diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_be/include/cg/cg.h b/src/mapleall/maple_be/include/cg/cg.h
index 8cc3b4e74ad85172c008d7f10cf07ac534bcec7a..5c48b3cff7fee5082fa538b6f5acb08ef30a1987 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_be/include/cg/cg.h
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_be/include/cg/cg.h
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class CG {
   }
 
   bool DoPatchLongBranch() const {
-    return cgOption.DoPatchLongBranch();
+    return cgOption.DoPatchLongBranch() || (Globals::GetInstance()->GetOptimLevel() == CGOptions::kLevel0);
   }
 
   uint8 GetRematLevel() const {
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_driver/include/driver_options.h b/src/mapleall/maple_driver/include/driver_options.h
index 61a57df5d896e03f2ebbe9a2aff3ae44cd27237c..a7dbccfd73fd639cf8b0ea89196c44d77e10afa6 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_driver/include/driver_options.h
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_driver/include/driver_options.h
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ extern maplecl::Option<bool> genMapleBC;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> genLMBC;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> profileGen;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> profileUse;
+extern maplecl::Option<bool> missingProfDataIsError;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> stackProtectorStrong;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> stackProtectorAll;
 extern maplecl::Option<bool> inlineAsWeak;
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_driver/src/driver_options.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_driver/src/driver_options.cpp
index 1f035bc54bad20b2658233ac3e97edb44f40af0b..33b4a04bb1bcd13a41d950681f5fcd68b8ad9aa4 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_driver/src/driver_options.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_driver/src/driver_options.cpp
@@ -171,6 +171,12 @@ maplecl::Option<bool> profileUse({"--profileUse"},
                             "  --profileUse                \tOptimize static languages with profile data\n",
                             {driverCategory, mpl2mplCategory});
 
+maplecl::Option<bool> missingProfDataIsError({"--missing-profdata-is-error"},
+                            "  --missing-profdata-is-error \tTreat missing profile data file as error\n"
+                            "  --no-missing-profdata-is-error \tOnly warn on missing profile data file\n",
+                          {driverCategory},
+                          maplecl::DisableWith("--no-missing-profdata-is-error"),
+                          maplecl::Init(true));
 maplecl::Option<bool> stackProtectorStrong({"--stack-protector-strong"},
                                            "  --stack-protector-strong        \tadd stack guard for some function\n",
                                            {driverCategory, meCategory, cgCategory});
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_ipa/src/ipa_clone.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_ipa/src/ipa_clone.cpp
index f164000454a4a42c418812cf1115a872f0dfed4e..fcbcf84c832052263b51a4cc6d1b02dceed3f898 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_ipa/src/ipa_clone.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_ipa/src/ipa_clone.cpp
@@ -395,6 +395,9 @@ void IpaClone::DecideCloneFunction(std::vector<ImpExpr> &result, uint32 paramInd
           if (oldCallNode == nullptr) {
             continue;
           }
+          if (callerFunc->GetFuncProfData() == nullptr) {
+            continue;
+          }
           uint64_t callsiteFreq = callerFunc->GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(stmtId);
           clonedSiteFreqs += callsiteFreq;
         }
@@ -546,6 +549,9 @@ void IpaClone::CloneNoImportantExpressFunction(MIRFunction *func, uint32 paramIn
       if (oldCallNode == nullptr) {
         continue;
       }
+      if (callerFunc->GetFuncProfData() == nullptr) {
+        continue;
+      }
       uint64_t callsiteFreq = callerFunc->GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(stmtId);
       clonedSiteFreqs += callsiteFreq;
     }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/include/mir_module.h b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/include/mir_module.h
index 83eae82df72adaab66a74afa3ebb10212d8d045c..e09c84e554cbd798dd2f4725dcfd1c577516516d 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/include/mir_module.h
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/include/mir_module.h
@@ -344,21 +344,11 @@ class MIRModule {
   }
 
   std::string GetFileNameAsPostfix() const;
+  std::string GetFileNameWithPath() const;
   void SetFileName(const std::string &name) {
     fileName = name;
   }
 
-  std::string GetProfileDataFileName() const {
-    std::string profileDataFileName = GetFileName().substr(0, GetFileName().find_last_of("."));
-    const char *gcovPath = std::getenv("GCOV_PREFIX");
-    std::string gcovPrefix = gcovPath ? gcovPath : "";
-    if (!gcovPrefix.empty() && (gcovPrefix.back() != '/')) {
-      gcovPrefix.append("/");
-    }
-    profileDataFileName = gcovPrefix + profileDataFileName;
-    return profileDataFileName;
-  }
-
   bool IsJavaModule() const {
     return srcLang == kSrcLangJava;
   }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_lower.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_lower.cpp
index 9c989137c0587d57e4a0dab579670bb9febecf66..38b6507b76e3d393df6dcac22786912ab11d2bd2 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_lower.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_lower.cpp
@@ -408,6 +408,9 @@ BlockNode *MIRLower::LowerDoloopStmt(DoloopNode &doloop) {
   if (GetFuncProfData()) {
     doloopnodeFreq = static_cast<int64_t>(GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(doloop.GetStmtID()));
     bodynodeFreq = static_cast<int64_t>(GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(doloop.GetDoBody()->GetStmtID()));
+    if (doloopnodeFreq < bodynodeFreq) {
+      doloopnodeFreq = bodynodeFreq;
+    }
   }
   auto *blk = mirModule.CurFuncCodeMemPool()->New<BlockNode>();
   if (doloop.IsPreg()) {
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_module.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_module.cpp
index 334216779e569324ef8089266952982f60ae6564..8e53cfaf03d4266f53c126e38c9a8033a98e6377 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_module.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_ir/src/mir_module.cpp
@@ -747,6 +747,23 @@ std::string MIRModule::GetFileNameAsPostfix() const {
   return fileNameStr;
 }
 
+std::string MIRModule::GetFileNameWithPath() const {
+  MIRInfoPair fileInfoElem = fileInfo.front();
+  std::string fileNameWithoutPath = GlobalTables::GetStrTable().GetStringFromStrIdx(fileInfoElem.second);
+  // strip out the suffix
+  fileNameWithoutPath = fileNameWithoutPath.substr(0, fileNameWithoutPath.find_last_of("."));
+  std::string fileNameWithPath;
+  // find the right entry because some entries are for included files
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < srcFileInfo.size(); ++i) {
+    MIRInfoPair infoElem = srcFileInfo[i];
+    fileNameWithPath = GlobalTables::GetStrTable().GetStringFromStrIdx(infoElem.first);
+    if (fileNameWithPath.find(fileNameWithoutPath) != std::string::npos) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return fileNameWithPath;
+}
+
 void MIRModule::AddClass(TyIdx tyIdx) {
   (void)classList.insert(tyIdx);
 }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/lfo_loop_vec.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/lfo_loop_vec.cpp
index 189a49ec6e56fcb3456f5b6a1f4b3ffdb9cd8e6b..17e548f7e6207dd649bda72427da8c04ed71942c 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/lfo_loop_vec.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/lfo_loop_vec.cpp
@@ -1754,6 +1754,11 @@ DoloopNode *LoopVectorization::PrepareDoloop(DoloopNode *doloop, LoopTransPlan *
     ASSERT(parent && (parent->GetOpCode() ==  OP_block), "nullptr check");
     BlockNode *pblock = static_cast<BlockNode *>(parent);
     pblock->InsertAfter(doloop, edoloop);
+    auto *profData = mirFunc->GetFuncProfData();
+    if (profData) {
+      profData->SetStmtFreq(edoloop->GetStmtID(), 0);
+      profData->SetStmtFreq(edoloop->GetDoBody()->GetStmtID(), 0);
+    }
   }
   return doloop;
 }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_cfg.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_cfg.cpp
index 202d51f7fecf348b901679e9392a9c04fb7835c6..5eb25c28facdf4e516d3f41d65ad986d498f94e9 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_cfg.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_cfg.cpp
@@ -1553,9 +1553,9 @@ void MeCFG::CreateBasicBlocks() {
         curBB->SetBBLabel(labelIdx);
         // label node is not real node in bb, get frequency information to bb
         if (Options::profileUse && func.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData()) {
-          auto freq = func.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(stmt->GetStmtID());
+          int64 freq = func.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(stmt->GetStmtID());
           if (freq >= 0) {
-            curBB->SetFrequency(freq);
+            curBB->SetFrequency(static_cast<uint64>(freq));
           }
         }
         break;
@@ -1625,6 +1625,10 @@ void MeCFG::CreateBasicBlocks() {
     lastBB->SetFirst(func.GetMIRModule().GetMIRBuilder()->CreateStmtReturn(nullptr));
     lastBB->SetLast(lastBB->GetStmtNodes().begin().d());
     lastBB->SetKindReturn();
+    if (updateFreq) {
+      FuncProfInfo *funcData = func.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData();
+      funcData->stmtFreqs[lastBB->GetLast().GetStmtID()] = 0;
+    }
   } else if (lastBB->GetKind() == kBBUnknown) {
     lastBB->SetKindReturn();
     lastBB->SetAttributes(kBBAttrIsExit);
@@ -1860,6 +1864,40 @@ void MeCFG::SwapBBId(BB &bb1, BB &bb2) {
   bb2.SetBBId(tmp);
 }
 
+// bb must have 2 successors; construct the edge frequencies for the 2 edges
+inline void ConstructEdgeFreqForBBWith2Succs(BB *bb) {
+  BB *fallthru = bb->GetSucc(0);
+  BB *targetBB = bb->GetSucc(1);
+  if (fallthru->GetPred().size() == 1) {
+    uint64 succ0Freq = fallthru->GetFrequency();
+    bb->PushBackSuccFreq(succ0Freq);
+    if (bb->GetFrequency() > succ0Freq) {
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency() - succ0Freq);
+    } else {
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
+    }
+  } else if (targetBB->GetPred().size() == 1) {
+    uint64 succ1Freq = targetBB->GetFrequency();
+    if (bb->GetAttributes(kBBAttrWontExit) && bb->GetSuccFreq().size() == 1) {
+      // special case: WontExitAnalysis() has pushed 0 to bb->succFreq
+      bb->GetSuccFreq()[0] = bb->GetFrequency();
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
+    } else if (bb->GetFrequency() >= succ1Freq) {  // tolerate inaccuracy
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency());
+    } else {
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency() - succ1Freq);
+      bb->PushBackSuccFreq(succ1Freq);
+    }
+  } else if (fallthru->GetFrequency() > targetBB->GetFrequency()) {
+    bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency());
+    bb->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
+  } else {
+    bb->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
+    bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency());
+  }
+}
+
 // set bb succ frequency from bb freq
 // no critical edge is expected
 void MeCFG::ConstructEdgeFreqFromBBFreq() {
@@ -1873,21 +1911,7 @@ void MeCFG::ConstructEdgeFreqFromBBFreq() {
     if (bb->GetSucc().size() == 1) {
       bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency());
     } else if (bb->GetSucc().size() == 2) {
-      auto *fallthru = bb->GetSucc(0);
-      auto *targetBB = bb->GetSucc(1);
-      if (fallthru->GetPred().size() == 1) {
-        auto succ0Freq = fallthru->GetFrequency();
-        bb->PushBackSuccFreq(succ0Freq);
-        ASSERT(bb->GetFrequency() >= succ0Freq, "sanity check");
-        bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency() - succ0Freq);
-      } else if (targetBB->GetPred().size() == 1) {
-        auto succ1Freq = targetBB->GetFrequency();
-        ASSERT(bb->GetFrequency() >= succ1Freq, "sanity check");
-        bb->PushBackSuccFreq(bb->GetFrequency() - succ1Freq);
-        bb->PushBackSuccFreq(succ1Freq);
-      } else {
-        CHECK_FATAL(false, "ConstructEdgeFreqFromBBFreq::NYI critical edge");
-      }
+      ConstructEdgeFreqForBBWith2Succs(bb);
     } else if (bb->GetSucc().size() > 2) {
       // switch case, no critical edge is supposted
       for (size_t i = 0; i < bb->GetSucc().size(); ++i) {
@@ -1910,14 +1934,24 @@ void MeCFG::ConstructBBFreqFromStmtFreq() {
   for (auto bIt = valid_begin(); bIt != eIt; ++bIt) {
     if ((*bIt)->IsEmpty()) continue;
     StmtNode &first = (*bIt)->GetFirst();
+    StmtNode &last = (*bIt)->GetLast();
     if (funcData->stmtFreqs.count(first.GetStmtID()) > 0) {
       (*bIt)->SetFrequency(funcData->stmtFreqs[first.GetStmtID()]);
-    } else if (funcData->stmtFreqs.count((*bIt)->GetLast().GetStmtID()) > 0) {
-      (*bIt)->SetFrequency(funcData->stmtFreqs[(*bIt)->GetLast().GetStmtID()]);
+    } else if (funcData->stmtFreqs.count(last.GetStmtID()) > 0) {
+      (*bIt)->SetFrequency(funcData->stmtFreqs[last.GetStmtID()]);
     } else {
-      LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "ERROR::  bb " << (*bIt)->GetBBId() << "frequency is not set"
-                             << "\n";
-      ASSERT(0, "no freq set");
+      bool foundFreq = false;
+      for (StmtNode &stmt : (*bIt)->GetStmtNodes()) {
+        if (funcData->stmtFreqs.count(stmt.GetStmtID()) > 0) {
+          (*bIt)->SetFrequency(funcData->stmtFreqs[stmt.GetStmtID()]);
+          foundFreq = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (not foundFreq) {
+        LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "ERROR::  bb " << (*bIt)->GetBBId() << " has not stmt with set freq" << "\n";
+        CHECK_FATAL(0, "MeCFG::ConstructBBFreqFromStmtFreq: cannot set BB freq");
+      }
     }
   }
   // add common entry and common exit
@@ -1937,9 +1971,6 @@ void MeCFG::ConstructBBFreqFromStmtFreq() {
   ConstructEdgeFreqFromBBFreq();
   // clear stmtFreqs since cfg frequency is create
   funcData->stmtFreqs.clear();
-
-  // set updateFrequency with true
-  updateFreq = true;
 }
 
 void MeCFG::ConstructStmtFreq() {
@@ -2086,6 +2117,10 @@ bool MEMeCfg::PhaseRun(MeFunction &f) {
   MemPool *meCfgMp = GetPhaseMemPool();
   theCFG = meCfgMp->New<MeCFG>(meCfgMp, f);
   f.SetTheCfg(theCFG);
+
+  if (Options::profileUse && f.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData()) {
+    theCFG->SetUpdateCFGFreq(true);
+  }
   theCFG->CreateBasicBlocks();
   if (theCFG->NumBBs() == 0) {
     /* there's no basicblock generated */
@@ -2104,7 +2139,7 @@ bool MEMeCfg::PhaseRun(MeFunction &f) {
   }
   theCFG->Verify();
   // construct bb freq from stmt freq
-  if (Options::profileUse && f.GetMirFunc()->GetFuncProfData()) {
+  if (theCFG->UpdateCFGFreq()) {
     theCFG->ConstructBBFreqFromStmtFreq();
     if (theCFG->DumpIRProfileFile()) {
       std::string fileName = "after-mecfgbuild";
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_loop_inversion.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_loop_inversion.cpp
index fddacb87d9cd8064afe753307f5780505d88d82a..7a615caf7753db991caeff7b479440625913604a 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_loop_inversion.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_loop_inversion.cpp
@@ -243,7 +243,6 @@ void MeLoopInversion::Convert(MeFunction &func, BB &bb, BB &pred, MapleMap<Key,
             bb.SetSuccFreq(1, 0);
           }
         }
-        ASSERT(latchBB->GetFrequency() == 0, "sanity check");
         latchBB->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
         latchBB->PushBackSuccFreq(0);
       }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_profile_use.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_profile_use.cpp
index d43fa03e7361af5cefbc653b38d1ea46a130af2c..d22d98e97a47a28e6ce2ba337cf26c4407cdc9ed 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_profile_use.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_profile_use.cpp
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void MeProfUse::ComputeEdgeFreq() {
   while (change) {
     change = false;
     pass++;
-    CHECK_FATAL(pass != UINT8_MAX, "parse all edges fail");
+    CHECK_FATAL(pass != UINT16_MAX, "too many passes in MeProfUse::ComputeEdgeFreq: %d", pass);
     /*
      * use the bb edge to infer the bb's count,when all bb's count is valid
      * then all edges count is valid
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_value_range_prop.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_value_range_prop.cpp
index cc6b15f8dc9a2bf747568857ccf90c0979327197..96b8a8397b55367c11bb4b7240a5cc88a738f6a6 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_value_range_prop.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/me_value_range_prop.cpp
@@ -3933,7 +3933,6 @@ bool ValueRangePropagation::RemoveTheEdgeOfPredBB(
     uint64 edgeFreq = 0;
     if (func.GetCfg()->UpdateCFGFreq()) {
       edgeFreq = pred.GetSuccFreq()[index];
-      ASSERT(bb.GetFrequency() >= edgeFreq, "sanity check");
     }
     pred.RemoveSucc(bb);
     DeleteThePhiNodeWhichOnlyHasOneOpnd(bb, updateSSAExceptTheScalarExpr, ssaupdateCandsForCondExpr);
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/optimizeCFG.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/optimizeCFG.cpp
index a6c6826b3179a0ea3d79cdf05656f67e78b0a1a2..ec8ccdcd9785e73aa3208ff187f29fd739509af2 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/optimizeCFG.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/optimizeCFG.cpp
@@ -1904,8 +1904,11 @@ bool OptimizeBB::SkipRedundantCond(BB &pred, BB &succ) {
       idx = succ.GetSuccIndex(*affectedBB);
       ASSERT(idx >= 0 && idx < succ.GetSucc().size(), "sanity check");
       int64_t oldedgeFreq = static_cast<int64_t>(succ.GetSuccFreq()[static_cast<uint32>(idx)]);
-      ASSERT(oldedgeFreq >= freq, "sanity check");
-      succ.SetSuccFreq(idx, static_cast<uint64>(oldedgeFreq) - freq);
+      if (oldedgeFreq >= freq) {
+        succ.SetSuccFreq(idx, static_cast<uint64>(oldedgeFreq) - freq);
+      } else {
+        succ.SetSuccFreq(idx, 0);
+      }
     }
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_emit.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_emit.cpp
index d5cf1e015ecdf1806c05ab326150012cb9b1e0a1..a567e52090ba422da0a62f3f90042aa0f76662cd 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_emit.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_emit.cpp
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ void PreMeEmitter::EmitBB(BB *bb, BlockNode *curBlk) {
     if (setLastFreq) {
       GetFuncProfData()->SetStmtFreq(curBlk->GetLast()->GetStmtID(), bb->GetFrequency());
     } else if (bbIsEmpty) {
-      LogInfo::MapleLogger() << " bb " << bb->GetBBId() << "no stmt used to add frequency, add commentnode\n";
+      LogInfo::MapleLogger() << " bb " << bb->GetBBId() << ": no stmt used to add frequency; added comment node\n";
       CommentNode *commentNode = codeMP->New<CommentNode>(*(mirFunc->GetModule()));
       commentNode->SetComment("freqStmt"+std::to_string(commentNode->GetStmtID()));
       GetFuncProfData()->SetStmtFreq(commentNode->GetStmtID(), bb->GetFrequency());
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_mir_lower.cpp b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_mir_lower.cpp
index fdb427c437edac00a58ce717b1017bc4d883e334..c30a98121817e3df323d92c9dd4404b4b9e1cb30 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_mir_lower.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_me/src/pme_mir_lower.cpp
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ BlockNode *PreMeMIRLower::LowerWhileStmt(WhileStmtNode &whileStmt) {
   if (GetFuncProfData()) {
     int64_t freq = GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(whileStmt.GetStmtID()) -
                    GetFuncProfData()->GetStmtFreq(whilegotonode->GetStmtID());
-    ASSERT(freq >= 0, "sanity check");
-    GetFuncProfData()->SetStmtFreq(endlblstmt->GetStmtID(), freq);
+    GetFuncProfData()->SetStmtFreq(endlblstmt->GetStmtID(), freq > 0 ? freq : 0);
   }
   return blk;
 }
diff --git a/src/mapleall/maple_util/include/mpl_profdata.h b/src/mapleall/maple_util/include/mpl_profdata.h
index 23cf6f99b95eaef8c63518ea7c486478075acf9b..767bbf2ea4b3145b9b85803717acd5846e2a95af 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/maple_util/include/mpl_profdata.h
+++ b/src/mapleall/maple_util/include/mpl_profdata.h
@@ -130,6 +130,9 @@ class FuncProfInfo {
     return -1;  // unstored
   }
   void SetStmtFreq(uint32_t stmtID, uint64_t freq) {
+    if (static_cast<int64_t>(freq) == -1) {
+      return;
+    }
     stmtFreqs[stmtID] = freq;
   }
   void EraseStmtFreq(uint32_t stmtID) {
diff --git a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/gen_profile.cpp b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/gen_profile.cpp
index a54af1b99d5379195bc3598a7f6605dd75186058..5741f7faa1fe7abd9c9e2680f0e085c827fbbba3 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/gen_profile.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/gen_profile.cpp
@@ -103,9 +103,10 @@ void ProfileGen::CreateModProfDesc() {
   MIRIntConst *checksumMirConst = GlobalTables::GetIntConstTable().GetOrCreateIntConst(cfgChkSum, *u32Ty);
   modProfDescSymMirConst->AddItem(checksumMirConst, 5);
 
+  std::string fileNameWithPath = mod.GetFileNameWithPath();
   // Make the profile file name as fileName.gcda
-  std::string profFileName = mod.GetFileName().substr(0, mod.GetFileName().find_last_of(".")) +
-      namemangler::kProfFileNameExt;
+  std::string profFileName = fileNameWithPath.substr(0, fileNameWithPath.find_last_of(".")) + 
+                             namemangler::kProfFileNameExt;
   auto *profileFNMirConst =
     modMP->New<MIRStrConst>(profFileName, *GlobalTables::GetTypeTable().GetTypeFromTyIdx(TyIdx(PTY_a64)));
   modProfDescSymMirConst->AddItem(profileFNMirConst, 6);
diff --git a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/inline.cpp b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/inline.cpp
index d6c5a33d6c7d325f2a22079737b784f4d939be9a..c3e558608215559ed73ba54ebe4a34f891e8778b 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/inline.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/inline.cpp
@@ -539,8 +539,13 @@ void MInline::InlineCallsBlockInternal(MIRFunction &func, BaseNode &baseNode, bo
   InlineResult result;
   result.reason = GetInlineFailedStr(failCode);
   if (canInline) {
-    result = AnalyzeCallee(func, *callee, callStmt);
-    canInline = result.canInline;
+    if (Options::profileUse && callee->GetFuncProfData() == nullptr) {
+      // callee is never executed according to profile data
+      canInline = false;
+    } else {
+      result = AnalyzeCallee(func, *callee, callStmt);
+      canInline = result.canInline;
+    }
   }
   if (canInline) {
     module.SetCurFunction(&func);
diff --git a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/mpl_profdata_parser.cpp b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/mpl_profdata_parser.cpp
index 1d0ed18d7f155b55d00d872e38bcc6a51d95eb5d..a0702c4cf273cc100bc31c846e22afae0506ddfb 100644
--- a/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/mpl_profdata_parser.cpp
+++ b/src/mapleall/mpl2mpl/src/mpl_profdata_parser.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ int MplProfDataParser::ReadMapleProfileData() {
   std::string mprofDataFile = Options::profile;
   if (mprofDataFile.empty()) {
     if (const char *envGcovprefix = std::getenv("GCOV_PREFIX")) {
+      std::string fileNameWithPath = m.GetFileNameWithPath();
       static_cast<void>(mprofDataFile.append(envGcovprefix));
       if (mprofDataFile.back() != '/') {
         static_cast<void>(mprofDataFile.append("/"));
@@ -102,33 +103,30 @@ int MplProfDataParser::ReadMapleProfileData() {
           LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "set env GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP=" << strip << std::endl;
         }
       }
-      std::string profDataFileName = m.GetProfileDataFileName();
-      if (dumpDetail) {
-        LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "profdata file stem before strip: " << profDataFileName << std::endl;
-      }
-      // reduce path in profDataFileName
-      while (stripnum > 0 && profDataFileName.size() > 1) {
-        size_t pos = profDataFileName.find_first_of("/", 1);
+      // strip path in fileNameWithPath according to stripnum
+      while (stripnum > 0 && fileNameWithPath.size() > 1) {
+        size_t pos = fileNameWithPath.find_first_of("/", 1);
         if (pos == std::string::npos) {
           break;
         }
-        profDataFileName = profDataFileName.substr(pos);
+        fileNameWithPath= fileNameWithPath.substr(pos);
         stripnum--;
       }
       if (dumpDetail) {
-        LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "profdata file stem after strip: " << profDataFileName << std::endl;
+        LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "profdata file stem after strip: " << fileNameWithPath<< std::endl;
       }
-      CHECK_FATAL(profDataFileName.size() > 0, "sanity check");
-      static_cast<void>(mprofDataFile.append(profDataFileName));
+      CHECK_FATAL(fileNameWithPath.size() > 0, "sanity check");
+      static_cast<void>(mprofDataFile.append(fileNameWithPath));
     } else {
-      // if gcov_prefix is not set, find .mprofdata according to m.profiledata
-      mprofDataFile = m.GetProfileDataFileName();
-      if (dumpDetail) {
-        LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "NO ENV, profdata file stem: " << mprofDataFile << std::endl;
+      mprofDataFile = m.GetFileName();
+      // strip path in mprofDataFile
+      size_t pos = mprofDataFile.find_last_of("/");
+      if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        mprofDataFile = mprofDataFile.substr(pos + 1);
       }
     }
-    // add .mprofdata
-    static_cast<void>(mprofDataFile.append(namemangler::kMplProfFileNameExt));
+    // change the suffix to .mprofdata
+    mprofDataFile = mprofDataFile.substr(0, mprofDataFile.find_last_of(".")) + namemangler::kMplProfFileNameExt;
   }
   ASSERT(!mprofDataFile.empty(), "null check");
   LogInfo::MapleLogger() << "profileUse will open " << mprofDataFile << std::endl;
@@ -136,13 +134,18 @@ int MplProfDataParser::ReadMapleProfileData() {
   profData = mempool->New<MplProfileData>(mempool, &alloc);
   // read .mprofdata
   std::ifstream inputStream(mprofDataFile, (std::ios::in | std::ios::binary));
-  CHECK_FATAL(inputStream, "Could not open the file %s, quit\n", mprofDataFile.c_str());
+  if (!inputStream) {
+    if (opts::missingProfDataIsError) {
+      CHECK_FATAL(inputStream, "Could not open profile data file %s, quit\n", mprofDataFile.c_str());
+    } else {
+      WARN(kLncWarn, "Could not open profile data file %s\n", mprofDataFile.c_str());
+    }
+    return 1;
+  }
   // get length of file
   static_cast<void>(inputStream.seekg(0, std::ios::end));
   uint32_t length = static_cast<uint32>(inputStream.tellg());
   static_cast<void>(inputStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg));
-  const uint32_t sizeThreshold = 1024 * 10;
-  CHECK_FATAL(length <= sizeThreshold, "NYI::large .mprofdata file size is larger than threashold, do chunk memory\n");
 
   std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer = std::make_unique<char[]>(length);
   static_cast<void>(inputStream.read(buffer.get(), length));
@@ -175,6 +178,9 @@ void MMplProfDataParser::GetAnalysisDependence(AnalysisDep &aDep) const {
 bool MMplProfDataParser::PhaseRun(maple::MIRModule &m) {
   MemPool *memPool = m.GetMemPool();  // use global pool to store profile data
   bool enableDebug = false;            // true to dump trace
+  if (m.GetFunctionList().empty()) {
+    return false;       // there is no executable code
+  }
   MplProfDataParser parser(m, memPool, enableDebug);
   int res = parser.ReadMapleProfileData();
   if (res) {