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      <center><p style="max-width: 600px; margin-top: 40px">The ggplot2 package allows to build donut chart with R. This post describes how, providing explanation and reproducible code.</p></center>
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<h1 id="most-basic-doughnut-chart-with-ggplot2">Most basic doughnut chart with <code>ggplot2</code></h1>
<hr />
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 align-self-center">
<p>The <code>ggplot2</code> package allows to build <a href="doughnut-plot.html">donut charts</a>. Note however that this is possible thanks a hack, since no specific function has been created for this kind of chart. (This is voluntary, to avoid donut charts that are dataviz <a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/pie.html">bad practice</a>)</p>
<p>Here is the process: - input data provides a numeric variable for a set of entities - absolute numeric values must be translated to proportion - group positions must be stacked: we’re gonna display them one after the other - <code>geom_rect()</code> is used to plot each group as a rectangle - <code>coord_polar()</code> is used to switch from stacked rectangles to a ring - <code>xlim()</code> allows to switch from pie to donut: it adds the empty circle in the middle</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12">
<p><img src="128-ring-or-donut-plot_files/figure-html/thecode-1.png" width="100%" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="co"># load library</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="kw">library</span>(ggplot2)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-3" data-line-number="3"> </a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="co"># Create test data.</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-5" data-line-number="5">data &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">data.frame</span>(</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-6" data-line-number="6">  <span class="dt">category=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;B&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;C&quot;</span>),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-7" data-line-number="7">  <span class="dt">count=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">60</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-8" data-line-number="8">)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-9" data-line-number="9"> </a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-10" data-line-number="10"><span class="co"># Compute percentages</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-11" data-line-number="11">data<span class="op">$</span>fraction =<span class="st"> </span>data<span class="op">$</span>count <span class="op">/</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">sum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>count)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-12" data-line-number="12"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-13" data-line-number="13"><span class="co"># Compute the cumulative percentages (top of each rectangle)</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-14" data-line-number="14">data<span class="op">$</span>ymax =<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">cumsum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>fraction)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-15" data-line-number="15"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-16" data-line-number="16"><span class="co"># Compute the bottom of each rectangle</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-17" data-line-number="17">data<span class="op">$</span>ymin =<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="kw">head</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>ymax, <span class="dt">n=</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-18" data-line-number="18"> </a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-19" data-line-number="19"><span class="co"># Make the plot</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-20" data-line-number="20"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">ymax=</span>ymax, <span class="dt">ymin=</span>ymin, <span class="dt">xmax=</span><span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dt">xmin=</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dt">fill=</span>category)) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-21" data-line-number="21"><span class="st">     </span><span class="kw">geom_rect</span>() <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-22" data-line-number="22"><span class="st">     </span><span class="kw">coord_polar</span>(<span class="dt">theta=</span><span class="st">&quot;y&quot;</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="co"># Try to remove that to understand how the chart is built initially</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-23" data-line-number="23"><span class="st">     </span><span class="kw">xlim</span>(<span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)) <span class="co"># Try to remove that to see how to make a pie chart</span></a></code></pre></div>
<h1 id="customization">Customization</h1>
<hr />
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 align-self-center">
<p>Here are a couple of things you can do improve your donut chart style:</p>
<ul>
<li>use <code>theme_void()</code> to get rid of the unnecessary background, axis, labels and so on.</li>
<li>use a better color palette</li>
<li>don’t use a legend, add labels to groups directly</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12">
<p><img src="128-ring-or-donut-plot_files/figure-html/thecode3-1.png" width="100%" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="co"># load library</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="kw">library</span>(ggplot2)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-3" data-line-number="3"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="co"># Create test data.</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-5" data-line-number="5">data &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">data.frame</span>(</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-6" data-line-number="6">  <span class="dt">category=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;B&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;C&quot;</span>),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-7" data-line-number="7">  <span class="dt">count=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">60</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-8" data-line-number="8">)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-9" data-line-number="9"> </a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-10" data-line-number="10"><span class="co"># Compute percentages</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-11" data-line-number="11">data<span class="op">$</span>fraction &lt;-<span class="st"> </span>data<span class="op">$</span>count <span class="op">/</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">sum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>count)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-12" data-line-number="12"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-13" data-line-number="13"><span class="co"># Compute the cumulative percentages (top of each rectangle)</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-14" data-line-number="14">data<span class="op">$</span>ymax &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">cumsum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>fraction)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-15" data-line-number="15"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-16" data-line-number="16"><span class="co"># Compute the bottom of each rectangle</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-17" data-line-number="17">data<span class="op">$</span>ymin &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="kw">head</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>ymax, <span class="dt">n=</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-18" data-line-number="18"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-19" data-line-number="19"><span class="co"># Compute label position</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-20" data-line-number="20">data<span class="op">$</span>labelPosition &lt;-<span class="st"> </span>(data<span class="op">$</span>ymax <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>data<span class="op">$</span>ymin) <span class="op">/</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="dv">2</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-21" data-line-number="21"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-22" data-line-number="22"><span class="co"># Compute a good label</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-23" data-line-number="23">data<span class="op">$</span>label &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">paste0</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>category, <span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st"> value: &quot;</span>, data<span class="op">$</span>count)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-24" data-line-number="24"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-25" data-line-number="25"><span class="co"># Make the plot</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-26" data-line-number="26"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">ymax=</span>ymax, <span class="dt">ymin=</span>ymin, <span class="dt">xmax=</span><span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dt">xmin=</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dt">fill=</span>category)) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-27" data-line-number="27"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">geom_rect</span>() <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-28" data-line-number="28"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">geom_label</span>( <span class="dt">x=</span><span class="fl">3.5</span>, <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">y=</span>labelPosition, <span class="dt">label=</span>label), <span class="dt">size=</span><span class="dv">6</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-29" data-line-number="29"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">scale_fill_brewer</span>(<span class="dt">palette=</span><span class="dv">4</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-30" data-line-number="30"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">coord_polar</span>(<span class="dt">theta=</span><span class="st">&quot;y&quot;</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-31" data-line-number="31"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">xlim</span>(<span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-32" data-line-number="32"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">theme_void</span>() <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-33" data-line-number="33"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">theme</span>(<span class="dt">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">&quot;none&quot;</span>)</a></code></pre></div>
<h1 id="donut-thickness">Donut thickness</h1>
<hr />
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 align-self-center">
<p>It is important to understand that donut chart are just stacked rectangles that are made circular thanks to <code>coord_polar</code>.</p>
<p>Thus, the empty circle that makes it a donut chart is just the space between the initial Y axis and the left part of the rectangle.</p>
<ul>
<li>If <code>xlim</code> left boundary is big, no empty circle. You get a pie chart</li>
<li>If <code>xlim</code> is low, the ring becomes thinner.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you don’t get it, just plot the chart without <code>coord_polar()</code></p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12">
<p><img src="128-ring-or-donut-plot_files/figure-html/thecode2-1.png" width="100%" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="co"># load library</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="kw">library</span>(ggplot2)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-3" data-line-number="3"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="co"># Create test data.</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-5" data-line-number="5">data &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">data.frame</span>(</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-6" data-line-number="6">  <span class="dt">category=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;B&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;C&quot;</span>),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-7" data-line-number="7">  <span class="dt">count=</span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">60</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-8" data-line-number="8">)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-9" data-line-number="9"> </a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-10" data-line-number="10"><span class="co"># Compute percentages</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-11" data-line-number="11">data<span class="op">$</span>fraction &lt;-<span class="st"> </span>data<span class="op">$</span>count <span class="op">/</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">sum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>count)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-12" data-line-number="12"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-13" data-line-number="13"><span class="co"># Compute the cumulative percentages (top of each rectangle)</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-14" data-line-number="14">data<span class="op">$</span>ymax &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">cumsum</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>fraction)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-15" data-line-number="15"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-16" data-line-number="16"><span class="co"># Compute the bottom of each rectangle</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-17" data-line-number="17">data<span class="op">$</span>ymin &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="kw">head</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>ymax, <span class="dt">n=</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-18" data-line-number="18"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-19" data-line-number="19"><span class="co"># Compute label position</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-20" data-line-number="20">data<span class="op">$</span>labelPosition &lt;-<span class="st"> </span>(data<span class="op">$</span>ymax <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>data<span class="op">$</span>ymin) <span class="op">/</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="dv">2</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-21" data-line-number="21"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-22" data-line-number="22"><span class="co"># Compute a good label</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-23" data-line-number="23">data<span class="op">$</span>label &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">paste0</span>(data<span class="op">$</span>category, <span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st"> value: &quot;</span>, data<span class="op">$</span>count)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-24" data-line-number="24"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-25" data-line-number="25"><span class="co"># Make the plot</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-26" data-line-number="26"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">ymax=</span>ymax, <span class="dt">ymin=</span>ymin, <span class="dt">xmax=</span><span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dt">xmin=</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dt">fill=</span>category)) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-27" data-line-number="27"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">geom_rect</span>() <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-28" data-line-number="28"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">geom_text</span>( <span class="dt">x=</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">y=</span>labelPosition, <span class="dt">label=</span>label, <span class="dt">color=</span>category), <span class="dt">size=</span><span class="dv">6</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="co"># x here controls label position (inner / outer)</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-29" data-line-number="29"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">scale_fill_brewer</span>(<span class="dt">palette=</span><span class="dv">3</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-30" data-line-number="30"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">scale_color_brewer</span>(<span class="dt">palette=</span><span class="dv">3</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-31" data-line-number="31"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">coord_polar</span>(<span class="dt">theta=</span><span class="st">&quot;y&quot;</span>) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-32" data-line-number="32"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">xlim</span>(<span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)) <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-33" data-line-number="33"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">theme_void</span>() <span class="op">+</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-34" data-line-number="34"><span class="st">  </span><span class="kw">theme</span>(<span class="dt">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">&quot;none&quot;</span>)</a></code></pre></div>
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