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+---
+title: '【我和openGauss的故事】 openGauss 5.0.0 分区表增强'
+date: '2023-07-15'
+category: 'blog'
+tags: ['openGauss','分区表']
+archives: '2023-07'
+author:'秋秋'
+summary:'openGauss分区表增强'
+times:'21:00'
+---
+
+本文出处：[https://www.modb.pro/db/658001](https://www.modb.pro/db/658001)
+
+
+随着数据库技术的不断发展，分区表已经成为数据库系统中不可或缺的一部分。openGauss 作为国产数据库的佼佼者，值得我们去研究一下。
+在此恭喜 openGauss 在 2023年7月中国数据库排行榜中荣升第二。
+
+![01.png](./images/20230710-1af1327d-2b31-4b67-9be2-f8c994d97d70.png)
+
+openGauss 5.0.0是openGauss发布的第三个LTS版本，该版本生命周期为3年。openGauss 5.0.0 作为一款先进的关系型数据库管理系统，在其最新版本中增强了分区表的功能，从而更好地满足用户的需求。
+
+下面我们逐一看下分区表都有哪些新变化。
+
+## List分区键最大数由1扩展为16列
+
+之前的版本中 List分区只支持一个分区键，例如：
+
+```sql
+create table tp (id int, gid int, name varchar(10))
+partition by list (gid)
+(
+partition p1 values (1),
+partition p2 values (2),
+partition p3 values (3)
+);
+
+insert into tp values (1,1,'a');
+insert into tp values (2,2,'b');
+insert into tp values (3,3,'c');
+insert into tp values (4,3,'d');
+
+select * from tp;
+select * from tp partition (p1);
+select * from tp partition (p2);
+select * from tp partition (p3);
+```
+
+![02.png](./images/20230710-e97e1203-f35e-4130-aaec-9c5d776a416d.png)
+
+现在在 openGauss 5.0.0 版本中，分区键支持16列:
+
+```sql
+create table tp16 (
+c1 int,
+c2 int,
+c3 int,
+c4 int,
+c5 int,
+c6 int,
+c7 int,
+c8 int,
+c9 int,
+c10 int,
+c11 int,
+c12 int,
+c13 int,
+c14 int,
+c15 int,
+c16 int
+)
+partition by list (
+c1,
+c2,
+c3,
+c4,
+c5,
+c6,
+c7,
+c8,
+c9,
+c10,
+c11,
+c12,
+c13,
+c14,
+c15,
+c16
+)
+(
+partition p1 values ((1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p2 values ((2,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p3 values ((3,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p4 values ((4,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p5 values ((5,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p6 values ((6,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p7 values ((7,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p8 values ((8,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p9 values ((9,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p10 values ((10,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p11 values ((11,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p12 values ((12,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p13 values ((13,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p14 values ((14,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p15 values ((15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)),
+partition p16 values ((16,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16))
+);
+
+omm=# \d tp16
+     Table "public.tp16"
+Column |  Type   | Modifiers
+--------+---------+-----------
+c1     | integer |
+c2     | integer |
+c3     | integer |
+c4     | integer |
+c5     | integer |
+c6     | integer |
+c7     | integer |
+c8     | integer |
+c9     | integer |
+c10    | integer |
+c11    | integer |
+c12    | integer |
+c13    | integer |
+c14    | integer |
+c15    | integer |
+c16    | integer |
+Partition By LIST(c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10, c11, c12, c13, c14, c15, c16)
+Number of partitions: 16 (View pg_partition to check each partition range.)
+```
+
+![03.png](./images/20230710-7172e16e-4d7a-4e46-bc25-3871f0170dce.png)
+
+## RANGE 分区键最大数由4扩展为16列
+
+LIST分区和RANGE分区都是一种将数据根据特定条件进行分区的技术，但是它们之间存在一些关键区别，主要区别在于存储值、分区键和数据分布。在选择使用哪种分区技术时，需要根据具体的需求和场景进行权衡和选择。
+
+间隔分区是在范围分区的基础上，增加了间隔值“PARTITION BY RANGE (partition_key)”的定义。
+
+例如：
+
+```sql
+create table tp_r (id int, c date)
+partition by range(c)
+(
+partition p1 values less than ('2023-06-01'),
+partition p2 values less than ('2023-07-01'),
+partition p3 values less than ('2023-08-01')
+);
+
+insert into tp_r values (1,'2023-05-01');
+insert into tp_r values (2,'2023-06-01');
+insert into tp_r values (3,'2023-07-01');
+
+select * from tp_r;
+select * from tp_r partition (p1);
+select * from tp_r partition (p2);
+select * from tp_r partition (p3);
+```
+
+![04.png](./images/20230710-d0888c27-3015-4818-98b7-b479e4869dcd.png)
+
+在之前的 openGauss 版本中，分区键支持4列：
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE tp_r4 (
+c1 int,
+c2 int,
+c3 int,
+c4 int,
+c5 int,
+PRIMARY KEY (c1, c2, c3, c4)
+)
+PARTITION BY RANGE (c1, c2, c3, c4) (
+  PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1, 10, 100, 1000),
+  PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2, 20, 200, 2000),
+  PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3, 30, 300, 3000),
+  PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE)
+);
+```
+
+查看表结构如下：
+
+```sql
+omm=# CREATE TABLE tp_r4 (
+c1 int,
+c2 int,
+c3 int,
+c4 int,
+c5 int,
+PRIMARY KEY (c1, c2, c3, c4)
+)
+PARTITION BY RANGE (c1, c2, c3, c4) (
+  PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1, 10, 100, 1000),
+  PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2, 20, 200, 2000),
+  PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3, 30, 300, 3000),
+  PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE)
+);omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm-# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(# omm(#
+NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "tp_r4_pkey" for table "tp_r4"
+CREATE TABLE
+omm=#
+omm=# \d tp_r4
+     Table "public.tp_r4"
+ Column |  Type   | Modifiers
+--------+---------+-----------
+ c1     | integer | not null
+ c2     | integer | not null
+ c3     | integer | not null
+ c4     | integer | not null
+ c5     | integer |
+Indexes:
+    "tp_r4_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (c1, c2, c3, c4) LOCAL TABLESPACE pg_default
+Partition By RANGE(c1, c2, c3, c4)
+Number of partitions: 4 (View pg_partition to check each partition range.)
+```
+
+从 openGauss 5.0.0 开始， RANGE 分区键最大数由4扩展为16列，列举如下：
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE tp_r16 (
+c1 int,
+c2 int,
+c3 int,
+c4 int,
+c5 int,
+c6 int,
+c7 int,
+c8 int,
+c9 int,
+c10 int,
+c11 int,
+c12 int,
+c13 int,
+c14 int,
+c15 int,
+c16 int,
+c17 int,
+PRIMARY KEY (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10, c11, c12, c13, c14, c15, c16)
+)
+PARTITION BY RANGE (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10, c11, c12, c13, c14, c15, c16) (
+  PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16),
+  PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16),
+  PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16),
+  PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE)
+);
+```
+
+![05.png](./images/20230710-ff800ea6-d9ee-4ecb-925b-268ecc577e14.png)
+
+如果超过16列，比如17列，则会出现报错：
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE tp_r17 (
+c1 int,
+c2 int,
+c3 int,
+c4 int,
+c5 int,
+c6 int,
+c7 int,
+c8 int,
+c9 int,
+c10 int,
+c11 int,
+c12 int,
+c13 int,
+c14 int,
+c15 int,
+c16 int,
+c17 int,
+c18 int,
+PRIMARY KEY (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10, c11, c12, c13, c14, c15, c16, c17)
+)
+PARTITION BY RANGE (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10, c11, c12, c13, c14, c15, c16, c17) (
+  PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17),
+  PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17),
+  PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17),
+  PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE, MAXVALUE)
+);
+```
+
+报错信息：
+
+```c
+ERROR:  too many partition keys for partitioned table
+HINT:  Partittion key columns can not be more than 16
+```
+
+![06.png](./images/20230710-486b4552-403e-4cfc-a448-7fb6ba233f66.png)
+
+
+## 基于范围分区的自动扩展分区
+
+openGauss 中提供了一种自动扩展分区的分区表建表语法，可以自定义按日期进行分区，而无需预定义创建表分区定义，系统可以自行创建系统分区，并命名为 `sys_p1, sys_p2, ...`。
+
+```sql
+create table tp_ri (id int, c date)
+PARTITION BY RANGE (c)
+INTERVAL ('1 MONTH')
+(
+PARTITION START VALUES LESS THAN('2023-01-01'),
+PARTITION LATER VALUES LESS THAN('2024-12-31')
+);
+```
+
+![07.png](./images/20230710-2dd68de4-795f-4515-b363-033b50804fae.png)
+
+## 总结
+
+openGauss 5.0.0 的分区表增强功能为用户提供了更加灵活、高效和可靠的数据存储和查询解决方案。这些功能不仅提高了表的性能，而且还有助于简化数据库系统的管理。因此，用户可以更加信任和依赖 openGauss 5.0.0 来处理他们的数据。
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