} stencil value
+     * bits are read when performing stencil comparison tests.
+     */
+    readonly stencilReadMask?: GPUStencilValue;
+    /**
+     * Bitmask controlling which {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} stencil value
+     * bits are written to when performing stencil operations.
+     */
+    readonly stencilWriteMask?: GPUStencilValue;
+    /**
+     * Constant depth bias added to each triangle fragment. See [$biased fragment depth$] for details.
+     */
+    readonly depthBias?: GPUDepthBias;
+    /**
+     * Depth bias that scales with the triangle fragment’s slope. See [$biased fragment depth$] for details.
+     */
+    readonly depthBiasSlopeScale?: number;
+    /**
+     * The maximum depth bias of a triangle fragment. See [$biased fragment depth$] for details.
+     */
+    readonly depthBiasClamp?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * {@link GPUStencilFaceState}
+ */
+export interface IGPUStencilFaceState
+{
+    /**
+     * The {@link GPUCompareFunction} used when testing the {@link RenderState#[[stencilReference]]} value
+     * against the fragment's {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} stencil values.
+     */
+    readonly compare?: GPUCompareFunction;
+    /**
+     * The {@link GPUStencilOperation} performed if the fragment stencil comparison test described by
+     * {@link GPUStencilFaceState#compare} fails.
+     */
+    readonly failOp?: GPUStencilOperation;
+    /**
+     * The {@link GPUStencilOperation} performed if the fragment depth comparison described by
+     * {@link GPUDepthStencilState#depthCompare} fails.
+     */
+    readonly depthFailOp?: GPUStencilOperation;
+    /**
+     * The {@link GPUStencilOperation} performed if the fragment stencil comparison test described by
+     * {@link GPUStencilFaceState#compare} passes.
+     */
+    readonly passOp?: GPUStencilOperation;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 多重采样阶段描述。
+ *
+ * 多重采样次数将由 {@link IGPURenderPassDescriptor.multisample} 覆盖。
+ */
+export interface IGPUMultisampleState
+{
+    /**
+     * Mask determining which samples are written to.
+     */
+    readonly mask?: GPUSampleMask;
+
+    /**
+     * When `true` indicates that a fragment's alpha channel should be used to generate a sample
+     * coverage mask.
+     */
+    readonly alphaToCoverageEnabled?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * {@link GPUPrimitiveState}
+ */
+export interface IGPUPrimitiveState
+{
+    /**
+     * The type of primitive to be constructed from the vertex inputs.
+     *
+     * WebGPU 默认 `"triangle-list"` ,默认每三个顶点绘制一个三角形。
+     */
+    readonly topology?: GPUPrimitiveTopology;
+
+    /**
+     * Defines which polygon orientation will be culled, if any.
+     *
+     * WebGPU 默认 `"none"` ,不进行剔除。
+     */
+    readonly cullMode?: GPUCullMode;
+
+    /**
+     * For pipelines with strip topologies
+     * ({@link GPUPrimitiveTopology#"line-strip"} or {@link GPUPrimitiveTopology#"triangle-strip"}),
+     * this determines the index buffer format and primitive restart value
+     * ({@link GPUIndexFormat#"uint16"}/`0xFFFF` or {@link GPUIndexFormat#"uint32"}/`0xFFFFFFFF`).
+     * It is not allowed on pipelines with non-strip topologies.
+     * Note: Some implementations require knowledge of the primitive restart value to compile
+     * pipeline state objects.
+     * To use a strip-topology pipeline with an indexed draw call
+     * ({@link GPURenderCommandsMixin#drawIndexed()} or {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin#drawIndexedIndirect}),
+     * this must be set, and it must match the index buffer format used with the draw call
+     * (set in {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin#setIndexBuffer}).
+     * See [[#primitive-assembly]] for additional details.
+     */
+    readonly stripIndexFormat?: GPUIndexFormat;
+    /**
+     * Defines which polygons are considered front-facing.
+     */
+    readonly frontFace?: GPUFrontFace;
+    /**
+     * If true, indicates that depth clipping is disabled.
+     * Requires the {@link GPUFeatureName#"depth-clip-control"} feature to be enabled.
+     */
+    readonly unclippedDepth?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * GPU顶点程序阶段。
+ *
+ * 描述顶点着色器源码入口点以及顶点属性缓冲区布局。
+ *
+ * `buffers` 顶点属性缓冲区布局将由给出顶点数据自动生成。
+ *
+ * @see GPUVertexState
+ */
+export interface IGPUVertexState
+{
+    /**
+     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
+     */
+    readonly code: string;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
+     * perform its work.
+     *
+     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
+     */
+    readonly entryPoint?: string;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the values of pipeline-overridable constants in the shader module
+     * {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module}.
+     * Each such pipeline-overridable constant is uniquely identified by a single
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string, representing the pipeline
+     * constant ID of the constant if its declaration specifies one, and otherwise the
+     * constant's identifier name.
+     * The key of each key-value pair must equal the
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string|identifier string
+     * of one such constant, with the comparison performed
+     * according to the rules for WGSL identifier comparison.
+     * When the pipeline is executed, that constant will have the specified value.
+     * Values are specified as GPUPipelineConstantValue, which is a {@link double}.
+     * They are converted [$to WGSL type$] of the pipeline-overridable constant (`bool`/`i32`/`u32`/`f32`/`f16`).
+     * If conversion fails, a validation error is generated.
+     */
+    readonly constants?: Readonly>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * GPU片元程序阶段。
+ *
+ * {@link GPUFragmentState}
+ */
+export interface IGPUFragmentState
+{
+    /**
+     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
+     */
+    readonly code: string;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
+     * perform its work.
+     *
+     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
+     */
+    readonly entryPoint?: string;
+
+    /**
+     * A list of {@link GPUColorTargetState} defining the formats and behaviors of the color targets
+     * this pipeline writes to.
+     */
+    readonly targets?: readonly IGPUColorTargetState[];
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the values of pipeline-overridable constants in the shader module
+     * {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module}.
+     * Each such pipeline-overridable constant is uniquely identified by a single
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string, representing the pipeline
+     * constant ID of the constant if its declaration specifies one, and otherwise the
+     * constant's identifier name.
+     * The key of each key-value pair must equal the
+     * pipeline-overridable constant identifier string|identifier string
+     * of one such constant, with the comparison performed
+     * according to the rules for WGSL identifier comparison.
+     * When the pipeline is executed, that constant will have the specified value.
+     * Values are specified as GPUPipelineConstantValue, which is a {@link double}.
+     * They are converted [$to WGSL type$] of the pipeline-overridable constant (`bool`/`i32`/`u32`/`f32`/`f16`).
+     * If conversion fails, a validation error is generated.
+     */
+    readonly constants?: Readonly>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 属性 `format` 将由渲染通道中附件给出。
+ */
+export interface IGPUColorTargetState
+{
+    /**
+     * The blending behavior for this color target. If left undefined, disables blending for this
+     * color target.
+     */
+    readonly blend?: IGPUBlendState;
+
+    /**
+     * Bitmask controlling which channels are are written to when drawing to this color target.
+     */
+    readonly writeMask?: GPUColorWriteFlags;
+}
+
+export interface IGPUBlendState
+{
+    /**
+     * Defines the blending behavior of the corresponding render target for color channels.
+     */
+    readonly color: IGPUBlendComponent;
+    /**
+     * Defines the blending behavior of the corresponding render target for the alpha channel.
+     */
+    readonly alpha: IGPUBlendComponent;
+}
+
+export interface IGPUBlendComponent
+{
+    /**
+     * Defines the {@link GPUBlendOperation} used to calculate the values written to the target
+     * attachment components.
+     */
+    readonly operation?: GPUBlendOperation;
+    /**
+     * Defines the {@link GPUBlendFactor} operation to be performed on values from the fragment shader.
+     */
+    readonly srcFactor?: GPUBlendFactor;
+    /**
+     * Defines the {@link GPUBlendFactor} operation to be performed on values from the target attachment.
+     */
+    readonly dstFactor?: GPUBlendFactor;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IGPURenderPass.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderPass.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9a31071765f1833032835264a9fa07d96e1507b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderPass.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { IGPUBlendConstant } from "./IGPUBlendConstant";
+import { IGPUOcclusionQuery } from "./IGPUOcclusionQuery";
+import { IGPURenderBundle } from "./IGPURenderBundle";
+import { IGPURenderObject } from "./IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "./IGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+import { IGPUScissorRect } from "./IGPUScissorRect";
+import { IGPUStencilReference } from "./IGPUStencilReference";
+import { IGPUTimestampQuery } from "./IGPUTimestampQuery";
+import { IGPUViewport } from "./IGPUViewport";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染通道编码器。
+ *
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/GPURenderPassEncoder
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder}
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderPass
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type?: "IGPURenderPass";
+
+    /**
+     * 渲染通道描述。
+     */
+    readonly descriptor: IGPURenderPassDescriptor;
+
+    /**
+     * 渲染对象列表
+     */
+    renderObjects?: readonly IGPURenderPassObject[];
+
+    /**
+     * 渲染不被遮挡查询结果。具体数据保存在各子项的"result"属性中。
+     *
+     * 当提交WebGPU后自动获取结果后填充该属性。
+     */
+    occlusionQueryResults?: IGPUOcclusionQuery[];
+
+    /**
+     * 查询通道运行消耗时长（单位为纳秒）。
+     *
+     * 如果需要查询通道运行消耗时长，需要为该属性赋值，如 `pass.timestampQuery = {};`。WebGPU渲染完成后引擎自动填充结果到属性`elapsedNs`。
+     */
+    timestampQuery?: IGPUTimestampQuery;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 渲染通道中的执行项。
+ */
+export type IGPURenderPassObject = (IGPURenderObject | IGPUViewport | IGPUScissorRect | IGPURenderBundle | IGPUOcclusionQuery | IGPUBlendConstant | IGPUStencilReference);
diff --git a/src/data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdf87f9ca9c96e1b519d28e3b13ab16f8a571d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "./IGPUTextureView";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染通道颜色附件。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment}
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderPassColorAttachment
+{
+    /**
+     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to for this
+     * color attachment.
+     */
+    readonly view: IGPUTextureView;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the depth slice index of {@link GPUTextureViewDimension#"3d"} {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view}
+     * that will be output to for this color attachment.
+     */
+    readonly depthSlice?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the value to clear {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} to prior to executing the
+     * render pass. If not map/exist|provided, defaults to `{r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0}`. Ignored
+     * if {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#loadOp} is not {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"}.
+     * The components of {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#clearValue} are all double values.
+     * They are converted [$to a texel value of texture format$] matching the render attachment.
+     * If conversion fails, a validation error is generated.
+     *
+     * 默认 `[0, 0, 0, 0]` 。
+     */
+    readonly clearValue?: GPUColor;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the load operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} prior to
+     * executing the render pass.
+     * Note: It is recommended to prefer clearing; see {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"} for details.
+     *
+     * 默认 `"clear"` 。
+    */
+    readonly loadOp?: GPULoadOp;
+
+    /**
+     * The store operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view}
+     * after executing the render pass.
+     *
+      * 默认 `"store"` 。
+      */
+    readonly storeOp?: GPUStoreOp;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8169ced2637268698b399530b450ff13fc1e3f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "./IGPUTextureView";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染通道深度模板附件。
+ *
+ * @see GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment
+ */
+export interface IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment
+{
+    /**
+     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to
+     * and read from for this depth/stencil attachment.
+     *
+     * 当值为空时，将自动从颜色附件中获取尺寸来创建深度纹理。
+     */
+    readonly view?: IGPUTextureView;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the value to clear {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s depth component
+     * to prior to executing the render pass. Ignored if {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#depthLoadOp}
+     * is not {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"}. Must be between 0.0 and 1.0, inclusive.
+     * 
+     */
+    readonly depthClearValue?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the load operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s
+     * depth component prior to executing the render pass.
+     * Note: It is recommended to prefer clearing; see {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"} for details.
+     */
+    readonly depthLoadOp?: GPULoadOp;
+
+    /**
+     * The store operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s
+     * depth component after executing the render pass.
+     */
+    readonly depthStoreOp?: GPUStoreOp;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the depth component of {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}
+     * is read only.
+     */
+    readonly depthReadOnly?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the value to clear {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s stencil component
+     * to prior to executing the render pass. Ignored if {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#stencilLoadOp}
+     * is not {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"}.
+     * The value will be converted to the type of the stencil aspect of `view` by taking the same
+     * number of LSBs as the number of bits in the stencil aspect of one texel block|texel of `view`.
+     */
+    readonly stencilClearValue?: GPUStencilValue;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the load operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s
+     * stencil component prior to executing the render pass.
+     * Note: It is recommended to prefer clearing; see {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"} for details.
+     */
+    readonly stencilLoadOp?: GPULoadOp;
+
+    /**
+     * The store operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}'s
+     * stencil component after executing the render pass.
+     */
+    readonly stencilStoreOp?: GPUStoreOp;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the stencil component of {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment#view}
+     * is read only.
+     */
+    readonly stencilReadOnly?: boolean;
+}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder.ts b/src/data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
similarity index 32%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder.ts
rename to src/data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
index 0426d9d96f96fcd6a6046b835893c547f027738d..522f52be8455b482ecba6554284a44614ce42941 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
@@ -1,33 +1,12 @@
-import { IGPURenderBundleObject } from "./IGPURenderBundleObject";
-import { IGPURenderObject } from "./IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "./IGPUTextureView";
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染通道编码器。
- *
- * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/GPURenderPassEncoder
- *
- * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder}
- */
-export interface IGPURenderPassEncoder
-{
-    /**
-     * 渲染通道描述。
-     */
-    renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor;
-
-    /**
-     * 渲染对象列表
-     */
-    renderObjects: (IGPURenderObject | IGPURenderBundleObject)[];
-}
+import { IGPURenderPassColorAttachment } from "./IGPURenderPassColorAttachment";
+import { IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment } from "./IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment";
 
 /**
  * 渲染通道描述。
  *
  * {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor}
  */
-export interface IGPURenderPassDescriptor extends Omit
+export interface IGPURenderPassDescriptor extends Omit
 {
     /**
      * The set of {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment} values in this sequence defines which
@@ -35,53 +14,29 @@ export interface IGPURenderPassDescriptor extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to for this
-     * color attachment.
-     */
-    view: IGPUTextureView;
-
-    /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will receive the resolved
-     * output for this color attachment if {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} is
-     * multisampled.
-     */
-    resolveTarget?: IGPUTextureView;
-}
+    readonly depthStencilAttachment?: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment;
 
-/**
- * GPU渲染通道深度模板附件。
- *
- * @see GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment
- */
-export interface IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment extends Omit
-{
     /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to
-     * and read from for this depth/stencil attachment.
+     * 是否开启多重采样。WebGPU貌似只支持4重采样。如果在颜色附件中没有给出支持多重采样的纹理时则引擎将会自动为其添加。
      */
-    view: IGPUTextureView;
+    readonly multisample?: 4;
 
     /**
-     * 接收多重采样结果的纹理视图。
+     * 附件尺寸。
+     *
+     * 默认从第一个有效附件纹理中获取尺寸。
+     *
+     * 该值被修改后将会改变所有附件的尺寸，并释放附件上过时的GPU纹理资源。
      */
-    resolveTarget?: IGPUTextureView;
+     attachmentSize?: { width: number, height: number };
 }
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUSampler.ts b/src/data/IGPUSampler.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8032bae305b2a43d1a7448140e7319120cf6bb0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUSampler.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * GPU采样器描述。
+ *
+ * {@link GPUSampler}
+ *
+ * {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor}
+ */
+export interface IGPUSampler
+{
+    /**
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
+     */
+    readonly label?: string;
+
+    /**
+     */
+    addressModeU?: GPUAddressMode;
+    /**
+     */
+    addressModeV?: GPUAddressMode;
+    /**
+     * Specifies the {{GPUAddressMode|address modes}} for the texture width, height, and depth
+     * coordinates, respectively.
+     */
+    addressModeW?: GPUAddressMode;
+    /**
+     * Specifies the sampling behavior when the sampled area is smaller than or equal to one
+     * texel.
+     */
+    magFilter?: GPUFilterMode;
+    /**
+     * Specifies the sampling behavior when the sampled area is larger than one texel.
+     */
+    minFilter?: GPUFilterMode;
+    /**
+     * Specifies behavior for sampling between mipmap levels.
+     */
+    mipmapFilter?: GPUMipmapFilterMode;
+    /**
+     */
+    lodMinClamp?: number;
+    /**
+     * Specifies the minimum and maximum levels of detail, respectively, used internally when
+     * sampling a texture.
+     */
+    lodMaxClamp?: number;
+    /**
+     * When provided the sampler will be a comparison sampler with the specified
+     * {@link GPUCompareFunction}.
+     * Note: Comparison samplers may use filtering, but the sampling results will be
+     * implementation-dependent and may differ from the normal filtering rules.
+     */
+    compare?: GPUCompareFunction;
+    /**
+     * Specifies the maximum anisotropy value clamp used by the sampler. Anisotropic filtering is
+     * enabled when {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor#maxAnisotropy} is > 1 and the implementation supports it.
+     * Anisotropic filtering improves the image quality of textures sampled at oblique viewing
+     * angles. Higher {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor#maxAnisotropy} values indicate the maximum ratio of
+     * anisotropy supported when filtering.
+     * 

+     * Most implementations support {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor#maxAnisotropy} values in range
+     * between 1 and 16, inclusive. The used value of {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor#maxAnisotropy}
+     * will be clamped to the maximum value that the platform supports.
+     * The precise filtering behavior is implementation-dependent.
+     * 

+     */
+    maxAnisotropy?: number;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUScissorRect.ts b/src/data/IGPUScissorRect.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26ef29b7362da638232a879ea32da9d645727d14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUScissorRect.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * Sets the scissor rectangle used during the rasterization stage. After transformation into viewport coordinates any fragments which fall outside the scissor rectangle will be discarded.
+ *
+ * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setScissorRect}
+ */
+export interface IGPUScissorRect
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPUScissorRect";
+
+    /**
+     * 数据是否来着WebGL。
+     *
+     * WebGL以左下角为起始点，WebGPU以左上角为起点。
+     */
+    readonly fromWebGL?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum X value of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly x: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum Y value of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly y: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
+
+    /**
+     * Width of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly width: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
+
+    /**
+     * Height of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly height: GPUIntegerCoordinate
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUStencilReference.ts b/src/data/IGPUStencilReference.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ee7878db2e2830afd0702d474b0b6dff9110fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUStencilReference.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * Sets the {@link RenderState#[[stencilReference]]} value used during stencil tests with
+ * the {@link GPUStencilOperation#"replace"} {@link GPUStencilOperation}.
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setStencilReference}
+ */
+export interface IGPUStencilReference
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPUStencilReference";
+
+    /**
+     * The new stencil reference value.
+     */
+    readonly reference: GPUStencilValue;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSubmit.ts b/src/data/IGPUSubmit.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSubmit.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUSubmit.ts
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture.ts b/src/data/IGPUTexture.ts
similarity index 31%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUTexture.ts
index 363604874cf0710dbf3690ffc919c4aae2b13367..1990fdd13bd5e9d496cdca1aa5516311f8af7646 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUTexture.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,13 @@ export type IGPUTextureSize = [width: number, height?: number, depthOrArrayLayer
 /**
  * @see GPUTextureDescriptor
  */
-export interface IGPUTextureBase extends GPUTextureDescriptor
+export interface IGPUTextureBase
 {
+    /**
+     * The initial value of {@link GPUObjectBase#label|GPUObjectBase.label}.
+     */
+    readonly label?: string;
+
     /**
      * The width, height, and depth or layer count of the texture.
      */
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ export interface IGPUTextureBase extends GPUTextureDescriptor
      *
      * @see GPUQueue.copyExternalImageToTexture
      */
-    source?: IGPUCopyExternalImageToTexture[];
+    source?: IGPUTextureImageSource[];
 
     /**
      * 是否生成 mipmap。
@@ -37,6 +42,51 @@ export interface IGPUTextureBase extends GPUTextureDescriptor
      * @see GPUQueue.writeTexture
      */
     writeTextures?: IGPUWriteTexture[];
+
+    /**
+     * The number of mip levels the texture will contain.
+     */
+    mipLevelCount?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;
+    /**
+     * The sample count of the texture. A {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#sampleCount} > `1` indicates
+     * a multisampled texture.
+     */
+    sampleCount?: GPUSize32;
+    /**
+     * Whether the texture is one-dimensional, an array of two-dimensional layers, or three-dimensional.
+     */
+    dimension?: GPUTextureDimension;
+    /**
+     * The format of the texture.
+     */
+    format: GPUTextureFormat;
+    /**
+     * The allowed usages for the texture.
+     */
+    usage: GPUTextureUsageFlags;
+    /**
+     * Specifies what view {@link GPUTextureViewDescriptor#format} values will be allowed when calling
+     * {@link GPUTexture#createView} on this texture (in addition to the texture's actual
+     * {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#format}).
+     * 

+     * Adding a format to this list may have a significant performance impact, so it is best
+     * to avoid adding formats unnecessarily.
+     * The actual performance impact is highly dependent on the target system; developers must
+     * test various systems to find out the impact on their particular application.
+     * For example, on some systems any texture with a {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#format} or
+     * {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#viewFormats} entry including
+     * {@link GPUTextureFormat#"rgba8unorm-srgb"} will perform less optimally than a
+     * {@link GPUTextureFormat#"rgba8unorm"} texture which does not.
+     * Similar caveats exist for other formats and pairs of formats on other systems.
+     * 

+     * Formats in this list must be texture view format compatible with the texture format.
+     * 

+     * Two {@link GPUTextureFormat}s `format` and `viewFormat` are texture view format compatible if:
+     * - `format` equals `viewFormat`, or
+     * - `format` and `viewFormat` differ only in whether they are `srgb` formats (have the `-srgb` suffix).
+     * 

+     */
+    viewFormats?: Iterable;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -44,23 +94,50 @@ export interface IGPUTextureBase extends GPUTextureDescriptor
  *
  * @see GPUQueue.writeTexture
  */
-export type IGPUWriteTexture = [destination: IGImageCopyTexture, data: BufferSource | SharedArrayBuffer, dataLayout: GPUImageDataLayout, size: GPUExtent3DStrict];
+export interface IGPUWriteTexture
+{
+    destination?: IGPUWriteTextureDestination,
+    data: BufferSource | SharedArrayBuffer,
+    dataLayout: GPUImageDataLayout,
+    size: GPUExtent3DStrict
+}
 
-export interface IGPUCopyExternalImageToTexture
+export interface IGPUTextureImageSource
 {
     source: GPUImageCopyExternalImage,
-    destination: IGPUImageCopyTextureTagged,
+    destination: IGPUTextureSourceDestination,
     copySize: GPUExtent3DStrict
 }
 
-export interface IGPUImageCopyTextureTagged extends Omit
+export interface IGPUTextureSourceDestination extends IGPUWriteTextureDestination
 {
+    /**
+     * Describes the color space and encoding used to encode data into the destination texture.
+     * This [[#color-space-conversions|may result]] in values outside of the range [0, 1]
+     * being written to the target texture, if its format can represent them.
+     * Otherwise, the results are clamped to the target texture format's range.
+     * Note:
+     * If {@link GPUImageCopyTextureTagged#colorSpace} matches the source image,
+     * conversion may not be necessary. See [[#color-space-conversion-elision]].
+     */
+    colorSpace?: PredefinedColorSpace;
+    /**
+     * Describes whether the data written into the texture should have its RGB channels
+     * premultiplied by the alpha channel, or not.
+     * If this option is set to `true` and the {@link GPUImageCopyExternalImage#source} is also
+     * premultiplied, the source RGB values must be preserved even if they exceed their
+     * corresponding alpha values.
+     * Note:
+     * If {@link GPUImageCopyTextureTagged#premultipliedAlpha} matches the source image,
+     * conversion may not be necessary. See [[#color-space-conversion-elision]].
+     */
+    premultipliedAlpha?: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
  * @see GPUImageCopyTexture
  */
-export interface IGImageCopyTexture
+export interface IGPUWriteTextureDestination
 {
     /**
      * Mip-map level of the {@link GPUImageCopyTexture#texture} to copy to/from.
@@ -95,10 +172,10 @@ export interface IGPUCanvasContext
     /**
      * 画布id
      */
-    canvasId: string;
+    readonly canvasId: string;
 
     /**
-     * 画布配置。
+     * 画布配置。默认有引擎自动设置。
      */
-    configuration: IGPUCanvasConfiguration;
+    configuration?: IGPUCanvasConfiguration;
 }
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView.ts b/src/data/IGPUTextureView.ts
similarity index 88%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUTextureView.ts
index 6374ee3479cc0476570110a362ec80cffb83e115..4fb7eb64bfd988c73873f6722444a97abf008f66 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUTextureView.ts
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ export interface IGPUTextureView extends GPUTextureViewDescriptor
     /**
      * 产生视图的纹理。
      */
-    texture: IGPUTexture;
+    readonly texture: IGPUTexture;
 }
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUTimestampQuery.ts b/src/data/IGPUTimestampQuery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7e871835aa599c226c6a47ac4a22f9927682f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUTimestampQuery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * 查询通道运行消耗时长（单位为纳秒）。
+ */
+export interface IGPUTimestampQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * （单位为纳秒）
+     */
+    elapsedNs?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * 当前WebGPU是否支持该特性。
+     */
+    isSupports?: boolean;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IVertexAttributes.ts b/src/data/IGPUVertexAttributes.ts
similarity index 39%
rename from src/data/IVertexAttributes.ts
rename to src/data/IGPUVertexAttributes.ts
index 7236a4059399d23680d38734c0a8f0711b34864c..eb905a18f87dfb3ff8562be8890063c64c466385 100644
--- a/src/data/IVertexAttributes.ts
+++ b/src/data/IGPUVertexAttributes.ts
@@ -1,37 +1,39 @@
-import { IBuffer } from "./IBuffer";
-
 /**
  * 顶点属性数据映射。
  */
-export interface IVertexAttributes
+export interface IGPUVertexAttributes
 {
-    [name: string]: IVertexAttribute;
+    [name: string]: IGPUVertexAttribute;
 }
 
 /**
  * 顶点属性数据。
  */
-export interface IVertexAttribute
+export interface IGPUVertexAttribute
 {
     /**
      * 顶点数据。
      */
-    buffer: IBuffer;
+    data: IGPUVertexAttributeDataType;
 
     /**
-     * 顶点数据元素数量。
+     * 顶点数据格式。
+     *
+     * 由于提供的数据并不一定与着色器中格式一直，因此必须提供与着色器中兼容的数据格式。
      */
-    numComponents?: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4;
+    readonly format: GPUVertexFormat;
 
     /**
      * 所在顶点数据中的偏移字节数。
      */
-    offset?: number;
+    readonly offset?: number;
 
     /**
+     * The stride, in bytes, between elements of this array.
+     *
      * {@link GPUVertexBufferLayout.arrayStride}
      */
-    vertexSize?: number;
+    readonly arrayStride?: number;
 
     /**
      * Whether each element of this array represents per-vertex data or per-instance data
@@ -40,10 +42,14 @@ export interface IVertexAttribute
      *
      * 默认 `"vertex"` 。
      */
-    stepMode?: GPUVertexStepMode;
-
-    /**
-     * GPU顶点数据格式。默认由 着色器反射获得。
-     */
-    format?: GPUVertexFormat;
+    readonly stepMode?: GPUVertexStepMode;
 }
+
+export type IGPUVertexAttributeDataType = | Float32Array
+    | Uint32Array
+    | Int32Array
+    | Uint16Array
+    | Int16Array
+    | Uint8ClampedArray
+    | Uint8Array
+    | Int8Array;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/IGPUViewport.ts b/src/data/IGPUViewport.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..835d7b44dd63b470a5126662b6504ae81aa26211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/IGPUViewport.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Sets the viewport used during the rasterization stage to linearly map from NDC|normalized device coordinates to viewport coordinates.
+ *
+ * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setViewport}
+ */
+export interface IGPUViewport
+{
+    /**
+     * 数据类型。
+     */
+    readonly __type: "IGPUViewport";
+
+    /**
+     * 数据是否来着WebGL。
+     *
+     * WebGL以左下角为起始点，WebGPU以左上角为起点。
+     */
+    readonly fromWebGL?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum X value of the viewport in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly x: number,
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum Y value of the viewport in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly y: number,
+
+    /**
+     * Width of the viewport in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly width: number,
+
+    /**
+     * Height of the viewport in pixels.
+     */
+    readonly height: number,
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum depth value of the viewport.
+     */
+    readonly minDepth: number,
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum depth value of the viewport.
+     */
+    readonly maxDepth: number
+}
diff --git a/src/data/IRenderBundleObject.ts b/src/data/IRenderBundleObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 925b4b0ea5abbb734743e4412ab8b556dbab00bd..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IRenderBundleObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor, IGPURenderBundleObject } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderBundleObject";
-import { IRenderObject } from "./IRenderObject";
-
-export interface IRenderBundleObject extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * GPU渲染捆绑编码器描述。
-     */
-    renderBundle?: IRenderBundleEncoderDescriptor;
-
-    /**
-     * 渲染对象。
-     */
-    renderObjects: IRenderObject[];
-}
-
-/**
- * 'colorFormats' | 'depthStencilFormat' | 'sampleCount' 都将从GPU渲染通道中自动获取。
- */
-export interface IRenderBundleEncoderDescriptor extends Omit
-{
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IRenderObject.ts b/src/data/IRenderObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7339779122c0eba194b536d4a371d71c770a2537..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IRenderObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderObject } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IBindingResources } from "./IBindingResources";
-import { IRenderPipeline } from "./IRenderPipeline";
-import { IVertexAttributes } from "./IVertexAttributes";
-import { IIndexBuffer } from "./IndexBuffer";
-
-/**
- * 可渲染对象。
- */
-export interface IRenderObject extends Omit
-{
-    pipeline: IRenderPipeline;
-
-    /**
-     * 顶点属性数据映射。
-     */
-    vertices?: IVertexAttributes;
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时使用的索引缓冲区。
-     */
-    index?: IIndexBuffer,
-
-    /**
-     * 绑定资源。包含数值、纹理、采样、外部纹理。
-     */
-    bindingResources?: IBindingResources;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IRenderPass.ts b/src/data/IRenderPass.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e84b3a7735ac674f738370d80a30a69a247ac775..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IRenderPass.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderPassColorAttachment, IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment, IGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView";
-import { ITextureView } from "./ITextureView";
-
-/**
- * 渲染通道描述。
- *
- * @see IGPURenderPassDescriptor
- */
-export interface IRenderPass extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The set of {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment} values in this sequence defines which
-     * color attachments will be output to when executing this render pass.
-     * Due to compatible usage list|usage compatibility, no color attachment
-     * may alias another attachment or any resource used inside the render pass.
-     */
-    colorAttachments: IRenderPassColorAttachment[];
-
-    /**
-     * The {@link GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment} value that defines the depth/stencil
-     * attachment that will be output to and tested against when executing this render pass.
-     * Due to compatible usage list|usage compatibility, no writable depth/stencil attachment
-     * may alias another attachment or any resource used inside the render pass.
-     *
-     * 当使用深度附件时，必须设置，使用默认值可设置为 `{}` 。
-     */
-    depthStencilAttachment?: IRenderPassDepthStencilAttachment;
-
-    /**
-     * 是否开启多重采样。WebGPU貌似只支持4重采样。如果在颜色附件中没有给出支持多重采样的纹理时则引擎将会自动为其添加。
-     */
-    multisample?: 4;
-
-    /**
-     * 附件尺寸。
-     *
-     * 默认从第一个有效附件纹理中获取尺寸。
-     *
-     * 该值被修改后将会改变所有附件的尺寸，并释放附件上过时的GPU纹理资源。
-     */
-    attachmentSize?: IAttachmentSize;
-}
-
-/**
- * 附件尺寸。
- */
-export interface IAttachmentSize
-{
-    width: number, height: number
-}
-
-export interface IRenderPassDepthStencilAttachment extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to
-     * and read from for this depth/stencil attachment.
-     *
-     * 当值为空时，将自动从颜色附件中获取尺寸来创建深度纹理。
-     */
-    view?: ITextureView;
-
-    /**
-     * 作为解决多重采样的纹理视图。
-     */
-    resolveTarget?: ITextureView;
-}
-
-/**
- * {@link IGPURenderPassColorAttachment}
- */
-export interface IRenderPassColorAttachment extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will be output to for this
-     * color attachment.
-     */
-    view: ITextureView;
-
-    /**
-     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will receive the resolved
-     * output for this color attachment if {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} is
-     * multisampled.
-     */
-    resolveTarget?: IGPUTextureView;
-
-    /**
-     * Indicates the value to clear {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} to prior to executing the
-     * render pass. If not map/exist|provided, defaults to `{r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0}`. Ignored
-     * if {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#loadOp} is not {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"}.
-     * The components of {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#clearValue} are all double values.
-     * They are converted [$to a texel value of texture format$] matching the render attachment.
-     * If conversion fails, a validation error is generated.
-     *
-     * 默认 `[0, 0, 0, 0]` 。
-     */
-    clearValue?: GPUColor;
-
-    /**
-     * Indicates the load operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} prior to
-     * executing the render pass.
-     * Note: It is recommended to prefer clearing; see {@link GPULoadOp#"clear"} for details.
-     *
-     * 默认 `"clear"` 。
-    */
-    loadOp?: GPULoadOp;
-
-    /**
-     * The store operation to perform on {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view}
-     * after executing the render pass.
-     *
-      * 默认 `"store"` 。
-      */
-    storeOp?: GPUStoreOp;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IRenderPassEncoder.ts b/src/data/IRenderPassEncoder.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c99a65f60f83730a2bbe12d709c764ad6c28623f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IRenderPassEncoder.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { IRenderBundleObject } from "./IRenderBundleObject";
-import { IRenderObject } from "./IRenderObject";
-import { IRenderPass } from "./IRenderPass";
-
-export interface IRenderPassEncoder
-{
-    renderPass: IRenderPass,
-
-    renderObjects: (IRenderObject | IRenderBundleObject)[],
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IRenderPipeline.ts b/src/data/IRenderPipeline.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5df366c3bc4eca1a414a3b8314ec1a49ea11d2a1..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IRenderPipeline.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderPipeline, IGPUMultisampleState, IGPUDepthStencilState } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IFragmentState } from "./IFragmentState";
-import { IRenderPass } from "./IRenderPass";
-import { IVertexState } from "./IVertexState";
-
-/**
- * 渲染管线描述。
- *
- * @see IGPURenderPipeline
- */
-export interface IRenderPipeline extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 描述顶点着色器源码入口点以及顶点属性缓冲区布局。
-     */
-    vertex: IVertexState;
-
-    /**
-     * 片段着色器阶段描述。
-     */
-    fragment?: IFragmentState;
-
-    /**
-     * 深度模板阶段描述。
-     */
-    depthStencil?: IDepthStencilState;
-
-    /**
-     * 多重采样阶段描述。
-     */
-    multisample?: IMultisampleState;
-}
-
-/**
- * 多重采样阶段描述。
- *
- * 多重采样次数将由 {@link IRenderPass.multisample} 覆盖。
- */
-export interface IMultisampleState extends Omit
-{
-
-}
-
-/**
- * 深度模板阶段描述。
- *
- * `format` 将从深度附件 {@link IRenderPass.depthStencilAttachment} 纹理上获取。
- */
-export interface IDepthStencilState extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * Indicates if this {@link GPURenderPipeline} can modify
-     * {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} depth values.
-     *
-     * 默认为 `true` 。
-     */
-    depthWriteEnabled?: boolean;
-
-    /**
-     * The comparison operation used to test fragment depths against
-     * {@link GPURenderPassDescriptor#depthStencilAttachment} depth values.
-     *
-     * 默认 `'less'` 。
-     */
-    depthCompare?: GPUCompareFunction;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ISubmit.ts b/src/data/ISubmit.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 32749f73c54fa0f0ad7b663c929195546cb08821..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ISubmit.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUSubmit } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSubmit";
-import { ICommandEncoder } from "./ICommandEncoder";
-
-/**
- * 一次 GPU 提交。
- *
- * @see GPUQueue.submit
- */
-export interface ISubmit extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 命令编码器列表。
-     */
-    commandEncoders: ICommandEncoder[];
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ITexture.ts b/src/data/ITexture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d0e172c359d0b48e97bd47b2b47b07ff5093a3de..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ITexture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUTextureBase } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTexture";
-import { ICanvasContext } from "./ICanvasContext";
-
-/**
- * 纹理
- */
-export type ITexture = ITextureFromContext | ITextureBase;
-
-/**
- * 从画布的WebGPU上下文获取纹理
- */
-export interface ITextureFromContext
-{
-    context: ICanvasContext;
-}
-
-/**
- * WebGPU 纹理描述
- */
-export interface ITextureBase extends IGPUTextureBase
-{
-    /**
-     * Indicates the type required for texture views bound to this binding.
-     *
-     * 当纹理为类似延迟渲染中不允许插值的浮点纹理时设置，设置后将会影响到绑定组的布局以及渲染管线布局。
-     *
-     * {@link GPUTextureBindingLayout.sampleType}
-     */
-    sampleType?: "unfilterable-float";
-}
diff --git a/src/data/ITextureView.ts b/src/data/ITextureView.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f1c6bab8a59c380dc753844f13ad8699a1f8cfe6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/ITextureView.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUTextureView";
-import { ITexture } from "./ITexture";
-
-/**
- * @see IGPUTextureView
- */
-export interface ITextureView extends Omit
-{
-    texture: ITexture;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IVertexState.ts b/src/data/IVertexState.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fc3c3151ae26d7f7397878e81c365530a970321..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IVertexState.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUVertexState } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-
-/**
- * 描述顶点着色器源码入口点以及顶点属性缓冲区布局。
- *
- * 顶点属性缓冲区布局将由给出顶点数据自动生成。
- */
-export interface IVertexState extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The name of the function in {@link GPUProgrammableStage#module} that this stage will use to
-     * perform its work.
-     *
-     * 入口函数可选。默认从着色器中进行反射获取。
-     */
-    entryPoint?: string;
-}
diff --git a/src/data/IndexBuffer.ts b/src/data/IndexBuffer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a62167a1d93b7c0c4235157f88d12c2c9e690e86..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/data/IndexBuffer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUSetIndexBuffer } from "../webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IBuffer } from "./IBuffer";
-
-/**
- * 顶点索引缓冲区。
- */
-export interface IIndexBuffer extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * Buffer containing index data to use for subsequent drawing commands.
-     *
-     * 顶点索引缓冲区，包含提供给后续绘制命令使用的顶点索引数据。
-     */
-    buffer: IBuffer;
-}
diff --git a/src/eventnames.ts b/src/eventnames.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..036ab32eb6cf52164f512d62a7a6d08d7e511a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/eventnames.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/**
+ * WebGPU纹理销毁事件
+ */
+export const GPUTexture_destroy = "GPUTexture_destroy";
+/**
+ * WebGPU纹理视图销毁事件
+ */
+export const GPUTextureView_destroy = "GPUTextureView_destroy";
+
+export const GPUQueue_submit = "GPUQueue_submit";
+
+export const IGPUTexture_resize = "IGPUTexture_resize";
+
+export const IGPUSampler_changed = "IGPUSampler_changed";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index ad6201b01b7d9c38199b0bd31cf29c35a8353392..f3be723f0df362e79f34557dffd5887203e01f03 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,35 @@
 export * from "./WebGPU";
 
-export * from "./data/IBindingResources";
-export * from "./data/IBuffer";
-export * from "./data/ICanvasConfiguration";
-export * from "./data/ICanvasContext";
-export * from "./data/ICommandEncoder";
-export * from "./data/IComputeObject";
-export * from "./data/IComputePassEncoder";
-export * from "./data/ICopyBufferToBuffer";
-export * from "./data/ICopyTextureToTexture";
-export * from "./data/IFragmentState";
-export * from "./data/IRenderBundleObject";
-export * from "./data/IRenderObject";
-export * from "./data/IRenderPass";
-export * from "./data/IRenderPassEncoder";
-export * from "./data/IRenderPipeline";
-export * from "./data/ISubmit";
-export * from "./data/ITexture";
-export * from "./data/ITextureView";
-export * from "./data/IVertexAttributes";
-export * from "./data/IVertexState";
+export * from "./data/IGPUBindingResources";
+export * from "./data/IGPUBuffer";
+export * from "./data/IGPUBufferBinding";
+export * from "./data/IGPUCommandEncoder";
+export * from "./data/IGPUComputeObject";
+export * from "./data/IGPUComputePass";
+export * from "./data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
+export * from "./data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
+export * from "./data/IGPUOcclusionQuery";
+export * from "./data/IGPUReadPixels";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderBundle";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderObject";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderPass";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment";
+export * from "./data/IGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+export * from "./data/IGPUSampler";
+export * from "./data/IGPUSubmit";
+export * from "./data/IGPUTexture";
+export * from "./data/IGPUTextureView";
+export * from "./data/IGPUTimestampQuery";
+export * from "./data/IGPUVertexAttributes";
+
+export * from "./caches/getIGPUBuffer";
+export * from "./types/VertexFormat";
 
 /**
  * 内部
  */
 export * as internal from "./internal";
-
 export * from "./utils/ChainMap";
+export * from "./utils/getOffscreenCanvasId";
 
diff --git a/src/internal.ts b/src/internal.ts
index 8a68a5c6336c6047e37dd2cbba74c5e53059bb97..4e694de71423296929eebc7dfbea77146bf5d20f 100644
--- a/src/internal.ts
+++ b/src/internal.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,4 @@
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUCanvasContext";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUCommandEncoder";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUFragmentState";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPURenderObject";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPURenderPass";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPURenderPassEncoder";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPURenderPipeline";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUSubmit";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUTexture";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUTextureView";
-export * from "./caches/getIGPUVertexState";
+export { getIGPUTextureSize as getGPUTextureSize } from "./caches/getIGPUTextureSize";
+
 export * from "./caches/getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
diff --git a/src/internal/IGPUBindGroupDescriptor.ts b/src/internal/IGPUBindGroupDescriptor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deff54646ec11964d588dabe20a4d7f95c3c0c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/internal/IGPUBindGroupDescriptor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { IGPUBindingResource } from "../data/IGPUBindingResources";
+
+/**
+ * GPU 绑定组。
+ *
+ * @see GPUBindGroupDescriptor
+ * @see GPUDevice.createBindGroup
+ */
+export interface IGPUBindGroupDescriptor extends Omit
+{
+    /**
+     * The {@link IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor} the entries of this bind group will conform to.
+     */
+    layout: GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor;
+
+    /**
+     * A list of entries describing the resources to expose to the shader for each binding
+     * described by the {@link GPUBindGroupDescriptor#layout}.
+     *
+     * {@link GPUBindGroupEntry}
+     */
+    entries: IGPUBindGroupEntry[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * 绑定资源入口，指定资源绑定的位置。
+ *
+ * @see GPUBindGroupEntry
+ */
+export interface IGPUBindGroupEntry extends Omit
+{
+    /**
+     * The resource to bind, which may be a {@link GPUSampler}, {@link GPUTextureView},
+     * {@link GPUExternalTexture}, or {@link GPUBufferBinding}.
+     */
+    resource: IGPUBindingResource;
+}
diff --git a/src/internal/IGPUIndexBuffer.ts b/src/internal/IGPUIndexBuffer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdde7b10793ad6f4bc48d3cdf193e023e7ac3fbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/internal/IGPUIndexBuffer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { IGPUBuffer } from "../data/IGPUBuffer";
+
+/**
+ * GPU渲染时使用的索引缓冲区。
+ *
+ * {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin.setIndexBuffer}
+ */
+export interface IGPUIndexBuffer
+{
+    /**
+     * Buffer containing index data to use for subsequent drawing commands.
+     *
+     * 顶点索引缓冲区，包含提供给后续绘制命令使用的顶点索引数据。
+     */
+    buffer: IGPUBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Format of the index data contained in `buffer`.
+     *
+     * 缓冲区中提供的顶点索引数据格式。
+     */
+    indexFormat: GPUIndexFormat;
+
+    /**
+     * Offset in bytes into `buffer` where the index data begins. Defaults to `0`.
+     *
+     * 索引数据在缓冲区中的起始偏移值。默认为 `0` 。
+     */
+    offset?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Size in bytes of the index data in `buffer`. Defaults to the size of the buffer minus the offset.
+     *
+     * 索引数据在缓冲区中所占字节尺寸。默认为缓冲区尺寸减去起始偏移值。
+     */
+    size?: number;
+}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUPipelineLayout.ts b/src/internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor.ts
similarity index 51%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUPipelineLayout.ts
rename to src/internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor.ts
index 1b77c335738621b1e1fd307519dc832f361d1c51..e6d4427ea563134b6f2cd750b98aad5b49e80990 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUPipelineLayout.ts
+++ b/src/internal/IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor } from "./IGPUBindGroup";
+import { VariableInfo } from "wgsl_reflect";
 
 /**
  * GPU管线布局描述。
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor } from "./IGPUBindGroup";
  *
  * {@link GPUPipelineLayout}
  */
-export interface IGPUPipelineLayout extends Omit
+export interface IGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor extends Omit
 {
     /**
      * A list of {@link GPUBindGroupLayout}s the pipeline will use. Each element corresponds to a
@@ -18,3 +18,14 @@ export interface IGPUPipelineLayout extends Omit
+     */
+    dynamicOffsets?: number[];
+}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts b/src/internal/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts
similarity index 92%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts
rename to src/internal/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts
index 3017d6c77c9c005d2af52542914ff31624ca159b..8e861017a38fab92de0b1fcca8918169db258506 100644
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts
+++ b/src/internal/IGPUVertexBuffer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "./IGPUBuffer";
-
 /**
  * Sets the current vertex buffer for the given slot.
  *
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ export interface IGPUVertexBuffer
      *
      * GPU缓冲区，包含后续绘制命令所包含的顶点数据的
      */
-    buffer: IGPUBuffer;
+    data: ArrayBufferView;
 
     /**
      * Offset in bytes into `buffer` where the vertex data begins. Defaults to `0`.
diff --git a/src/internal/NGPUVertexState.ts b/src/internal/NGPUVertexState.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52ec9ab488464a40e608e004cdc213169f3e4ab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/internal/NGPUVertexState.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import { IGPUVertexState } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+
+export interface NGPUVertexState extends IGPUVertexState
+{
+    /**
+     * A list of {@link GPUVertexBufferLayout}s defining the layout of the vertex attribute data in the
+     * vertex buffers used by this pipeline.
+     *
+     * 自动根据反射信息生成，不用设置。
+     */
+    readonly buffers?: GPUVertexBufferLayout[];
+}
diff --git a/src/internal/getIGPUIndexBuffer.ts b/src/internal/getIGPUIndexBuffer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4214601fe37b185f60a71d36e8d0b3cf62a0c160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/internal/getIGPUIndexBuffer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { getIGPUBuffer } from "../caches/getIGPUBuffer";
+import { IGPUIndexBuffer } from "./IGPUIndexBuffer";
+
+export function getIGPUIndexBuffer(index: Uint16Array | Uint32Array)
+{
+    const indexBuffer: IGPUIndexBuffer = index["_IGPUIndexBuffer"] = index["_IGPUIndexBuffer"] || {
+        buffer: getIGPUBuffer(index),
+        indexFormat: index.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT === 4 ? "uint32" : "uint16",
+        offset: index.byteOffset,
+        size: index.byteLength,
+    };
+
+    (indexBuffer.buffer as any).label = indexBuffer.buffer.label || (`顶点索引 ${autoIndex++}`);
+
+    return indexBuffer;
+}
+let autoIndex = 0;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/internal/internal.ts b/src/internal/internal.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6533504cf608514ca4112d278e6bbe693ebe9490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/internal/internal.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { IGPURenderPassColorAttachment } from "../data/IGPURenderPassColorAttachment";
+import { IGPUTextureView } from "../data/IGPUTextureView";
+
+/**
+ * 内部使用
+ */
+export interface NGPURenderPassColorAttachment extends IGPURenderPassColorAttachment
+{
+    /**
+     * A {@link GPUTextureView} describing the texture subresource that will receive the resolved
+     * output for this color attachment if {@link GPURenderPassColorAttachment#view} is
+     * multisampled.
+     */
+    resolveTarget?: IGPUTextureView;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/runs/RunWebGPU.ts b/src/runs/RunWebGPU.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae4e376a1bb63ee1594449afb77c890e7d03f7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runs/RunWebGPU.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+import { anyEmitter } from "@feng3d/event";
+
+import { getGPUBindGroup } from "../caches/getGPUBindGroup";
+import { getGPUBuffer } from "../caches/getGPUBuffer";
+import { getGPUComputePipeline } from "../caches/getGPUComputePipeline";
+import { getGPURenderOcclusionQuery } from "../caches/getGPURenderOcclusionQuery";
+import { getGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "../caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor";
+import { getGPURenderPassFormat } from "../caches/getGPURenderPassFormat";
+import { getGPURenderPipeline } from "../caches/getGPURenderPipeline";
+import { getGPURenderTimestampQuery } from "../caches/getGPURenderTimestampQuery";
+import { getGPUTexture } from "../caches/getGPUTexture";
+import { getIGPUBuffer } from "../caches/getIGPUBuffer";
+import { getIGPUComputePipeline } from "../caches/getIGPUComputePipeline";
+import { getIGPURenderPipeline } from "../caches/getIGPURenderPipeline";
+import { getIGPUSetBindGroups } from "../caches/getIGPUSetBindGroups";
+import { getRealGPUBindGroup } from "../const";
+import { IGPUBindingResources } from "../data/IGPUBindingResources";
+import { IGPUBlendConstant } from "../data/IGPUBlendConstant";
+import { IGPUCommandEncoder } from "../data/IGPUCommandEncoder";
+import { IGPUComputeObject, IGPUComputePipeline, IGPUWorkgroups } from "../data/IGPUComputeObject";
+import { IGPUComputePass } from "../data/IGPUComputePass";
+import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "../data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
+import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture } from "../data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
+import { IGPUOcclusionQuery } from "../data/IGPUOcclusionQuery";
+import { IGPURenderBundle } from "../data/IGPURenderBundle";
+import { IGPUDraw, IGPUDrawIndexed, IGPURenderObject, IGPURenderPipeline } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPURenderPass, IGPURenderPassObject } from "../data/IGPURenderPass";
+import { IGPUScissorRect } from "../data/IGPUScissorRect";
+import { IGPUStencilReference } from "../data/IGPUStencilReference";
+import { IGPUSubmit } from "../data/IGPUSubmit";
+import { IGPUVertexAttributes } from "../data/IGPUVertexAttributes";
+import { IGPUViewport } from "../data/IGPUViewport";
+import { GPUQueue_submit } from "../eventnames";
+import { getIGPUIndexBuffer } from "../internal/getIGPUIndexBuffer";
+import { IGPURenderPassFormat } from "../internal/IGPURenderPassFormat";
+import { IGPUSetBindGroup } from "../internal/IGPUSetBindGroup";
+import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
+
+export class RunWebGPU
+{
+    runSubmit(device: GPUDevice, submit: IGPUSubmit)
+    {
+        const commandBuffers = submit.commandEncoders.map((v) =>
+        {
+            const commandBuffer = this.runCommandEncoder(device, v);
+
+            return commandBuffer;
+        });
+
+        device.queue.submit(commandBuffers);
+
+        // 派发提交WebGPU事件
+        anyEmitter.emit(device.queue, GPUQueue_submit);
+    }
+
+    protected runCommandEncoder(device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: IGPUCommandEncoder)
+    {
+        const gpuCommandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+
+        commandEncoder.passEncoders.forEach((passEncoder) =>
+        {
+            if (!passEncoder.__type)
+            {
+                this.runRenderPass(device, gpuCommandEncoder, passEncoder as IGPURenderPass);
+            }
+            else if (passEncoder.__type === "IGPURenderPass")
+            {
+                this.runRenderPass(device, gpuCommandEncoder, passEncoder);
+            }
+            else if (passEncoder.__type === "IGPUComputePass")
+            {
+                this.runComputePass(device, gpuCommandEncoder, passEncoder);
+            }
+            else if (passEncoder.__type === "IGPUCopyTextureToTexture")
+            {
+                this.runCopyTextureToTexture(device, gpuCommandEncoder, passEncoder);
+            }
+            else if (passEncoder.__type === "IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer")
+            {
+                this.runCopyBufferToBuffer(device, gpuCommandEncoder, passEncoder);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                console.error(`未处理 passEncoder ${passEncoder}`);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return gpuCommandEncoder.finish();
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderPass(device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, renderPass: IGPURenderPass)
+    {
+        const { descriptor, renderObjects } = renderPass;
+
+        const renderPassDescriptor = getGPURenderPassDescriptor(device, descriptor);
+        const renderPassFormat = getGPURenderPassFormat(descriptor);
+
+        // 处理时间戳查询
+        const timestampQuery = getGPURenderTimestampQuery(device, renderPass.timestampQuery);
+        timestampQuery.init(device, renderPassDescriptor);
+
+        // 处理不被遮挡查询。
+        const occlusionQuery = getGPURenderOcclusionQuery(renderObjects);
+        occlusionQuery.init(device, renderPassDescriptor);
+
+        const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(renderPassDescriptor);
+
+        this.runRenderPassObjects(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, renderObjects);
+
+        passEncoder.end();
+
+        // 处理不被遮挡查询。
+        occlusionQuery.resolve(device, commandEncoder, renderPass);
+
+        // 处理时间戳查询
+        timestampQuery.resolve(device, commandEncoder, renderPass);
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderPassObjects(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObjects?: readonly IGPURenderPassObject[])
+    {
+        if (!renderObjects) return;
+        //
+        renderObjects.forEach((element) =>
+        {
+            if (!element.__type)
+            {
+                this.runRenderObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, element as IGPURenderObject);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPURenderObject")
+            {
+                this.runRenderObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPUViewport")
+            {
+                this.runViewport(passEncoder as GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat.attachmentSize, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPUScissorRect")
+            {
+                this.runScissorRect(passEncoder as GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat.attachmentSize, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPURenderBundle")
+            {
+                this.runRenderBundle(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPUOcclusionQuery")
+            {
+                this.runRenderOcclusionQueryObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPUBlendConstant")
+            {
+                this.runBlendConstant(passEncoder, element);
+            }
+            else if (element.__type === "IGPUStencilReference")
+            {
+                this.runStencilReference(passEncoder, element);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw `未处理 ${(element as IGPURenderPassObject).__type} 类型的渲染通道对象！`;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行计算通道。
+     *
+     * @param device GPU设备。
+     * @param commandEncoder 命令编码器。
+     * @param computePass 计算通道。
+     */
+    protected runComputePass(device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, computePass: IGPUComputePass)
+    {
+        const descriptor: GPUComputePassDescriptor = {};
+        // 处理时间戳查询
+        const timestampQuery = getGPURenderTimestampQuery(device, computePass?.timestampQuery);
+        timestampQuery.init(device, descriptor);
+
+        const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass(descriptor);
+
+        this.runComputeObjects(device, passEncoder, computePass.computeObjects);
+
+        passEncoder.end();
+
+        // 处理时间戳查询
+        timestampQuery.resolve(device, commandEncoder, computePass);
+    }
+
+    protected runComputeObjects(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPUComputePassEncoder, computeObjects: IGPUComputeObject[])
+    {
+        computeObjects.forEach((computeObject) =>
+        {
+            this.runComputeObject(device, passEncoder, computeObject);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected runCopyTextureToTexture(device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, copyTextureToTexture: IGPUCopyTextureToTexture)
+    {
+        const sourceTexture = getGPUTexture(device, copyTextureToTexture.source.texture);
+        const destinationTexture = getGPUTexture(device, copyTextureToTexture.destination.texture);
+
+        const source: GPUImageCopyTexture = {
+            ...copyTextureToTexture.source,
+            texture: sourceTexture,
+        };
+
+        const destination: GPUImageCopyTexture = {
+            ...copyTextureToTexture.destination,
+            texture: destinationTexture,
+        };
+
+        commandEncoder.copyTextureToTexture(
+            source,
+            destination,
+            copyTextureToTexture.copySize,
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected runCopyBufferToBuffer(device: GPUDevice, commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, v: IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer)
+    {
+        v.sourceOffset ||= 0;
+        v.destinationOffset ||= 0;
+        v.size ||= v.source.size;
+
+        //
+        const sourceBuffer = getGPUBuffer(device, v.source);
+        const destinationBuffer = getGPUBuffer(device, v.destination);
+
+        commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+            sourceBuffer,
+            v.sourceOffset,
+            destinationBuffer,
+            v.destinationOffset,
+            v.size,
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderOcclusionQueryObject(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderOcclusionQueryObject: IGPUOcclusionQuery)
+    {
+        passEncoder.beginOcclusionQuery(renderOcclusionQueryObject._queryIndex);
+        renderOcclusionQueryObject.renderObjects.forEach((renderObject) =>
+        {
+            this.runRenderObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, renderObject);
+        });
+        passEncoder.endOcclusionQuery();
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderBundle(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderBundleObject: IGPURenderBundle)
+    {
+        const renderBundleMap: ChainMap<[IGPURenderBundle, string], GPURenderBundle> = device["_renderBundleMap"] = device["_renderBundleMap"] || new ChainMap();
+        //
+        let gpuRenderBundle: GPURenderBundle = renderBundleMap.get([renderBundleObject, renderPassFormat._key]);
+        if (!gpuRenderBundle)
+        {
+            const descriptor: GPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor = { ...renderBundleObject.descriptor, ...renderPassFormat };
+
+            //
+            const renderBundleEncoder = device.createRenderBundleEncoder(descriptor);
+
+            this.runRenderBundleObjects(device, renderBundleEncoder, renderPassFormat, renderBundleObject.renderObjects);
+
+            gpuRenderBundle = renderBundleEncoder.finish();
+            renderBundleMap.set([renderBundleObject, renderPassFormat._key], gpuRenderBundle);
+        }
+
+        passEncoder.executeBundles([gpuRenderBundle]);
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderBundleObjects(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObjects?: readonly IGPURenderObject[])
+    {
+        //
+        renderObjects.forEach((element) =>
+        {
+            this.runRenderObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, element as IGPURenderObject);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行计算对象。
+     *
+     * @param device GPU设备。
+     * @param passEncoder 计算通道编码器。
+     * @param computeObject 计算对象。
+     */
+    protected runComputeObject(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPUComputePassEncoder, computeObject: IGPUComputeObject)
+    {
+        const { pipeline, bindingResources, workgroups } = computeObject;
+
+        this.runComputePipeline(device, passEncoder, pipeline);
+
+        this.runBindingResources(device, passEncoder, pipeline, bindingResources);
+
+        this.runWorkgroups(passEncoder, workgroups);
+    }
+
+    protected runComputePipeline(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPUComputePassEncoder, pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline)
+    {
+        const gpuComputePipeline = getIGPUComputePipeline(pipeline);
+
+        const computePipeline = getGPUComputePipeline(device, gpuComputePipeline);
+        passEncoder.setPipeline(computePipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行计算工作组。
+     *
+     * @param passEncoder 计算通道编码器。
+     * @param workgroups 计算工作组。
+     */
+    protected runWorkgroups(passEncoder: GPUComputePassEncoder, workgroups?: IGPUWorkgroups)
+    {
+        const { workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ } = workgroups;
+        passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行渲染对象。
+     *
+     * @param device GPU设备。
+     * @param passEncoder 渲染通道编码器。
+     * @param renderObject 渲染对象。
+     * @param renderPass 渲染通道。
+     */
+    protected runRenderObject(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObject: IGPURenderObject)
+    {
+        const { pipeline, vertices, indices, bindingResources, draw, drawIndexed } = renderObject;
+
+        this.runRenderPipeline(device, passEncoder, pipeline, renderPassFormat, vertices);
+
+        this.runBindingResources(device, passEncoder, pipeline, bindingResources);
+
+        this.runVertices(device, passEncoder, pipeline, renderPassFormat, vertices);
+
+        this.runIndices(device, passEncoder, indices);
+
+        this.runDraw(passEncoder, draw);
+
+        this.runDrawIndexed(passEncoder, drawIndexed);
+    }
+
+    protected runBlendConstant(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, element: IGPUBlendConstant)
+    {
+        passEncoder.setBlendConstant(element.color);
+    }
+
+    protected runStencilReference(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, element: IGPUStencilReference)
+    {
+        passEncoder.setStencilReference(element.reference);
+    }
+
+    protected runViewport(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, attachmentSize: { width: number, height: number }, viewport: IGPUViewport)
+    {
+        const { fromWebGL, x, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth } = viewport;
+        let { y } = viewport;
+        if (fromWebGL)
+        {
+            y = attachmentSize.height - y - height;
+        }
+        passEncoder.setViewport(x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth);
+    }
+
+    protected runScissorRect(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, attachmentSize: { width: number, height: number }, scissorRect: IGPUScissorRect)
+    {
+        const { fromWebGL, x, width, height } = scissorRect;
+        let { y } = scissorRect;
+        if (fromWebGL)
+        {
+            y = attachmentSize.height - y - height;
+        }
+
+        passEncoder.setScissorRect(x, y, width, height);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行渲染管线。
+     *
+     * @param device GPU设备。
+     * @param passEncoder 渲染通道编码器。
+     * @param pipeline 渲染管线。
+     */
+    protected runRenderPipeline(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes)
+    {
+        const { pipeline } = getIGPURenderPipeline(renderPipeline, renderPassFormat, vertices);
+
+        const gpuRenderPipeline = getGPURenderPipeline(device, pipeline);
+        passEncoder.setPipeline(gpuRenderPipeline);
+    }
+
+    protected runBindingResources(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPUBindingCommandsMixin, pipeline: IGPUComputePipeline | IGPURenderPipeline, bindingResources: IGPUBindingResources)
+    {
+        // 计算 bindGroups
+        const setBindGroups = getIGPUSetBindGroups(pipeline, bindingResources);
+
+        setBindGroups?.forEach((setBindGroup, index) =>
+        {
+            this.runSetBindGroup(device, passEncoder, index, setBindGroup);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected runSetBindGroup(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPUBindingCommandsMixin, index: number, setBindGroup: IGPUSetBindGroup)
+    {
+        const gpuBindGroup = getGPUBindGroup(device, setBindGroup.bindGroup)[getRealGPUBindGroup]();
+        passEncoder.setBindGroup(index, gpuBindGroup, setBindGroup.dynamicOffsets);
+    }
+
+    protected runVertices(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPipeline: IGPURenderPipeline, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, vertices: IGPUVertexAttributes)
+    {
+        if (!vertices) return;
+
+        const { vertexBuffers } = getIGPURenderPipeline(renderPipeline, renderPassFormat, vertices);
+
+        vertexBuffers?.forEach((vertexBuffer, index) =>
+        {
+            const buffer = getIGPUBuffer(vertexBuffer.data);
+            (buffer as any).label = buffer.label || (`顶点属性 ${autoVertexIndex++}`);
+            const gBuffer = getGPUBuffer(device, buffer);
+            passEncoder.setVertexBuffer(index, gBuffer, vertexBuffer.offset, vertexBuffer.size);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected runIndices(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderBundleEncoder | GPURenderPassEncoder, indices: Uint16Array | Uint32Array)
+    {
+        if (!indices) return;
+
+        const indexBuffer = getIGPUIndexBuffer(indices);
+
+        const { buffer, indexFormat, offset, size } = indexBuffer;
+        const gBuffer = getGPUBuffer(device, buffer);
+
+        passEncoder.setIndexBuffer(gBuffer, indexFormat, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    protected runDraw(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, draw?: IGPUDraw)
+    {
+        if (!draw) return;
+
+        const { vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance } = draw;
+        passEncoder.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+    }
+
+    protected runDrawIndexed(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, drawIndexed?: IGPUDrawIndexed)
+    {
+        if (!drawIndexed) return;
+
+        const { indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance } = drawIndexed;
+        passEncoder.drawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance);
+    }
+}
+
+let autoVertexIndex = 0;
diff --git a/src/runs/RunWebGPUCommandCache.ts b/src/runs/RunWebGPUCommandCache.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ed88e430df395c9189b45918f0cab262071fe86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runs/RunWebGPUCommandCache.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import { getRealGPUBindGroup } from "../const";
+import { IGPURenderObject } from "../data/IGPURenderObject";
+import { IGPURenderPassObject } from "../data/IGPURenderPass";
+import { IGPURenderPassFormat } from "../internal/IGPURenderPassFormat";
+import { ChainMap } from "../utils/ChainMap";
+import { RunWebGPU } from "./RunWebGPU";
+
+/**
+ * 套壳模式（RunWebGPUCommandCache）优于覆盖函数(RunWebGPUCommandCache1)的形式。
+ */
+export class RunWebGPUCommandCache extends RunWebGPU
+{
+    protected runRenderPassObjects(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObjects?: IGPURenderPassObject[])
+    {
+        const map: ChainMap<[string, IGPURenderPassObject[]], Array> = device["_IGPURenderPassObjectsCommandMap"] = device["_IGPURenderPassObjectsCommandMap"] || new ChainMap();
+        let commands = map.get([renderPassFormat._key, renderObjects]);
+        if (!commands)
+        {
+            // 收集命令
+            const renderPassRecord = new GPURenderPassRecord();
+            renderPassRecord["_commands"] = commands = [];
+            map.set([renderPassFormat._key, renderObjects], commands);
+
+            super.runRenderPassObjects(device, renderPassRecord, renderPassFormat, renderObjects);
+
+            // 排除无效命令
+            paichuWuxiaoCommands(commands);
+        }
+
+        // 执行命令
+        runCommands(passEncoder, commands);
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderBundleObjects(device: GPUDevice, bundleEncoder: GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObjects?: IGPURenderObject[])
+    {
+        const map: ChainMap<[string, IGPURenderObject[]], Array> = device["_IGPURenderPassObjectsCommandMap"] = device["_IGPURenderPassObjectsCommandMap"] || new ChainMap();
+        let commands = map.get([renderPassFormat._key, renderObjects]);
+        if (!commands)
+        {
+            // 收集命令
+            const renderBundleRecord = new GPURenderBundleRecord();
+            renderBundleRecord["_commands"] = commands = [];
+            map.set([renderPassFormat._key, renderObjects], commands);
+
+            super.runRenderBundleObjects(device, renderBundleRecord, renderPassFormat, renderObjects);
+
+            // 排除无效命令
+            paichuWuxiaoCommands(commands);
+        }
+
+        // 执行命令
+        runCommands(bundleEncoder, commands);
+    }
+
+    protected runRenderObject(device: GPUDevice, passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, renderPassFormat: IGPURenderPassFormat, renderObject: IGPURenderObject)
+    {
+        const map: ChainMap<[string, IGPURenderObject], Array> = device["_IGPURenderObjectCommandMap"] = device["_IGPURenderObjectCommandMap"] || new ChainMap();
+        const _commands = passEncoder["_commands"] as any[];
+
+        const commands = map.get([renderPassFormat._key, renderObject]);
+        if (commands)
+        {
+            commands.forEach((v) => _commands.push(v));
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const start = _commands.length;
+
+        super.runRenderObject(device, passEncoder, renderPassFormat, renderObject);
+
+        map.set([renderPassFormat._key, renderObject], _commands.slice(start));
+    }
+}
+
+class GPURenderBundleRecord implements GPURenderBundleEncoder
+{
+    __brand: "GPURenderBundleEncoder";
+    label: string;
+    //
+    setPipeline(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setPipeline", args]); }
+    setVertexBuffer(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setVertexBuffer", args]); }
+    setIndexBuffer(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setIndexBuffer", args]); }
+    setBindGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setBindGroup", args]); }
+    draw(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["draw", args]); }
+    drawIndexed(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndexed", args]); }
+    drawIndirect(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndirect", args]); }
+    drawIndexedIndirect(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndexedIndirect", args]); }
+    //
+    finish(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["finish", args]); }
+    //
+    pushDebugGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["pushDebugGroup", args]); }
+    popDebugGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["popDebugGroup", args]); }
+    insertDebugMarker(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["insertDebugMarker", args]); }
+}
+
+class GPURenderPassRecord implements GPURenderPassEncoder
+{
+    __brand: "GPURenderPassEncoder" = "GPURenderPassEncoder";
+    label: string;
+    //
+    setViewport(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setViewport", args]); }
+    setScissorRect(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setScissorRect", args]); }
+    setBlendConstant(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setBlendConstant", args]); }
+    setStencilReference(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setStencilReference", args]); }
+    //
+    setPipeline(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setPipeline", args]); }
+    setVertexBuffer(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setVertexBuffer", args]); }
+    setIndexBuffer(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setIndexBuffer", args]); }
+    setBindGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["setBindGroup", args]); }
+    draw(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["draw", args]); }
+    drawIndexed(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndexed", args]); }
+    drawIndirect(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndirect", args]); }
+    drawIndexedIndirect(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["drawIndexedIndirect", args]); }
+    //
+    beginOcclusionQuery(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["beginOcclusionQuery", args]); }
+    endOcclusionQuery(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["endOcclusionQuery", args]); }
+    //
+    executeBundles(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["executeBundles", args]); }
+    //
+    end(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["end", args]); }
+    //
+    pushDebugGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["pushDebugGroup", args]); }
+    popDebugGroup(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["popDebugGroup", args]); }
+    insertDebugMarker(...args: any): undefined { this["_commands"].push(["insertDebugMarker", args]); }
+}
+
+function runCommands(_passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPUComputePassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, commands: any[])
+{
+    commands.forEach((v) =>
+    {
+        if (v[0] === "setBindGroup")
+        {
+            v[1][1] = v[1][1][getRealGPUBindGroup]();
+            //
+            _passEncoder[v[0]].apply(_passEncoder, v[1]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _passEncoder[v[0]].apply(_passEncoder, v[1]);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+function paichuWuxiaoCommands(commands: any[])
+{
+    const _obj = { setBindGroup: [], setVertexBuffer: [] };
+    //
+    let length = 0;
+    commands.concat().forEach((v) =>
+    {
+        if (v[0] === "setBindGroup" || v[0] === "setVertexBuffer")
+        {
+            if (!arrayEq1(_obj, v[0], v[1][0], v[1]))
+            {
+                commands[length++] = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (0
+            || v[0] === "setPipeline"
+            || v[0] === "setIndexBuffer"
+            || v[0] === "setViewport"
+            || v[0] === "setScissorRect"
+            || v[0] === "setBlendConstant"
+            || v[0] === "setStencilReference"
+        )
+        {
+            if (!arrayEq0(_obj, v[0], v[1]))
+            {
+                commands[length++] = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            commands[length++] = v;
+        }
+    });
+    commands.length = length;
+}
+
+function arrayEq0(_obj: any, name: string, args: any[])
+{
+    const obj = _obj;
+    const oldArgs: any[] = obj[name];
+    if (!oldArgs)
+    {
+        obj[name] = args;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0, n = oldArgs.length; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        if (oldArgs[i] !== args[i])
+        {
+            obj[name] = args;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+function arrayEq1(_obj: any, name: string, index: number, args: any[])
+{
+    const obj = _obj[name];
+    const oldArgs: any[] = obj[index];
+    if (!oldArgs)
+    {
+        obj[index] = args;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 1, n = oldArgs.length; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        if (oldArgs[i] !== args[i])
+        {
+            obj[index] = args;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/types/VertexFormat.ts b/src/types/VertexFormat.ts
index 6f95600b9f5eb36edcd861576e5196d4b15a90cc..ff021eb0b8c3aab33c0749452350721f731f81fc 100644
--- a/src/types/VertexFormat.ts
+++ b/src/types/VertexFormat.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * 有类型数组构造器。
  */
-export type TypedArrayConstructor = Int8ArrayConstructor | Uint8ArrayConstructor | Int16ArrayConstructor | Uint16ArrayConstructor | Int32ArrayConstructor | Uint32ArrayConstructor | Float32ArrayConstructor | Float64ArrayConstructor;
+export type TypedArrayConstructor = Int8ArrayConstructor | Uint8ArrayConstructor | Int16ArrayConstructor | Uint16ArrayConstructor | Int32ArrayConstructor | Uint32ArrayConstructor | Float32ArrayConstructor;
 
 /**
  * GPU顶点数据类型
diff --git a/src/utils/ChainMap.ts b/src/utils/ChainMap.ts
index 8d62554c39bfefbe673436a46ee415036e5d0f1c..14e069d664f642d2d84c2c604fbdb892f2947c59 100644
--- a/src/utils/ChainMap.ts
+++ b/src/utils/ChainMap.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export class ChainMap, V>
     {
         let map = this._map;
 
-        for (let i = 0; i < keys.length - 1; i++)
+        for (let i = 0, n = keys.length - 1; i < n; i++)
         {
             map = map.get(keys[i]);
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export class ChainMap, V>
      * @param keys 键。
      * @returns 如果找到目标值且被删除返回 `true` ，否则返回 `false` 。
      */
-    delete(keys: K)
+    delete(keys: K): boolean
     {
         let map = this._map;
 
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/copyDepthTexture.ts b/src/utils/copyDepthTexture.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/copyDepthTexture.ts
rename to src/utils/copyDepthTexture.ts
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/copyDepthTexture.wgsl b/src/utils/copyDepthTexture.wgsl
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/copyDepthTexture.wgsl
rename to src/utils/copyDepthTexture.wgsl
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/generate-mipmap.ts b/src/utils/generate-mipmap.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/generate-mipmap.ts
rename to src/utils/generate-mipmap.ts
diff --git a/src/utils/getAttributeData.ts b/src/utils/getAttributeData.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b1a232e6533b1eac92b03a2b0a07c2f30d504148..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/utils/getAttributeData.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * 从组合的顶点数据中获取指定属性数据。
- *
- * @param vertexArray 组合的顶点数据。
- * @param offset 指定顶点属性数据在单个顶点数据中的偏移。
- * @param attributeSize 单个顶点属性尺寸。
- * @param vertexSize 单个顶点数据尺寸。
- */
-export function getAttributeData(vertexArray: Float32Array, offset: number, attributeSize: number, vertexSize: number)
-{
-    const vertexNum = vertexArray.length / vertexSize;
-    const attributeArray = new (vertexArray.constructor as typeof Float32Array)(vertexNum * attributeSize);
-    for (let i = 0; i < vertexNum; i++)
-    {
-        for (let j = 0; j < attributeSize; j++)
-        {
-            attributeArray[i * attributeSize + j] = vertexArray[i * vertexSize + offset + j];
-        }
-    }
-
-    return attributeArray;
-}
diff --git a/src/utils/getOffscreenCanvasId.ts b/src/utils/getOffscreenCanvasId.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4757b2042a605f81c937e81dc4c36d50d5ffd8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/getOffscreenCanvasId.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+export function getOffscreenCanvasId(canvas: OffscreenCanvas)
+{
+    const id = canvas["id"] = canvas["id"] || ("OffscreenCanvas_" + OffscreenCanvasAutoId++);
+    OffscreenCanvasMap[id] = canvas;
+    return id;
+}
+let OffscreenCanvasAutoId = 0;
+
+const OffscreenCanvasMap = {};
+
+if (!globalThis.document)
+{
+    globalThis.document = {} as any;
+}
+if (!globalThis.document.getElementById)
+{
+    globalThis.document.getElementById = (elementId: string) =>
+    {
+        return OffscreenCanvasMap[elementId];
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/utils/isTypedArray.ts b/src/utils/isTypedArray.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4575fd2b286b386073e623ec63f3e4bc5d51a4e3..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/utils/isTypedArray.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-export type TypedArray = Int8Array | Uint8Array | Int16Array | Uint16Array | Int32Array | Uint32Array | Float32Array | Float64Array;
-
-export function isTypedArray(arg: any): arg is TypedArray
-{
-    return !!(arg as TypedArray).buffer;
-}
diff --git a/src/utils/quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable.ts b/src/utils/quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df2fb7529a4242fee8c27ffd91d94a052922c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/**
+ * Shows an error dialog if getting a adapter or device wasn't successful,
+ * or if/when the device is lost or has an uncaptured error.
+ */
+export function quitIfWebGPUNotAvailable(
+    adapter: GPUAdapter | null,
+    device: GPUDevice | null
+): asserts device
+{
+    if (!device)
+    {
+        quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(adapter);
+        fail("Unable to get a device for an unknown reason");
+
+return;
+    }
+
+    device.lost.then((reason) =>
+    {
+        fail(`Device lost ("${reason.reason}"):\n${reason.message}`);
+    });
+    device.onuncapturederror = (ev) =>
+    {
+        fail(`Uncaptured error:\n${ev.error.message}`);
+    };
+}
+
+/** Shows an error dialog if getting an adapter wasn't successful. */
+function quitIfAdapterNotAvailable(
+    adapter: GPUAdapter | null
+): asserts adapter
+{
+    if (!("gpu" in navigator))
+    {
+        fail("navigator.gpu is not defined - WebGPU not available in this browser");
+    }
+
+    if (!adapter)
+    {
+        fail("requestAdapter returned null - this sample can't run on this system");
+    }
+}
+
+/** Fail by showing a console error, and dialog box if possible. */
+const fail = (() =>
+{
+    type ErrorOutput = { show(msg: string): void };
+
+    function createErrorOutput()
+    {
+        if (typeof document === "undefined")
+        {
+            // Not implemented in workers.
+            return {
+                show(msg: string)
+                {
+                    console.error(msg);
+                },
+            };
+        }
+
+        const dialogBox = document.createElement("dialog");
+        dialogBox.close();
+        document.body.append(dialogBox);
+
+        const dialogText = document.createElement("pre");
+        dialogText.style.whiteSpace = "pre-wrap";
+        dialogBox.append(dialogText);
+
+        const closeBtn = document.createElement("button");
+        closeBtn.textContent = "OK";
+        closeBtn.onclick = () => dialogBox.close();
+        dialogBox.append(closeBtn);
+
+        return {
+            show(msg: string)
+            {
+                // Don't overwrite the dialog message while it's still open
+                // (show the first error, not the most recent error).
+                if (!dialogBox.open)
+                {
+                    dialogText.textContent = msg;
+                    dialogBox.showModal();
+                }
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    let output: ErrorOutput | undefined;
+
+    return (message: string) =>
+    {
+        if (!output) output = createErrorOutput();
+
+        output.show(message);
+        throw new Error(message);
+    };
+})();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/readPixels.ts b/src/utils/readPixels.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/readPixels.ts
rename to src/utils/readPixels.ts
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.ts b/src/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.ts
rename to src/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.ts
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.wgsl b/src/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.wgsl
similarity index 100%
rename from src/webgpu-data-driven/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.wgsl
rename to src/utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha.wgsl
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/WebGPU.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/WebGPU.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e049480acfa8113c76b237ebd27c6da32348493..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/WebGPU.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,451 +0,0 @@
-import { getGPUBindGroup } from "./caches/getGPUBindGroup";
-import { getGPUBuffer } from "./caches/getGPUBuffer";
-import { getGPUComputePipeline } from "./caches/getGPUComputePipeline";
-import { getGPURenderPassDescriptor } from "./caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor";
-import { getGPURenderPipeline } from "./caches/getGPURenderPipeline";
-import { getGPUTexture } from "./caches/getGPUTexture";
-import { IGPUCommandEncoder } from "./data/IGPUCommandEncoder";
-import { IGPUComputeObject } from "./data/IGPUComputeObject";
-import { IGPUComputePassEncoder } from "./data/IGPUComputePassEncoder";
-import { IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer } from "./data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer";
-import { IGPUCopyTextureToTexture } from "./data/IGPUCopyTextureToTexture";
-import { IGPURenderBundleObject } from "./data/IGPURenderBundleObject";
-import { IGPURenderObject } from "./data/IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPURenderPassEncoder } from "./data/IGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPUSubmit } from "./data/IGPUSubmit";
-import { IGPUTexture } from "./data/IGPUTexture";
-import { copyDepthTexture } from "./utils/copyDepthTexture";
-import { readPixels } from "./utils/readPixels";
-import { textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha } from "./utils/textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha";
-
-/**
- * WebGPU 对象。
- *
- * 提供 `WebGPU` 操作入口 {@link WebGPU.submit}。
- */
-export class WebGPU
-{
-    /**
-     * 初始化 WebGPU 获取 GPUDevice 。
-     */
-    static async init(options?: GPURequestAdapterOptions, descriptor?: GPUDeviceDescriptor)
-    {
-        if (!navigator.gpu)
-        {
-            throw "this browser does not support WebGPU";
-        }
-
-        const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter(options);
-        if (!adapter)
-        {
-            throw "this browser supports webgpu but it appears disabled";
-        }
-
-        const device = await adapter?.requestDevice(descriptor);
-
-        const webGPU = new WebGPU(device);
-
-        device.lost.then(async (info) =>
-        {
-            console.error(`WebGPU device was lost: ${info.message}`);
-
-            // 'reason' will be 'destroyed' if we intentionally destroy the device.
-            if (info.reason !== "destroyed")
-            {
-                // try again
-                const newWebGPU = await WebGPU.init(options, descriptor);
-                webGPU.device = newWebGPU.device;
-            }
-        });
-
-        return webGPU;
-    }
-
-    public device: GPUDevice;
-
-    /**
-     * 构建 WebGPU 对象。
-     */
-    constructor(device: GPUDevice)
-    {
-        this.device = device;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 提交 GPU 。
-     *
-     * @param data 一次 GPU 提交内容。
-     *
-     * @see GPUQueue.submit
-     */
-    submit(data?: IGPUSubmit)
-    {
-        const commandBuffers = data.commandEncoders.map((v) =>
-        {
-            const commandBuffer = this.commandEncode(v);
-
-            return commandBuffer;
-        });
-
-        this.device.queue.submit(commandBuffers);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 销毁纹理。
-     *
-     * @param texture 需要被销毁的纹理。
-     */
-    destoryTexture(texture: IGPUTexture)
-    {
-        const gpuTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, texture, false);
-        if (gpuTexture)
-        {
-            gpuTexture.destroy();
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * 操作纹理进行Y轴翻转或进行预乘Alpha。
-     *
-     * @param texture 被操作的纹理。
-     * @param invertY 是否Y轴翻转
-     * @param premultiplyAlpha 是否预乘Alpha。
-     */
-    textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(texture: IGPUTexture, options: { invertY?: boolean, premultiplyAlpha?: boolean })
-    {
-        const gpuTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, texture);
-
-        textureInvertYPremultiplyAlpha(this.device, gpuTexture, options);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 拷贝 深度纹理到 普通纹理。
-     *
-     * @param device GPU设备。
-     * @param sourceTexture 源纹理。
-     * @param targetTexture 目标纹理。
-     */
-    copyDepthTexture(sourceTexture: IGPUTexture, targetTexture: IGPUTexture)
-    {
-        const gpuSourceTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, sourceTexture);
-        const gpuTargetTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, targetTexture);
-
-        copyDepthTexture(this.device, gpuSourceTexture, gpuTargetTexture);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 从 GPU纹理 上读取数据。
-     *
-     * @param texture GPU纹理
-     * @param x 纹理读取X坐标。
-     * @param y 纹理读取Y坐标。
-     * @param width 纹理读取宽度。
-     * @param height 纹理读取高度。
-     *
-     * @returns 读取到的数据。
-     */
-    async readPixels(params: { texture: IGPUTexture, origin: GPUOrigin3D, copySize: { width: number, height: number } })
-    {
-        const gpuTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, params.texture, false);
-
-        const result = await readPixels(this.device, {
-            ...params,
-            texture: gpuTexture,
-        });
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private commandEncode(v: IGPUCommandEncoder)
-    {
-        const gpuCommandEncoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder();
-
-        const commands = [];
-
-        v.passEncoders.forEach((v) =>
-        {
-            if (isRenderPass(v))
-            {
-                this.renderPass(gpuCommandEncoder, v, commands);
-            }
-            else if (isComputePass(v))
-            {
-                this.computePass(gpuCommandEncoder, v, commands);
-            }
-            else if (isCopyTextureToTexture(v))
-            {
-                this.copyTextureToTexture(gpuCommandEncoder, v, commands);
-            }
-            else if (isCopyBufferToBuffer(v))
-            {
-                this.copyBufferToBuffer(gpuCommandEncoder, v, commands);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                console.error(`未处理 passEncoder`);
-            }
-        });
-
-        commands.push(["finish"]);
-
-        return gpuCommandEncoder.finish();
-    }
-
-    private copyBufferToBuffer(commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, v: IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer, commands: any[])
-    {
-        const sourceBuffer = getGPUBuffer(this.device, v.source);
-        const destinationBuffer = getGPUBuffer(this.device, v.destination);
-
-        commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
-            sourceBuffer,
-            v.sourceOffset,
-            destinationBuffer,
-            v.destinationOffset,
-            v.size,
-        );
-        commands.push(["copyBufferToBuffer",
-            sourceBuffer,
-            v.sourceOffset,
-            destinationBuffer,
-            v.destinationOffset,
-            v.size
-        ]);
-    }
-
-    private copyTextureToTexture(commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, v: IGPUCopyTextureToTexture, commands: any[])
-    {
-        const sourceTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, v.source.texture);
-        const destinationTexture = getGPUTexture(this.device, v.destination.texture);
-
-        commandEncoder.copyTextureToTexture(
-            {
-                texture: sourceTexture,
-            },
-            {
-                texture: destinationTexture,
-            },
-            v.copySize,
-        );
-        commands.push(["copyTextureToTexture",
-            {
-                texture: sourceTexture,
-            },
-            {
-                texture: destinationTexture,
-            },
-            v.copySize],
-        );
-    }
-
-    private computePass(commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, v: IGPUComputePassEncoder, commands: any[])
-    {
-        const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass(v.computePass);
-        commands.push(["beginComputePass", v.computePass]);
-
-        v.computeObjects.forEach((p) =>
-        {
-            this.computePipeline(passEncoder, p, commands);
-        });
-
-        passEncoder.end();
-        commands.push(["end"]);
-    }
-
-    private computePipeline(passEncoder: GPUComputePassEncoder, p: IGPUComputeObject, commands: any[])
-    {
-        const pipeline = getGPUComputePipeline(this.device, p.pipeline);
-        passEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
-        commands.push(["setPipeline", pipeline]);
-
-        if (p.bindGroups)
-        {
-            p.bindGroups.forEach((bindGroup, index) =>
-            {
-                const gpuBindGroup = getGPUBindGroup(this.device, bindGroup.bindGroup);
-                passEncoder.setBindGroup(index, gpuBindGroup, bindGroup.dynamicOffsets);
-
-                commands.push(["setBindGroup", index, gpuBindGroup, bindGroup.dynamicOffsets]);
-            });
-        }
-
-        const { workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ } = p.workgroups;
-        passEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ);
-        commands.push(["dispatchWorkgroups", workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ]);
-    }
-
-    private renderPass(commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder, renderPass: IGPURenderPassEncoder, commands: any[])
-    {
-        const renderPassDescriptor = getGPURenderPassDescriptor(this.device, renderPass.renderPass);
-
-        commands.push(["beginRenderPass", renderPassDescriptor]);
-
-        const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(renderPassDescriptor);
-        passEncoder["_bindGroups"] = [];
-        passEncoder["_vertexBuffers"] = [];
-
-        const renderPipelines = renderPass.renderObjects;
-        for (let i = 0; i < renderPipelines.length; i++)
-        {
-            const element = renderPipelines[i];
-
-            if (isRenderBundle(element))
-            {
-                this.executeBundles(passEncoder, element, commands);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                this.renderPipeline(passEncoder, element, commands);
-            }
-        }
-
-        commands.push(["end"]);
-
-        passEncoder.end();
-    }
-
-    private executeBundles(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder, renderBundle: IGPURenderBundleObject, commands: any[])
-    {
-        let gRenderBundle = renderBundle._GPURenderBundle;
-        if (!gRenderBundle)
-        {
-            const renderBundleEncoder = this.device.createRenderBundleEncoder(renderBundle.renderBundle);
-            renderBundleEncoder["_bindGroups"] = [];
-            renderBundleEncoder["_vertexBuffers"] = [];
-
-            const renderPipelines = renderBundle.renderObjects;
-            for (let i = 0; i < renderPipelines.length; i++)
-            {
-                this.renderPipeline(renderBundleEncoder, renderPipelines[i], []);
-            }
-
-            gRenderBundle = renderBundleEncoder.finish();
-            renderBundle._GPURenderBundle = gRenderBundle;
-        }
-
-        commands.push(["executeBundles", [gRenderBundle]]);
-
-        passEncoder.executeBundles([gRenderBundle]);
-    }
-
-    private renderPipeline(passEncoder: GPURenderPassEncoder | GPURenderBundleEncoder, p: IGPURenderObject, commands: any[])
-    {
-        if (passEncoder["_pipeline"] !== p.pipeline)
-        {
-            passEncoder["_pipeline"] = p.pipeline;
-            //
-            const pipeline = getGPURenderPipeline(this.device, p.pipeline);
-            passEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
-
-            commands.push("setPipeline", pipeline);
-        }
-
-        if (p.bindGroups)
-        {
-            p.bindGroups.forEach((bindGroup, index) =>
-            {
-                if (passEncoder["_bindGroups"][index] === bindGroup) return;
-                passEncoder["_bindGroups"][index] = bindGroup;
-
-                const gBindGroup = getGPUBindGroup(this.device, bindGroup.bindGroup);
-                passEncoder.setBindGroup(index, gBindGroup, bindGroup.dynamicOffsets);
-
-                commands.push("setBindGroup", index, gBindGroup, bindGroup.dynamicOffsets);
-            });
-        }
-
-        if (p.vertexBuffers)
-        {
-            p.vertexBuffers.forEach((vertexBuffer, index) =>
-            {
-                if (passEncoder["_vertexBuffers"][index] === vertexBuffer) return;
-                passEncoder["_vertexBuffers"][index] = vertexBuffer;
-
-                const gBuffer = getGPUBuffer(this.device, vertexBuffer.buffer);
-                passEncoder.setVertexBuffer(index, gBuffer, vertexBuffer.offset, vertexBuffer.size);
-
-                commands.push("setVertexBuffer", index, gBuffer, vertexBuffer.offset, vertexBuffer.size);
-            });
-        }
-
-        if (p.indexBuffer)
-        {
-            if (passEncoder["_indexBuffer"] !== p.indexBuffer)
-            {
-                passEncoder["_indexBuffer"] = p.indexBuffer;
-
-                const { buffer, indexFormat, offset, size } = p.indexBuffer;
-                const gBuffer = getGPUBuffer(this.device, buffer);
-
-                passEncoder.setIndexBuffer(gBuffer, indexFormat, offset, size);
-
-                commands.push("setIndexBuffer", gBuffer, indexFormat, offset, size);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (p.viewport)
-        {
-            if (passEncoder["_viewport"] !== p.viewport)
-            {
-                passEncoder["_viewport"] = p.viewport;
-
-                const { x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth } = p.viewport;
-                (passEncoder as GPURenderPassEncoder).setViewport(x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth);
-
-                commands.push("setViewport", x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (p.scissorRect)
-        {
-            if (passEncoder["_scissorRect"] !== p.scissorRect)
-            {
-                passEncoder["_scissorRect"] = p.scissorRect;
-
-                const { x, y, width, height } = p.scissorRect;
-                (passEncoder as GPURenderPassEncoder).setScissorRect(x, y, width, height);
-
-                commands.push("setScissorRect", x, y, width, height);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (p.draw)
-        {
-            const { vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance } = p.draw;
-            passEncoder.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
-
-            commands.push("draw", vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
-        }
-
-        if (p.drawIndexed)
-        {
-            const { indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance } = p.drawIndexed;
-            passEncoder.drawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance);
-
-            commands.push("drawIndexed", indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-function isRenderPass(arg: any): arg is IGPURenderPassEncoder
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPURenderPassEncoder).renderPass;
-}
-
-function isComputePass(arg: any): arg is IGPUComputePassEncoder
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUComputePassEncoder).computeObjects;
-}
-
-function isRenderBundle(arg: IGPURenderObject | IGPURenderBundleObject): arg is IGPURenderBundleObject
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPURenderBundleObject).renderObjects;
-}
-
-function isCopyTextureToTexture(arg: any): arg is IGPUCopyTextureToTexture
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUCopyTextureToTexture).source?.texture;
-}
-
-function isCopyBufferToBuffer(arg: any): arg is IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer).source?.size;
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5617bf14db51a2aedf060b675d217ced72684da2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroup.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-import { watcher } from "@feng3d/watcher";
-import { IGPUBindGroup } from "../data/IGPUBindGroup";
-import { getGPUBindGroupLayout } from "./getGPUBindGroupLayout";
-import { getGPUBufferBinding, isBufferBinding } from "./getGPUBufferBinding";
-import { getGPUExternalTexture, isExternalTexture } from "./getGPUExternalTexture";
-import { getGPUSampler, isSampler } from "./getGPUSampler";
-import { isFromContext } from "./getGPUTexture";
-import { getGPUTextureView, isTextureView } from "./getGPUTextureView";
-
-export function getGPUBindGroup(device: GPUDevice, bindGroup: IGPUBindGroup)
-{
-    let gBindGroup = bindGroupMap.get(bindGroup);
-    if (gBindGroup) return gBindGroup;
-
-    // 是否有外部纹理
-    let hasExternalTexture = false;
-    /**
-     * 是否存在从 画布上下文 获取的纹理视图。
-     */
-    let hasContextTexture = false;
-
-    const layout = getGPUBindGroupLayout(device, bindGroup.layout);
-
-    const entries = bindGroup.entries.map((v) =>
-    {
-        const entry: GPUBindGroupEntry = {
-            binding: v.binding,
-            resource: null,
-        };
-
-        //
-        const getGPUBindingResource = () =>
-        {
-            let resource: GPUBindingResource;
-            if (isBufferBinding(v.resource))
-            {
-                resource = getGPUBufferBinding(device, v.resource);
-            }
-            else if (isTextureView(v.resource))
-            {
-                resource = getGPUTextureView(device, v.resource);
-                if (isFromContext(v.resource.texture))
-                {
-                    hasContextTexture = true;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (isExternalTexture(v.resource))
-            {
-                resource = getGPUExternalTexture(device, v.resource);
-                hasExternalTexture = true;
-            }
-            else if (isSampler(v.resource))
-            {
-                const gpuSampler = v.resource;
-                resource = getGPUSampler(device, gpuSampler);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                throw `无法识别 BindGroup ${v}`;
-            }
-
-            return resource;
-        };
-
-        entry.resource = getGPUBindingResource();
-
-        // 监听绑定资源发生改变
-        watcher.watch(v, "resource", () =>
-        {
-            bindGroupMap.delete(bindGroup);
-
-            // 更新绑定组资源
-            entry.resource = getGPUBindingResource();
-
-            createBindGroup();
-        });
-
-        return entry;
-    });
-
-    const createBindGroup = () =>
-    {
-        gBindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
-            layout,
-            entries,
-        });
-
-        // 由于外部纹理 与画布上下文获取的纹理 每帧都会被释放，GPUBindGroup将会失效，因此不进行缓存
-        if (!hasExternalTexture && !hasContextTexture)
-        {
-            bindGroupMap.set(bindGroup, gBindGroup);
-        }
-    };
-
-    createBindGroup();
-
-    return gBindGroup;
-}
-
-const bindGroupMap = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d1ca0a53a19c4b9c86424f553609f665c27fc27f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUBindGroupLayout.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBindGroupLayout, IGPUBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline } from "../data/IGPUBindGroup";
-import { getGPUComputePipeline } from "./getGPUComputePipeline";
-import { getGPURenderPipeline, isRenderPipeline } from "./getGPURenderPipeline";
-
-export function getGPUBindGroupLayout(device: GPUDevice, layout: IGPUBindGroupLayout)
-{
-    let gpuBindGroupLayout = bindGroupLayoutMap.get(layout);
-
-    if (gpuBindGroupLayout) return gpuBindGroupLayout;
-
-    if (isBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline(layout))
-    {
-        let pipeline: GPUPipelineBase;
-        if (isRenderPipeline(layout.pipeline))
-        {
-            pipeline = getGPURenderPipeline(device, layout.pipeline);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            pipeline = getGPUComputePipeline(device, layout.pipeline);
-        }
-
-        gpuBindGroupLayout = pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(layout.index);
-        bindGroupLayoutMap.set(layout, gpuBindGroupLayout);
-
-        return gpuBindGroupLayout;
-    }
-
-    const entries: GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry[] = layout.entries.map((v) =>
-    {
-        const visibility = v.visibility.reduce((pv, cv) =>
-        {
-            pv = pv | GPUShaderStage[cv];
-
-            return pv;
-        }, 0);
-
-        const entity: GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry = {
-            ...v,
-            visibility,
-        };
-
-        return entity;
-    });
-
-    gpuBindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-        entries,
-    });
-
-    bindGroupLayoutMap.set(layout, gpuBindGroupLayout);
-
-    return gpuBindGroupLayout;
-}
-
-const bindGroupLayoutMap = new WeakMap();
-
-function isBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline(layout: IGPUBindGroupLayout): layout is IGPUBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline
-{
-    return !!(layout as IGPUBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline).pipeline;
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 24eccffbd82385944e8e99e3fc732e3bbb79fb1b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUCanvasContext.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUCanvasContext } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
-
-export function getGPUCanvasContext(device: GPUDevice, context: IGPUCanvasContext)
-{
-    let gpuCanvasContext = canvasContextMap.get(context);
-    if (gpuCanvasContext) return gpuCanvasContext;
-
-    const canvas = document.getElementById(context.canvasId) as HTMLCanvasElement;
-
-    gpuCanvasContext = canvas.getContext("webgpu");
-
-    let usage = 0;
-
-    if (context.configuration.usage)
-    {
-        usage = context.configuration.usage;
-    }
-
-    // 附加上 GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT
-    usage = usage | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
-
-    gpuCanvasContext.configure({
-        ...context.configuration,
-        device,
-        usage,
-    });
-
-    canvasContextMap.set(context, gpuCanvasContext);
-
-    return gpuCanvasContext;
-}
-
-const canvasContextMap = new Map();
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUExternalTexture.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUExternalTexture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f54a7c21c52336aaa685eedb2f688ea8e83e6499..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPUExternalTexture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBindingResource, IGPUExternalTexture } from "../data/IGPUBindGroup";
-
-/**
- * 获取 WebGPU外部纹理
- *
- * @param device
- * @param resource
- * @returns
- */
-export function getGPUExternalTexture(device: GPUDevice, resource: IGPUExternalTexture)
-{
-    const gExternalTexture = device.importExternalTexture({
-        source: resource.source,
-    });
-
-    return gExternalTexture;
-}
-
-export function isExternalTexture(arg: IGPUBindingResource): arg is IGPUExternalTexture
-{
-    return !!(arg as IGPUExternalTexture).source;
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c7f62451a1050b028bcf8ace386263b85a3a8c6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/caches/getGPURenderPassDescriptor.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderPassDescriptor, IGPURenderPassColorAttachment, IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment } from "../data/IGPURenderPassEncoder";
-import { IGPUTexture } from "../data/IGPUTexture";
-import { setIGPUTextureSize } from "./getGPUTexture";
-import { getGPUTextureView } from "./getGPUTextureView";
-
-/**
- * 获取GPU渲染通道描述。
- *
- * @param device GPU设备。
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道描述。
- * @returns GPU渲染通道描述。
- */
-export function getGPURenderPassDescriptor(device: GPUDevice, renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor): GPURenderPassDescriptor
-{
-    const renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor = {
-        colorAttachments: [],
-    };
-    if (renderPass.colorAttachments)
-    {
-        renderPass.colorAttachments.forEach((v, i) =>
-        {
-            if (!v) return;
-
-            const view = getGPUTextureView(device, v.view);
-
-            let resolveTarget: GPUTextureView;
-            if (v.resolveTarget)
-            {
-                resolveTarget = getGPUTextureView(device, v.resolveTarget);
-            }
-            const attachment: GPURenderPassColorAttachment = {
-                ...v,
-                view,
-                resolveTarget,
-            };
-
-            renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments[i] = attachment;
-        });
-    }
-
-    if (renderPass.depthStencilAttachment)
-    {
-        const depthStencilAttachment = renderPass.depthStencilAttachment;
-
-        const view = getGPUTextureView(device, depthStencilAttachment.view);
-
-        renderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment = {
-            ...depthStencilAttachment,
-            view,
-        };
-    }
-
-    return renderPassDescriptor;
-}
-
-/**
- * 更新渲染通道附件尺寸，使得附件上纹理尺寸一致。
- *
- * @param renderPass 渲染通道描述。
- * @param attachmentSize 附件尺寸。
- */
-export function updateIGPURenderPassAttachmentSize(renderPass: IGPURenderPassDescriptor, attachmentSize: { width: number; height: number; })
-{
-    const attachmentTextures = getIGPURenderPassAttachmentTextures(renderPass.colorAttachments, renderPass.depthStencilAttachment);
-    attachmentTextures.forEach((v) => setIGPUTextureSize(v, attachmentSize));
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
- *
- * @param colorAttachments 颜色附件列表。
- * @param depthStencilAttachment 深度模板附件。
- * @returns 渲染通道附件上的纹理描述列表。
- */
-function getIGPURenderPassAttachmentTextures(colorAttachments: IGPURenderPassColorAttachment[], depthStencilAttachment?: IGPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment)
-{
-    const textures: IGPUTexture[] = [];
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < colorAttachments.length; i++)
-    {
-        const element = colorAttachments[i];
-        if (element.view)
-        {
-            textures.push(element.view.texture);
-        }
-        if (element.resolveTarget)
-        {
-            textures.push(element.resolveTarget.texture);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (depthStencilAttachment)
-    {
-        if (depthStencilAttachment.view)
-        {
-            textures.push(depthStencilAttachment.view.texture);
-        }
-        if (depthStencilAttachment.resolveTarget)
-        {
-            textures.push(depthStencilAttachment.resolveTarget.texture);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return textures;
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d3e417c661068aa21e85b433777470abd0bc81e2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUBindGroup.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "./IGPUBuffer";
-import { IGPUComputePipeline } from "./IGPUComputeObject";
-import { IGPURenderPipeline } from "./IGPURenderObject";
-import { IGPUSampler } from "./IGPUSampler";
-import { IGPUTextureView } from "./IGPUTextureView";
-
-/**
- * GPU 绑定组。
- *
- * @see GPUBindGroupDescriptor
- * @see GPUDevice.createBindGroup
- */
-export interface IGPUBindGroup extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The {@link IGPUBindGroupLayout} the entries of this bind group will conform to.
-     */
-    layout: IGPUBindGroupLayout;
-
-    /**
-     * A list of entries describing the resources to expose to the shader for each binding
-     * described by the {@link GPUBindGroupDescriptor#layout}.
-     *
-     * {@link GPUBindGroupEntry}
-     */
-    entries: IGPUBindGroupEntry[];
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU绑定组布局。
- *
- * @see GPUPipelineBase.getBindGroupLayout
- * @see GPUDevice.createBindGroupLayout
- */
-export type IGPUBindGroupLayout = IGPUBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline | IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor;
-
-/**
- * GPU绑定组布局描述。
- *
- * @see GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor
- * @see GPUDevice.createBindGroupLayout
- */
-export interface IGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor extends Omit
-{
-    entries: IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry[];
-}
-
-/**
- * 绑定组入口布局描述。
- *
- * @see GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry
- */
-export interface IGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * A bitset of the members of {@link GPUShaderStage}.
-     * Each set bit indicates that a {@link GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry}'s resource
-     * will be accessible from the associated shader stage.
-     */
-    visibility: IGPUShaderStageFlags[];
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU着色阶段。
- *
- * @see GPUShaderStage
- */
-export type IGPUShaderStageFlags = "VERTEX" | "FRAGMENT" | "COMPUTE";
-
-/**
- * 从GPU管线中自动生成指定位置的绑定组布局。
- *
- * @see GPUBindGroupLayout
- * @see GPUPipelineBase.getBindGroupLayout
- */
-export interface IGPUBindGroupLayoutFromPipeline
-{
-    /**
-     * 所属管线。
-     */
-    pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline | IGPUComputePipeline;
-
-    /**
-     * Index into the pipeline layout's {@link GPUPipelineLayout#[[bindGroupLayouts]]} sequence.
-     *
-     * @see GPUPipelineBase.getBindGroupLayout
-     */
-    index: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * 绑定资源入口，指定资源绑定的位置。
- *
- * @see GPUBindGroupEntry
- */
-export interface IGPUBindGroupEntry extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The resource to bind, which may be a {@link GPUSampler}, {@link GPUTextureView},
-     * {@link GPUExternalTexture}, or {@link GPUBufferBinding}.
-     */
-    resource: IGPUBindingResource;
-}
-
-/**
- * 绑定资源。
- *
- * @see GPUBindingResource
- */
-export type IGPUBindingResource =
-    | IGPUSampler
-    | IGPUTextureView
-    | IGPUBufferBinding
-    | IGPUExternalTexture
-    ;
-
-/**
- * 缓冲区绑定。
- *
- * @see GPUBufferBinding
- */
-export interface IGPUBufferBinding extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The {@link GPUBuffer} to bind.
-     */
-    buffer: IGPUBuffer;
-}
-
-/**
- * 外部纹理。
- *
- * @see GPUExternalTexture
- * @see GPUExternalTextureDescriptor
- * @see GPUDevice.importExternalTexture
- */
-export interface IGPUExternalTexture extends GPUExternalTextureDescriptor
-{
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b7e504bc92ecf7ccb5a00bbc3ac6b6bd6437bab0..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "./IGPUBuffer";
-
-/**
- * GPU缓冲区之间拷贝。
- *
- * {@link GPUCommandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer}
- */
-export interface IGPUCopyBufferToBuffer
-{
-    source: IGPUBuffer,
-    sourceOffset: GPUSize64,
-    destination: IGPUBuffer,
-    destinationOffset: GPUSize64,
-    size: GPUSize64
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderBundleObject.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderBundleObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d005b58d4cfe401e0d0b1b44dd6abdc58b9533db..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderBundleObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPURenderObject } from "./IGPURenderObject";
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染捆绑对象。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderBundleEncoder}
- *
- * {@link GPUDevice.createRenderBundleEncoder}
- */
-export interface IGPURenderBundleObject
-{
-    /**
-     * GPU渲染捆绑编码器描述。
-     */
-    renderBundle: IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor
-
-    /**
-     * GPU渲染对象列表。
-     */
-    renderObjects: IGPURenderObject[];
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     */
-    _GPURenderBundle?: GPURenderBundle;
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染捆绑编码器描述。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor}
- * {@link GPUDevice.createRenderBundleEncoder}
- */
-export interface IGPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor extends GPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor
-{
-
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 782ce63cc19bc0ecbcfc3e40c531bff54aa12cd4..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPURenderObject.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-import { IGPUBindGroup } from "./IGPUBindGroup";
-import { IGPUBuffer } from "./IGPUBuffer";
-import { IGPUPipelineLayout } from "./IGPUPipelineLayout";
-import { IGPUVertexBuffer } from "./IGPUVertexBuffer";
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染对象，包含一次渲染时包含的所有数据。
- */
-export interface IGPURenderObject
-{
-    /**
-     * GPU渲染管线描述。
-     */
-    pipeline: IGPURenderPipeline;
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时使用的绑定组。
-     */
-    bindGroups?: IGPUSetBindGroup[],
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时使用的顶点缓冲区列表。
-     */
-    vertexBuffers?: IGPUVertexBuffer[],
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时使用的索引缓冲区。
-     */
-    indexBuffer?: IGPUSetIndexBuffer,
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
-     *
-     * @see GPURenderPassEncoder.setViewport
-     */
-    viewport?: IGPUViewport;
-
-    /**
-     * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
-     *
-     * @see GPURenderPassEncoder.setScissorRect
-     */
-    scissorRect?: IGPUScissorRect;
-
-    /**
-     * 绘制图元相关参数。
-     */
-    draw?: IGPUDraw;
-
-    /**
-     * 根据索引数据绘制图元相关参数。
-     */
-    drawIndexed?: IGPUDrawIndexed;
-}
-
-/**
- * 根据索引数据绘制图元相关参数。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin.drawIndexed}
- */
-export interface IGPUDrawIndexed
-{
-    /**
-     * The number of indices to draw.
-     */
-    indexCount: number;
-
-    /**
-     * The number of instances to draw.
-     */
-    instanceCount?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * Offset into the index buffer, in indices, begin drawing from.
-     */
-    firstIndex?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * Added to each index value before indexing into the vertex buffers.
-     */
-    baseVertex?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * First instance to draw.
-     */
-    firstInstance?: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * Draws primitives.
- *
- * 绘制图元相关参数。
- *
- * @see GPURenderCommandsMixin.draw
- */
-export interface IGPUDraw
-{
-    /**
-     * The number of vertices to draw.
-     */
-    vertexCount: number;
-
-    /**
-     * The number of instances to draw.
-     */
-    instanceCount?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * Offset into the vertex buffers, in vertices, to begin drawing from.
-     */
-    firstVertex?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * First instance to draw.
-     */
-    firstInstance?: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * Sets the scissor rectangle used during the rasterization stage. After transformation into viewport coordinates any fragments which fall outside the scissor rectangle will be discarded.
- *
- * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setScissorRect}
- */
-export interface IGPUScissorRect
-{
-    /**
-     * Minimum X value of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
-     */
-    x: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
-
-    /**
-     * Minimum Y value of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
-     */
-    y: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
-
-    /**
-     * Width of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
-     */
-    width: GPUIntegerCoordinate,
-
-    /**
-     * Height of the scissor rectangle in pixels.
-     */
-    height: GPUIntegerCoordinate
-}
-
-/**
- * Sets the viewport used during the rasterization stage to linearly map from NDC|normalized device coordinates to viewport coordinates.
- *
- * GPU绘制时视口尺寸。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderPassEncoder.setViewport}
- */
-export interface IGPUViewport
-{
-    /**
-     * Minimum X value of the viewport in pixels.
-     */
-    x: number,
-
-    /**
-     * Minimum Y value of the viewport in pixels.
-     */
-    y: number,
-
-    /**
-     * Width of the viewport in pixels.
-     */
-    width: number,
-
-    /**
-     * Height of the viewport in pixels.
-     */
-    height: number,
-
-    /**
-     * Minimum depth value of the viewport.
-     */
-    minDepth: number,
-
-    /**
-     * Maximum depth value of the viewport.
-     */
-    maxDepth: number
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染时使用的绑定组。
- *
- * {@link GPUBindingCommandsMixin.setBindGroup}
- */
-export interface IGPUSetBindGroup
-{
-    /**
-     * GPU绑定组。
-     *
-     * Bind group to use for subsequent render or compute commands.
-     */
-    bindGroup: IGPUBindGroup;
-
-    /**
-     * Array containing buffer offsets in bytes for each entry in `bindGroup` marked as {@link GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry#buffer}.{@link GPUBufferBindingLayout#hasDynamicOffset}.-->
-     */
-    dynamicOffsets?: number[];
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染时使用的索引缓冲区。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderCommandsMixin.setIndexBuffer}
- */
-export interface IGPUSetIndexBuffer
-{
-    /**
-     * Buffer containing index data to use for subsequent drawing commands.
-     *
-     * 顶点索引缓冲区，包含提供给后续绘制命令使用的顶点索引数据。
-     */
-    buffer: IGPUBuffer;
-
-    /**
-     * Format of the index data contained in `buffer`.
-     *
-     * 缓冲区中提供的顶点索引数据格式。
-     */
-    indexFormat: GPUIndexFormat;
-
-    /**
-     * Offset in bytes into `buffer` where the index data begins. Defaults to `0`.
-     *
-     * 索引数据在缓冲区中的起始偏移值。默认为 `0` 。
-     */
-    offset?: number;
-
-    /**
-     * Size in bytes of the index data in `buffer`. Defaults to the size of the buffer minus the offset.
-     *
-     * 索引数据在缓冲区中所占字节尺寸。默认为缓冲区尺寸减去起始偏移值。
-     */
-    size?: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU渲染管线描述。
- *
- * {@link GPURenderPipelineDescriptor}
- */
-export interface IGPURenderPipeline extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * The {@link GPUPipelineLayout} for this pipeline or {@link GPUAutoLayoutMode#"auto"}, to generate
-     * the pipeline layout automatically.
-     * Note: If {@link GPUAutoLayoutMode#"auto"} is used the pipeline cannot share {@link GPUBindGroup}s
-     * with any other pipelines.
-     *
-     * 默认 'auto' 。
-     */
-    layout?: IGPUPipelineLayout | "auto";
-
-    /**
-     * Describes the vertex shader entry point of the pipeline and its input buffer layouts.
-     */
-    vertex: IGPUVertexState;
-
-    /**
-     * Describes the primitive-related properties of the pipeline.
-     */
-    primitive?: IGPUPrimitiveState;
-
-    /**
-     * Describes the optional depth-stencil properties, including the testing, operations, and bias.
-     */
-    depthStencil?: IGPUDepthStencilState;
-
-    /**
-     * Describes the multi-sampling properties of the pipeline.
-     */
-    multisample?: IGPUMultisampleState;
-
-    /**
-     * Describes the fragment shader entry point of the pipeline and its output colors. If
-     * not map/exist|provided, the [[#no-color-output]] mode is enabled.
-     */
-    fragment?: IGPUFragmentState;
-}
-
-/**
- * 完整的深度模板阶段描述。
- */
-export interface IGPUDepthStencilState extends GPUDepthStencilState
-{
-
-}
-
-/**
- * 完整的多重采样阶段描述。
- */
-export interface IGPUMultisampleState extends GPUMultisampleState
-{
-
-}
-
-/**
- * {@link GPUPrimitiveState}
- */
-export interface IGPUPrimitiveState extends GPUPrimitiveState
-{
-    /**
-     * The type of primitive to be constructed from the vertex inputs.
-     *
-     * WebGPU 默认 `"triangle-list"` ,默认每三个顶点绘制一个三角形。
-     */
-    topology?: GPUPrimitiveTopology;
-
-    /**
-     * Defines which polygon orientation will be culled, if any.
-     *
-     * WebGPU 默认 `"none"` ,不进行剔除。
-     */
-    cullMode?: GPUCullMode;
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU顶点程序阶段。
- *
- * @see GPUVertexState
- */
-export interface IGPUVertexState extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
-     */
-    code: string;
-
-    /**
-     * A list of {@link GPUVertexBufferLayout}s defining the layout of the vertex attribute data in the
-     * vertex buffers used by this pipeline.
-     */
-    buffers?: GPUVertexBufferLayout[];
-}
-
-/**
- * GPU片元程序阶段。
- *
- * {@link GPUFragmentState}
- */
-export interface IGPUFragmentState extends Omit
-{
-    /**
-     * 着色器源码，将由 {@link GPUDevice.createShaderModule} 生成 {@link GPUShaderModule} 。
-     */
-    code: string;
-
-    /**
-     * A list of {@link GPUColorTargetState} defining the formats and behaviors of the color targets
-     * this pipeline writes to.
-     */
-    targets: GPUColorTargetState[];
-}
diff --git a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSampler.ts b/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSampler.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ea8deb2cfbceccd1570a433c13c6dfd09474d97..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/webgpu-data-driven/data/IGPUSampler.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * GPU采样器描述。
- *
- * {@link GPUSampler}
- *
- * {@link GPUSamplerDescriptor}
- */
-export interface IGPUSampler extends GPUSamplerDescriptor
-{
-
-}
diff --git a/test/getWGSLBindGroups.spec.ts b/test/getWGSLBindGroups.spec.ts
index 5b289b8238072dfaff400e6bc029ff0a906dacc2..cd5549f7a68bcf60d8c941208bff5fdbb3540f82 100644
--- a/test/getWGSLBindGroups.spec.ts
+++ b/test/getWGSLBindGroups.spec.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import { assert, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 const { ok, equal, deepEqual, strictEqual } = assert;
 
-import { getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap } from "../src/caches/getWGSLReflect";
+import { getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap } from "../src/caches/getWGSLReflectInfo";
 
 describe("test", () =>
 {
-    it("getWGSLBindGroups", () =>
-    {
-      getWGSLBindingResourceInfoMap(`
+  it("getWGSLBindGroups", () =>
+  {
+    getIGPUBindGroupLayoutEntryMap(`
         override shadowDepthTextureSize: f32 = 1024.0;
 
 struct Scene {
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ fn main(input : FragmentInput) -> @location(0) vec4 {
 
         
         `);
-        ok(true);
-    });
+    equal(true, true);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/types/VertexFormat.spec.ts b/test/types/VertexFormat.spec.ts
index e776f93fb604b52d7b2a8521d7c0024555c64026..23604f313da258bde4618a179702408fda255e90 100644
--- a/test/types/VertexFormat.spec.ts
+++ b/test/types/VertexFormat.spec.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ describe("VertexFormat", () =>
         "sint32x2",
         "sint32x3",
         "sint32x4",
+        "unorm10-10-10-2",
     ];
 
     it("constructor", () =>
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ describe("VertexFormat", () =>
         wgslVertexTypes.forEach((wgslVertexType) =>
         {
             const wgslVertexTypeValue = wgslVertexTypeMap[wgslVertexType];
-            ok(wgslVertexTypeValue.possibleFormats.includes(wgslVertexTypeValue.format));
+            equal(wgslVertexTypeValue.possibleFormats.includes(wgslVertexTypeValue.format), true);
 
             wgslVertexTypeValue.possibleFormats.forEach((gpuVertexFormat) =>
             {
diff --git a/test/utils/ChainMap.spec.ts b/test/utils/ChainMap.spec.ts
index 47558cc47c2871943bcab04a3e2678b1187ef52e..a376abe329376366f7eedc94633e1f8fff217cd4 100644
--- a/test/utils/ChainMap.spec.ts
+++ b/test/utils/ChainMap.spec.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import { assert, describe, it } from "vitest";
 const { ok, equal, deepEqual, strictEqual } = assert;
 
 import { ChainMap } from "../../src/utils/ChainMap";
+import { ChainObjectMap } from "./ChainObjectMap";
+import { ChainMap3 } from "./ChainMap3";
 
 describe("ChainMap", () =>
 {
@@ -19,4 +21,126 @@ describe("ChainMap", () =>
         result = map.get([0, true, "a", o]);
         equal(undefined, result);
     });
+
+    it("性能测试", () =>
+    {
+        const Num = 100000;
+        const data = new Array(Num).fill(0).map((v, i) => ({ key0: Math.random(), key1: Math.random() < 0.5, key2: "abc"[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)], result: i }));
+
+        {
+            const chainMap = new ChainMap<[number, boolean, string], number>();
+            console.time(`ChainMap set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainMap.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainMap get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainMap.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap get`);
+
+            const chainObjectMap = new ChainObjectMap<[number, boolean, string], number>();
+            console.time(`ChainObjectMap set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainObjectMap.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainObjectMap set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainObjectMap get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainObjectMap.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainObjectMap get`);
+
+            const chainMap3 = new ChainMap3();
+            console.time(`ChainMap3 set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainMap3.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap3 set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainMap3 get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainMap3.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap3 get`);
+        }
+
+        {
+            const chainMap = new ChainMap<[number, boolean, string], number>();
+            console.time(`ChainMap set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainMap.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainMap get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainMap.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap get`);
+
+            const chainObjectMap = new ChainObjectMap<[number, boolean, string], number>();
+            console.time(`ChainObjectMap set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainObjectMap.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainObjectMap set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainObjectMap get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainObjectMap.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainObjectMap get`);
+
+            const chainMap3 = new ChainMap3();
+            console.time(`ChainMap3 set`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                chainMap3.set([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2], v.result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap3 set`);
+
+            console.time(`ChainMap3 get`);
+            data.forEach((v) =>
+            {
+                const result = chainMap3.get([v.key0, v.key1, v.key2]);
+                equal(v.result, result);
+            });
+            console.timeEnd(`ChainMap3 get`);
+        }
+
+        // 结果，ChainObjectMap不如ChainMap效率高。ChainMap 与 ChainMap3 性能差不多。直接使用通用的ChainMap就很好了。
+        // ChainMap set: 84.144ms
+        // ChainMap get: 94.894ms
+        // ChainObjectMap set: 149.668ms
+        // ChainObjectMap get: 163.372ms
+        // ChainMap3 set: 50.336ms
+        // ChainMap3 get: 96.217ms
+        // ChainMap set: 54.614ms
+        // ChainMap get: 98.033ms
+        // ChainObjectMap set: 101.39ms
+        // ChainObjectMap get: 169.301ms
+        // ChainMap3 set: 49.931ms
+        // ChainMap3 get: 94.277ms
+
+        equal(1, 1);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/test/utils/ChainMap3.ts b/test/utils/ChainMap3.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e0aee4ad929613007b3a110b649d95e68e23e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/utils/ChainMap3.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ * 链式Map。
+ *
+ * 多个key数组对应一个值。
+ *
+ * 由于键值可能是字面值也可能是对象，因此无法使用 {@link WeakMap} 来构建{@link ChainMap3}，只能使用 {@link Map}。
+ */
+export class ChainMap3
+{
+    private _map: Map>> = new Map();
+
+    /**
+     * 获取键对应的值。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @returns 值。
+     */
+    get(keys: [K1, K2, K3]): V
+    {
+        const map = this._map;
+
+return map.get(keys[0])?.get(keys[1])?.get(keys[2]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置映射。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @param value 值。
+     */
+    set(keys: [K1, K2, K3], value: V)
+    {
+        const map = this._map;
+        //
+        if (map.has(keys[0]) === false) map.set(keys[0], new Map());
+        const map0 = map.get(keys[0]);
+        //
+        if (map0.has(keys[1]) === false) map0.set(keys[1], new Map());
+        const map1 = map0.get(keys[1]);
+        //
+        map1.set(keys[2], value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 删除映射。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @returns 如果找到目标值且被删除返回 `true` ，否则返回 `false` 。
+     */
+    delete(keys: [K1, K2, K3]): boolean
+    {
+        const map = this._map;
+
+return !!(map.get(keys[0])?.get(keys[1])?.delete(keys[2]));
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/test/utils/ChainObjectMap.ts b/test/utils/ChainObjectMap.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79b828380bc05c5425419127069b8506ebfb8165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/utils/ChainObjectMap.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/**
+ * 链式Map。
+ *
+ * 多个key数组对应一个值。
+ *
+ * 由于键值可能是字面值也可能是对象，因此无法使用 {@link WeakMap} 来构建{@link ChainMap}，只能使用 {@link Map}。
+ */
+export class ChainObjectMap, V>
+{
+    private _map = {};
+
+    /**
+     * 获取键对应的值。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @returns 值。
+     */
+    get(keys: K): V
+    {
+        let map = this._map;
+
+        for (let i = 0, n = keys.length; i < n; i++)
+        {
+            let key = keys[i];
+            if (typeof key === "object" || typeof key === "function")
+            {
+                key = key["_id"];
+            }
+
+            map = map[key];
+            if (map === undefined) return undefined;
+        }
+
+        return map as any;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置映射。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @param value 值。
+     */
+    set(keys: K, value: V)
+    {
+        let map = this._map;
+
+        let key: any;
+        for (let i = 0, n = keys.length; i < n; i++)
+        {
+            key = keys[i];
+            if (typeof key === "object" || typeof key === "function")
+            {
+                key = key["_id"] = key["_id"] || autoId++;
+            }
+            if (i < n - 1)
+            {
+                map = map[key] = map[key] || {};
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                map[key] = value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 删除映射。
+     *
+     * @param keys 键。
+     * @returns 如果找到目标值且被删除返回 `true` ，否则返回 `false` 。
+     */
+    delete(keys: K): boolean
+    {
+        let map = this._map;
+
+        for (let i = 0, n = keys.length; i < n; i++)
+        {
+            let key = keys[i];
+            if (typeof key === "object" || typeof key === "function")
+            {
+                key = key["_id"];
+            }
+
+            if (i < n - 1)
+            {
+                map = map[key];
+                if (!map) return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                map[key] = undefined;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+let autoId = 0;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index c1ed59e5455a557d3a9163df3ce81e8dfeb8b358..35ae5aeddc8f58d1d857f4e5153f9420f434aed9 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
         "lib": [
             "ES2015",
             "ES2017",
+            "ES2020",
             "DOM",
         ],
         "outDir": "lib"
diff --git a/typedoc.json b/typedoc.json
index 966f99025e9a6f800526980b3a6c2bf6426d06ca..d3920db604d3787701fcfc6d831d635f9559d333 100644
--- a/typedoc.json
+++ b/typedoc.json
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
     "entryPoints": [
         "src/index.ts"
     ],
-    "sourceLinkTemplate": "https://gitlab.com/feng3d/webgpu-renderer/tree/master/{path}#L{line}",
+    "sourceLinkTemplate": "https://gitee.com/feng3d/webgpu-renderer/tree/master/{path}#L{line}",
     "out": "public/docs"
 }
\ No newline at end of file